Read Anytime Anywhere Easy Ebook Downloads at ebookluna.

com

(eBook PDF) Introduction to Geography: People,

Places & Environment 6th Edition

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-introduction-to-
geography-people-places-environment-6th-edition/

OR CLICK HERE

DOWLOAD EBOOK

Visit and Get More Ebook Downloads Instantly at https://ebookluna.com

 Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...

(eBook PDF) The Europeans, Second Edition: A Geography of

People, Culture, and Environment 2nd Edition

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-the-europeans-second-edition-
a-geography-of-people-culture-and-environment-2nd-edition/

ebookluna.com

(eBook PDF) Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global

Context 7th Edition

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-human-geography-places-and-
regions-in-global-context-7th-edition/

ebookluna.com

Introduction to Geography 15th Edition (eBook PDF)

https://ebookluna.com/product/introduction-to-geography-15th-edition-
ebook-pdf/

ebookluna.com

(eBook PDF) Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global

Context, Fifth 5th Canadian Edition

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-human-geography-places-and-
regions-in-global-context-fifth-5th-canadian-edition/

ebookluna.com
(eBook PDF) Human Geography Places and Regions in Global
Context Updated 5th Canadian Edition

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-human-geography-places-and-
regions-in-global-context-updated-5th-canadian-edition/

ebookluna.com

(eBook PDF) Physical Geography: The Global Environment 5th

Edition

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-physical-geography-the-global-
environment-5th-edition/

ebookluna.com

(Original PDF) Geosystems: An Introduction to Physical

Geography 10th Edition

https://ebookluna.com/product/original-pdf-geosystems-an-introduction-
to-physical-geography-10th-edition/

ebookluna.com

(eBook PDF) Introduction to Geography 15th Edition by

Arthur Getis

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-introduction-to-
geography-15th-edition-by-arthur-getis/

ebookluna.com

(eBook PDF) Introduction to Geography 16th Edition by Mark

Bjelland

https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-introduction-to-
geography-16th-edition-by-mark-bjelland/

ebookluna.com
Brief Contents

1 Introduction to Geography 3

PART 1 ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES  46

2 Weather, Climate,
and Climate Change 49

3 Landforms 103

4 Biosphere 137

5 Earth’s Resources and

Environmental Protection 167

PART 2 PEOPLE AND CULTURES  206

6 Population and Migration 209

7 Cultural Geography 255

8 Languages and Religions 293

9 Food and Agriculture 335

PART 3 DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN SOCIETY 368

10 Cities and Urbanization 371

11 A World of States 409

12 Economy and
Development 451

v

Contents
PREFACE xii
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xvii
THE TEACHING AND LEARNING
­PACKAGE xviii
About our sustainability
initiatives xx
The National Geography
­Standards xxi
Book and MasteringGeography
­Walkthrough xxii
Pearson Choices xxx

1 Introduction
to Geography 3

What Is Geography? 4 PART 1

The Development of Geography 5 ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES 46

2 Weather,
Geography Today 7
Contemporary Geography 7 Climate,
Area Analysis 8 and Climate Change 49

Spatial Analysis 14
Energy and Weather 50
Global and Local Is Twitter a Global
Incoming Solar Radiation 50
Network? 19
Storage of Heat in Land and Water 53
Geographic Systems Analysis 19
Heat Transfer Between the Atmosphere
Mapping Earth 22 and Earth 54
The Geographic Grid 22 Heat Exchange and Atmospheric
Communicating Geographic Information: Circulation 58
Maps 25
Precipitation 58
Rapid Change Monitoring Arctic Sea
Mechanisms of Precipitation 59
Ice Extent 31
Circulation Patterns 63
Geographic Information
Technology 31 Pressure and Winds 64
Satellite Technology 31 Global Atmospheric Circulation 66
Explorations Google’s Earth: Seasonal Variations in Global Circulation 68
Visualizing Natural Hazards with Ocean Circulation Patterns 69
a Virtual Globe 32 Storms: Regional-Scale Circulation
Geographic Information Systems 36 Patterns 69
The World in 2050 Challenges of Global Global and Local El Niño/La Niña 70
Change 43
Climate 72
Air Temperature 74
Summary 44 / Key Terms 44 / Review and
Discussion Questions 45 / Thinking Precipitation 75
Geographically 45 Classifying Climate 77

vi
 Contents vii

Earth’s Climate Regions 78

Humid Low-Latitude Tropical
Climates (A) 80
Dry Climates (BW and BS) 82
Warm Midlatitude Climates (C) 83
Cold Midlatitude Climates (D) 87
Polar Climates (E) 88
Climate Change 90
Climatic Change over Geologic Time 91
Possible Causes of Climatic Variation 92
Global Warming 94
Rapid Change Warming in West
Antarctica 95

4 Biosphere
Explorations Shrinking Glacial Ice 97
The World in 2050 Future Climates 98 137

Biogeochemical Cycles 138

Summary 100 / Key Terms 100 / Review and
Discussion Questions 101 / Thinking The Hydrologic Cycle 138
Geographically 101 Water Budgets 139
Vegetation and the Hydrologic Cycle 142

3 Landforms 103 Carbon, Oxygen, and Nutrient Flows in the

Biosphere 144
Explorations River Responses to The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles 145
Environmental Change 105
The Global Carbon Budget 145
Plate Tectonics 106
Soil 147
Earth’s Moving Crust 107
Soil Formation 147
Types of Boundaries Between Plates 110
Soil Horizons 148
Rock Formation 112
Rapid Change Geography, Geographic
Slopes and Streams 115 Information Systems, and the Global
Weathering 115 Carbon Budget 149
Moving Weathered Material 116 Thousands of Soils 150
Ice, Wind, and Waves 121 Climate, Vegetation, Soil, and the
Landscape 151
Glaciers 121
Soil Quality 152
Rapid Change Soil Conservation
and Stream Erosion 122 Ecosystems 154
Impact of Past Glaciations 123 Ecosystem Processes 154
Effects of Wind on Landforms 125 Geography of Biological Activity 155
Coastal Erosion 127 Biomes: Global Patterns in the Biosphere 156
The Dynamic Earth 130 Major Vegetation Regions 156
Environmental Hazards 130 Human Effects on the Biosphere 157
Global and Local Sea Level Rise Global and Local Invasive Species 161
and Coastline Change 132 Explorations Bubble Trouble:
The World in 2050 An Increasingly Methane Release from Arctic Lakes 162
Dynamic Earth Surface 133 The World in 2050 Changes in the
­Biosphere 163
Summary 134 / Key Terms 134 / Review and
Discussion Questions 135 / Thinking Summary 164 / Key Terms 164 / Review and
Geographically 135 Discussion Questions 165 / Thinking
Geographically 165
viii Introduction to Geography: People, Places & Environment

5 Earth’s Resources and

­Environmental Protection 167

What Is a Natural Resource? 168

Characteristics of Resources 168
Substitutability 170
Sustainability 171
Geologic and Energy Resources 171
Mineral Resources 171
Variations in Mineral Use 172
Depletion and Substitution 173
Disposal and Recycling of Solid Waste 173
Energy Resources 176
Energy from Fossil Fuels 176 World Population Dynamics 215
Rapid Change Peak Oil, or Indefinite Population Projections 216
Growth? 180 Regional Variation in Population Growth 217
Nuclear and Renewable Energy The Age Structure of the Population 218
Resources 182
The Demographic Transition 220
Air and Water Resources 187 Fertility Rates Today 222
Air Pollution 187 Death Rates Today 225
Water Resources 191 Is Earth Overpopulated? 229
Water Pollution 192 Rapid Change Demographic Collapse 230
Forests 196 Other Significant Demographic Patterns 231
Global and Local Agricultural Specialization Sex Ratios in National Populations 231
and Water Resources 196
The Aging Human Population 232
Explorations Shale Gas as a Transition Fuel 198
Migration 233
Forests as Fiber and Fuel Resources 199
Migration Types 234
Other Important Forest Uses 200
The World in 2050 Intensive Resource Migration in Context 240
­Management 203 Migration and Europe 241
Migration and Asia 243
Summary 204 / Key Terms 204 / Review and Migration and North America 244
Discussion Questions 205 / Thinking
Geographically 205 Global and Local The East–West Exchange
of Disease 245
The World in 2050 Earth with 9 Billion
­People 250
PART 2
PEOPLE AND CULTURES 206 Summary 252 / Key Terms 253 / Review and
Discussion Questions 253 / Thinking

6 Population and Migration 209

Geographically 253

The Distribution and Density of Human

­Settlement 210 7 Cultural Geography 255

Explorations Mapping the U.S. Census— How Cultures Change 256

Walker Style 211 Theories of Cultural Evolution 257
Population Density 212 Cultural Diffusion 259
Climate, Food, and Population 214 Rapid Change Who Killed the Record
Culture and Population 215 Store? 263
 Contents ix

Identity and Behavioral Geography 264 The Importance of Language Today 304
Grouping Humans by Culture, Ethnicity, National Languages 304
Race, and Gender 264 Language in Postcolonial Societies 305
Global and Local Sworn Virgins of the Rapid Change Switching Languages
Balkans 267 in New Countries 306
Behavioral Geography 268 Polyglot States 308
Culture Regions 270 Languages in the United States 308
Visual Clues to Culture Areas 270 The Origins and Diffusion of the World’s
Forces that Stabilize the Pattern of Culture Major Religions 310
Regions 273 The Diffusion of Religion 311
Explorations A Cultural Geographic Approach Judaism 312
to Islam and Gender 274
Christianity 313
Trade and Cultural Diffusion 276 Global and Local Religious Fundamentalism
Empire, Trade, and Culture 278 and Political Terrorism 314
Media and Culture 281 Islam 319
Global and Local The Diffusion of “News” 284 Hinduism and Sikhism 322
The Diffusion of U.S. Popular Culture 284 Buddhism 323
Cultural Preservation and Hybridity 286 Other Eastern Religions 324
The World in 2050 One World Media Animism and Shamanism 325
­Culture? 288 Religion’s Wider Impact 325
Religion and Cultural Landscapes 326
Summary 290 / Key Terms 290 / Review and
Discussion Questions 291 / Thinking
Religion and Women’s Rights 327
Geographically 291 The World in 2050 A More Religious
World? 331

8 Languages and Religions 293 Summary 332 / Key Terms 332 / Review and
Discussion Questions 333 / Thinking
Defining Languages and Language Regions 294 Geographically 333
Linguistic Geography 294
The World’s Major Languages 296
The Development and Diffusion 9 Food and Agriculture 335

of Languages 297 Feeding a Growing Population 337

Explorations Preserving the Welsh New Cropland 337
Language? 300
New Crops 337
The Geography of Writing Systems 301
Global and Local New Uses for
Old Crops 340
New Farming Techniques 341
Explorations Food Deserts 343
Biotechnology 345
Rapid Change Good-bye to the
Banana? 347
Agriculture Systems 347
Subsistence Farming Contrasts with
Commercial Farming 347
Types of Agriculture 348
Livestock Around the World 352
The Direct and Indirect Consumption
of Grain 352
x Introduction to Geography: People, Places & Environment

Explorations Protests and Cities 381

Informal Settlements 382
The Vitality of Informal Economies 382
Rapid Change Urbanizing China 383
The Internal Geography of Cities 385
Economic Forces 385
Social Factors in Residential Clustering 386
Government’s Role 388
Other Urban Models in Diverse Cultures 389
Cities and Suburbs in the United States 392
The Growth of Suburbs 392
Urban Sprawl 394
Developments in the Central City 396
Governing Metropolitan Regions 402
Problems Associated with Animal Global and Local Detroit, The Shrinking
Production 354 City 403
Dairy Farming and the Principle The World in 2050 Green Cities 405
of Value Added 355
Aquatic Food Supplies 355 Summary 406 / Key Terms 406 / Review
and Discussion Questions 406 / Thinking
Traditional Fisheries 356
Geographically 407
Modern Fishing 357

11 A World of States
Aquaculture 358
409
Hunger and Food Security 359
Problems in Increasing Food Production 360 The Development of the Nation-State Idea 412
Sustainable Food Production 363 The Idea of the Nation 412
The World in 2050 Climate Change The Nation-State 412
and Food Security 365
The European Nation-States 413
Europe’s Empires 414
Summary 366 / Key Terms 366 / Review and
Discussion Questions 367 / Thinking The Collapse of Empires 414
Geographically 367 The Geography of Modern States 417
The Shapes of States 417
International Boundaries 418
PART 3 Global and Local U.S. Border Security 419
DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN Types of Governments 421
SOCIETY 368 Internal Organization of Territory 422
Rapid Change Arab Spring 424

10 Cities and Urbanization 371 Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces 426

Centripetal Forces 427
Urban Functions 373
Centrifugal Forces 428
The Economic Bases of Cities 374
Civil Wars 428
The Locations of Cities 375
Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide 430
Central Place Theory 377
Explorations Genocide as Building a
World Urbanization 379 Nation-State 431
The Rise of Modern Urban Societies 379 Relations Among States 433
Urbanization Today 380 Conflict and Geopolitics 433
 Contents xi

Patterns of Cooperation 434

International Peace 435
Earth’s Open Spaces 436
Regional Cooperation 438
Electoral Geography 442
Districting and Redistricting 442
The World in 2050 A New United
­Nations? 446

Summary 448 / Key Terms 448 / Review

and Discussion Questions 449 / Thinking
Geographically 449

12 Economy and Development 451

Analyzing and Comparing Countries’

Economies 452 National Trade Policies 482
Economic Productivity and National The Import-Substitution Method
Income 452 of Growth 483
Income Inequality 453 Export-Led Economic Growth 483
Human Development 454 The Formation of the Global Economy 485
Preindustrial, Industrial, and Postindustrial Transnational Investment and
Societies 457 Production 485
Why Some Countries Are Rich and Some The International Tertiary Sector 488
Countries Are Poor 463 The Geography of Foreign Direct
The Geography of Manufacturing 466 Investment 489
Locational Determinants for Rapid Change The Global Financial Crisis 491
Manufacturing Today 467 International Regulation of the Global
Locational Determinants Migrate 469 Economy 492
Manufacturing in the United States 469 The World in 2050 The Largest
­Economies 494
Technology and the Future Geography of
Manufacturing 471
Summary 496 / Key Terms 496 / Review and
National Economic Policies 472 Discussion Questions 497 / Thinking
Political Economy 472 Geographically 497
Global and Local Water Privatization 474 Further Readings and References
Economic Patterns Within States 475 to accompany Explorations FR-1
The Geography of Government GLOSSARY G-1
Economic Policies 475
National Transportation Infrastructures 477 PHOTO, ILLUSTRATION, AND
TEXT CREDITS  C-1
Explorations The Geography of Air
Transportation 481 INDEX  I-1
Tourism 482
Preface
Geographic literacy is critical in today’s globalized understanding of the material as they read, for a
world. Introduction to Geography: People, Places & more active learning ­approach.
Environment provides a working knowledge of the • Integrated media link students to the Study Area
conditions and interactions essential to successfully of www.MasteringGeography.com where they
negotiate the world of the 21st century. This text can access media that enrich and extend the book
provides readers with frameworks for evaluating content, including MapMaster™ Interactive Maps
the qualities and consequences of the relationships and Geoscience ­Animations.
among the different places and peoples as we live • Integrated quick response (QR) codes enable
in—and change—the world around us. In a globally students to link from the book to online media
connected world, once-distant and seemingly for- and data using their mobile devices.
eign nations and regions now interact with regular- • Reorganization of the chapters into three parts
ity. One hundred years ago, most of us would have better emphasizes the major subfields of geog-
lived and died in the village where we were born. raphy and the interrelations among them. The
Few would have ventured much farther than the three parts are: Environment and Resources; Cul-
nearest town. Fewer still knew a foreign language, ture; and The Development of Modern Society.
completed high school, or needed to know much • Global climate change coverage is expanded
about the natural or cultural features of other places. across the chapters, including observed cli-
Our world is now very different. mate change, model predictions, and important
Today, we expect educated individuals to have ­uncertainties in climate science.
significant understanding of the diversity of environ- • Important recent natural disasters are covered,
ments and cultures around the world and of the pro- including the Midwest drought of 2012 and
cesses that connect them. In Introduction to Geography: ­Hurricane Sandy.
People, Places & Environment we promote an inte-
• The global carbon budget is examined in detail,
grated view of geography that emphasizes the inter-
linking climate change with key biosphere and
relationships among the breadth of human activities
geosphere processes as well as human emissions
and environments that range from the tropical wil-
of greenhouse gases.
derness to thoroughly engineered cities. We recog-
nize that just by heating our homes and powering • A new world vegetation map shows the biotic
landscape as it is today, rather than as it might be
our vehicles, we participate directly in global energy
in the absence of human activity.
markets—and emit pollutants that travel around
the globe and that will probably have long-term ef- • Up-to-date resource data show the national
fects on climate. Global trade and finance have made and global impacts of changing technology and
­far-flung places and people more dependent on one the global financial crisis/recession on solid waste
another. generation, forest products, mining, and energy.
• Completely revised energy section describes
the impacts of development of new fossil energy
New to the Sixth Edition sources through hydrofracturing (fracking) and
oil sand mining, as well as the impacts of the
The sixth edition has been thoroughly revised with ­Fukushima disaster on the nuclear industry.
numerous substantive changes to the book, support,
• Completely revised sections on migration fea-
and media program:
ture a systematic typology of human movement,
• Explorations features, written by experts in as well as newly written migration histories for
­various fields, present real-world data and North America, Europe, and Asia.
­research, emphasizing the applied nature and • Cultural change and culture regions contain a
relevance of geography. revised ­section on cultural diffusion and trade,
• The World in 2050 features explore the ­future and a new ­section on media geographies.
development of the world based on what • Historical geography of food production
­geographers know and can predict today. ­includes expanded, up-to-date coverage of
• Learning Outcomes integrated into the chapter- the challenges in meeting rising demand for
opening pages help students prioritize key more food.
knowledge and skills as they study. • The political geography chapter now provides
• Checkpoint questions integrated throughout the readers with a clear and more concise discussion
chapters give students opportunities to check their of nations, states, and ­relations among states.
xii
 Preface xiii

• Data and Statistics (tables, graphs, maps) on The relevance of its applications makes geography
­climate, ­energy, natural resources, population, an incredibly integrative and valuable field for
and ­economics are completely updated. study.
• Redesigned maps and illustrations better
­highlight geographical patterns and data trends.
Geography Is Dynamic
• MasteringGeography™ is an online homework,
tutorial, and assessment platform designed to It is important to know the current distributions of
improve results by helping students quickly landforms, people, languages, religions, cities, and
­master concepts. Students benefit from self-paced economic activities—and to understand that none of
­tutorials that feature immediate wrong-answer these patterns is static. Earth’s surface is constantly
feedback and hints that emulate the office-hour changing. Social, political, and economic forces con-
experience to help keep students on track. stantly redistribute human activities. While many
think of maps when they think of geography, we can
understand maps of economic or cultural activity
Three Important Themes only if we understand the patterns of movement that
This textbook emphasizes three themes integral to the create them. Modern geography explores the forces
study of geography. First, geography examines the at work behind the maps.
interrelationships between humans and their natural Every day, events trigger changes in geography:
environment; second, many basic principles of human A volcano erupts in Mexico; a bountiful harvest in
geography can be studied and demonstrated both lo- Argentina improves the diet available to Africans;
cally and globally; and third, geography is dynamic. Canadian scientists synthesize a mineral substitute
for one previously imported; new governments redi-
rect international alliances, economic links, and mi-
Geography Explores gration streams. American movies and music diffuse
Interrelationships Between our culture around the world, while we adopt foods
such as sushi, dosas, and falafel. Developing coun-
Humans and the Environment tries and the developed world add industrial sources
The study of Earth’s climates, soils, vegetation, and of air pollution and change the chemical composition
physical features, or physical geography, sets the stage of Earth’s atmosphere. Protestant Christianity wins
upon which we act out our lives. A great deal of converts throughout Latin America; nations adopt
human effort is spent wresting a living from the en- new official languages and governments open fam-
vironment, adjusting to it, or altering it. ily planning clinics. Elsewhere, Islamic fundamen-
Chapters 2 through 5 of this book offer an over- talists win political power and curb women’s rights.
view of Earth’s physical environment, the natural All these events remap world cultural, political, and
resources on which we depend, and how humans economic landscapes. Today’s dynamic geography
transform Earth’s environments. The theme of doesn’t just exist; it happens. In every topic covered
human–environmental interaction is incorporated in this text, it is our goal not only to describe distribu-
throughout the book. tions and locations but to explain them.

Geography Is Global and Local Contemporary Issues

The basic principles of geography can be studied
in Geography
locally—in your hometown and even on campus.
­ Geography can help you better understand current
How do local temperatures and rainfall vary through- events and form opinions on important questions of the
out the year? What natural hazards affect people in day. Each chapter of this book provides background
your area? Where did new arrivals to your commu- material for understanding the news—including, for
nity come from, and why did they move? Where are example, the topics of environmental protection and
local food crops and manufactured goods sold? Can development.
you map the rents on commercial properties in your Each inhabitant on Earth aspires to material com-
town? And how do these values reflect perception of fort, yet today many people live in conditions of dep-
which neighborhoods are the most elegant? rivation. The world distribution of wealth and welfare
The applications of geography range from the reveals that wealth does not coincide with the world
local to the international: city planners designing distribution of raw material resources. If it did, then the
new housing, scientists working to reduce water Republic of Congo and Mexico would count among
pollution, transportation consultants routing new the richest countries in the world, and Japan and Swit-
highways, advertisers targeting zip codes where zerland would be among the poorest. Understanding
residents have specific income levels, and diplomats this paradox is essential to understanding some of the
negotiating treaties to regulate international f­ ishing. factors driving the world markets today.
Visit https://testbankfan.com
now to explore a rich
collection of testbank or
solution manual and enjoy
exciting offers!
xiv Introduction to Geography: People, Places & Environment

Maps, Cartograms, and GIS governments counted and published a statistic called
gross national product (GNP), but today that statistic
Geography is data-rich discipline, requiring robust is often replaced by a slightly different mea­sure called
visualizations to effectively communicate compli- the gross national income (GNI). The meaning of GNI
cated ideas and spatial information. A variety of is explained in Chapter 12.
maps illustrate this book, all created using the lat- The statistics in this textbook are as up to date
est data sources and GIS techniques. Many include as possible using the most reliable sources as of
relief shading to show surface features. Traditional 2013. The text notes the direction in which many
maps illustrate distributions as mosaic patterns of of these measures are changing, and in many cases
color. Flow maps use arrows and lines to represent we have dared to predict their future direction. The
movements of people or of goods—the numbers U.S. population will probably continue to rise, and
of passengers flying major airline routes across the the percentage of the national labor force working
United States, for example (Figure 1-17). We include in manufacturing will probably continue to fall. We
a graphic (Figure 1-27) that illustrates the variety of ­encourage you to go to the library or to search the
thematic mapping styles, with references to maps in Internet to update those measures.
the book that use specific styles. A variety of other
visual devices are also used to explain concepts and
present information, including process diagrams, il- This Book’s Media
lustrations, tables, bar graphs, and pie graphs. Introduction to Geography features an innova-
The discussion of GIS technologies and carto- tive integration of media and connections to the
graphic visualization has been expanded in Chapter 1. ­MasteringGeography™ platform, giving students and
We have increased the use of remote sensed imagery instructors flexible self-study and assessment options.
throughout the book, and have stressed the role of
• Quick Response (QR) codes. Traditional books
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology for
are challenged to provide students with quick
both science and management in a changing world.
and easy access to relevant media and updated
data. QR codes integrated throughout each
A Word About Numbers ­chapter help solve this problem, enabling stu-
dents to use their mobile devices to easily and
This book contains many numbers—measurements instantly access online images, media, and data.
of populations, economic conditions, production of • MapMaster™ Interactive Maps. Maps comprise
various commodities, world trade, and more. These an important part of the geographer’s toolset,
measures come from a variety of sources—private but traditional print maps are limited in their
organizations, national governments, international ability to allow students to dynamically isolate
organizations—and they are the best available. Such or compare different spatial data. Available in
numbers, however, must always be read with two MasteringGeography both for student self-study
considerations in mind: reliability and date. and for teachers as assignable and automati-
The compilation of measures is a tremendously cally gradable assessment activities, ­MapMaster
difficult task. For example, the United States is the Interactive Maps act as mini-GIS tools that allow
world’s richest country, with many highly skilled students to overlay, isolate, and examine ­different
government workers—yet the government admits thematic data at regional and global scales. Icons
that the national census is probably inaccurate by a for various MapMaster maps are integrated into
factor of 5% to 7%. We do not want to promote cyni- chapters, encouraging students to log into the
cism about the value or reliability of statistics, but an Study Area of MasteringGeography to explore
educated person does exercise judgment about the additional map data layers and extend their
probable exactitude of any figure. learning beyond the book’s maps. Teachers also
The second caution is that the measures them- have access to a separate large suite of ­MapMaster
selves change. It takes a long time to gather and com- activities for each chapter, including hundreds
pile statistics, so the measures may seem out of date by of multiple-choice questions that can be custom-
the time they are published. This is especially true of ized, assigned, and automatically graded by the
international comparative statistics. For example, each MasteringGeography system, for a wide range of
year the United Nations Conference on Trade and De- interactive mapping assessment activity options.
velopment (UNCTAD) publishes a handbook of sta- • Geoscience Animations. Static 2-D print figures
tistics of world trade, but the book appears three or do not always present a convenient way to visu-
four years after its date, and many statistics recorded alize complicated physical processes that occur
were measured years before the date of the volume. over vast expanses of space and time. Avail-
Furthermore, governments sometimes change the able in MasteringGeography both for ­student
way they measure things. For example, for many years self-study and as assignable and automatically
 Preface xv

gradable ­assessment activities, Geoscience Tulasi R. Joshi, Fairmont State College

­Animations ­provide students with dynamic Walter Jung, Central Oklahoma University
visualizations of the most complex physical Angelina Kendra, Central Connecticut State University
processes, with voiceover narrative and text tran- Rob Kent, University of Akron
scripts to help guide them through the anima-
Lori Krebs, Salem State College
tions. Icons for the animations are integrated into
Miriam K. Lo, Mankato State University
chapters, ­encouraging students to log into the
Study Area of MasteringGeography to access the José Lopez, Minnesota State University
media on their own, while teachers have the op- Ruben A. Mazariegos, University of Texas, Pan American
tion of assigning the animations with automati- Ian A. McKay, Wilfrid Laurier University
cally graded ­questions. Roger Miller, Black Hills State University
Jean Parker, Boise State University
William Porter, Elizabeth City State University
Acknowledgments Holly Porter-Morgan, GIS Laboratory, New York
Countless colleagues, librarians, and generous indi- ­Botanical Garden
viduals both in government and in the private sec- G.L. “Jerry” Reynolds, University of Central Arkansas
tor helped with information for this text. We wish to Viva Reynolds, Eastern Carolina University
especially thank Professor James M. Rubenstein of Scott C. Robinson, University of Nebraska, Omaha
Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, for his many contri- Lallie Scott, Northeast Oklahoma State University
butions to our thinking. Henry Sirotin, Hunter College of the CUNY
We also wish to thank our scholarly colleagues Christa Smith, Clemson University
who provided thoughtful suggestions for improving
James N. Snaden, Central Connecticut State University
the book over the years. These include:
David M. Solzman, University of Illinois, Chicago
Gillian Acheson, Southern Illinois University, ­Edwardsville Robert C. Stinson, Macomb Community College
Tanya Allison, Montgomery College Christopher J. Sutton, Northwestern State University
Anthony Amato, Southwest Minnesota State University of Louisiana
Holly R. Barcus, Morehead State University Melissa Tollinger, East Carolina University
Lee Berman, Southern Connecticut State University James Tyner, Kent State University
Daniel Block, Chicago State University Thomas B. Walter, Hunter College of the CUNY
Bruce Boland, Fairmont State University Gerald R. Webster, University of Alabama
Paul L. Butt, University of Central Arkansas Kathy Williams, Bronx Community College
Jim Byrum, University of South Carolina John Wright, New Mexico State University
Edward Carr, University of South Carolina Charles T. Ziehr, Northeastern State University
Joseph M. Cirrincione, University of Maryland Experts in various fields contributed Explorations
Bruce Davis, Eastern Kentucky University features for each chapter:
Bryce Decker, University of Hawaii, Manoa
Katey Walter Anthony, University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Stanford Demars, Rhode Island College
John E. Bailey, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Scenarios
Leslie Dienes, University of Kansas Network for Alaska and Arctic Planning
Adrienne Domas, Michigan State University Dierdre Bevington-Attardi, US Census Bureau
Gary Fowler, University of Illinois, Chicago Diarmait Mac-Giolla Chriost, Cardiff University
Michael Fox, Carleton University Pervin Banu Gökarıksel, University of North Carolina,
Chad Garick, Jones County Junior College Chapel Hill
Roberto Garza, San Antonio College Lucius Hallett IV, Western Michigan University
Jennifer Gebelein, Florida International University Tali Hatuka, Tel Aviv University
Brooks Green, University of Central Arkansas Paul Kariya, Clean Energy British Columbia
Mark Guizlo, Lakeland Community College Joseph Kerski, ESRI
Mark Gunn, Meridian Community College Jonathan Phillips, University of Kentucky
Rene J. Hardy, Shoreline College Mark Serreze, University of Colorado, Boulder
James Harris, Metropolitan State College of Denver James Tyner, Kent State University
Erick Howenstine, Northeastern Illinois University Timothy Vowles, University of Northern Colorado
James C. Hughes, Slippery Rock University We owe a debt of gratitude to many people. At
Robert Hunter Jackson, Hunter College of the CUNY Pearson, Christian Botting, Senior Geography Editor,
Mark Jones, University of Connecticut and Anton Yakovlev, Geography Program Manager,
xvi Introduction to Geography: People, Places & Environment

managed the project from its beginning stages through managed the supplement program. Thanks to supple-
the journey to publication. Development Editor Karen ment authors Amy D’Angelo (State University of New
Gulliver lent a keen eye to every detail during the edit- York at Oswego) and Richard Walasek (University of
ing and production process; this is a better book thanks Wisconsin, Parkside). We have enjoyed working with
to her. Caitlin Finlayson (Florida State University) and all of these people, and we thank them. Contemporary
Adrienne Domas (Michigan State University) contrib- ­geography is a wide field that covers many topics and,
uted important comments and suggestions; we thank quite literally, the entire world. We have strived to
them for their careful work. Thanks to Bethany S ­ exton present our field in its diversity by selecting carefully
for managing the review process. Emily Bush and from the work of our peers and others. We welcome
Gina Cheselka provided invaluable assistance during suggestions and ideas for how to improve our efforts
production; ­Carolyn Arcabascio, photo researcher, did in service to the teaching of our discipline.
an ­exceptional job of finding excellent imagery; Ziki
Carl T. Dahlman
Dekel produced and managed the MasteringGeog-
raphy™ program for the book; and Kristen Sanchez William H. Renwick
About the Authors

Carl T. Dahlman earned degrees in sociology, music, and urban

affairs before receiving his Ph.D. in geography from the University of
Kentucky in 2001. He is the Director of the International Studies Program
at Miami University where his teaching focuses on political geography,
migration and mobility, and globalization. His current research includes the
role of European integration in the geopolitics of Southeastern Europe, and
he has published a book on the subject, Bosnia Remade: Ethnic Cleansing and
Its Reversal (Oxford University Press, with Gearóid Ó Tuathail). He is a co-
author of Pearson’s Introduction to Contemporary Geography, with James M.
Rubenstein and William H. Renwick. He enjoys photography and hunting
for fossils with his son.

William H. Renwick earned a B.A. from Rhode Island College

in 1973 and a Ph.D. in geography from Clark University in 1979. He has
taught at the University of California, Los Angeles, and Rutgers University,
and is currently Professor of Geography at Miami University. He is a co-
author of Pearson’s Introduction to Contemporary Geography, with James M.
Rubenstein and Carl T. Dahlman. A physical geographer with interests in
geomorphology and environmental issues, his research focuses on impacts of
land-use change on rivers and lakes, particularly in agricultural landscapes
in the Midwest. When time permits, he studies these environments from the
seat of a wooden boat.

xvii
The Teaching and Learning Package

For Teachers and Students Television for the Environment Life Human
Geography Videos (0132416565): This three-
MasteringGeography™ with DVD set is designed to enhance any human geogra-
phy course. These DVDs include 14 full-length video
Pearson eText programs from Television for the Environment’s
The Mastering platform is the most widely used and ef- global Life series, covering a wide array of issues
fective online homework, tutorial, and assessment sys- affecting people and places in the contemporary
tem for the sciences. It delivers self-paced tutorials that world, including the serious health risks of pregnant
provide individualized coaching, focus on your course women in Bangladesh, the social inequalities of
objectives, and are responsive to each student’s prog- the “untouchables” in the Hindu caste system, and
ress. The Mastering system helps teachers maximize Ghana’s struggle to compete in a global market.
class time with customizable, easy-to-assign, and auto-
matically graded assessments that motivate students to
Geoscience Animation Library 5th edition
learn outside class and arrive prepared for lecture. (0321716841): Created through a unique collabo-
MasteringGeography offers: ration among Pearson’s leading geoscience authors,
this DVD resource offers over 100 animations cover-
• Assignable activities that include MapMaster™ ing the most difficult-to-visualize topics in physical
Interactive Maps, Encounter Google Earth™ Explo-
geology, physical geography, oceanography, meteo-
rations, Videos, Geoscience Animations, Map Pro-
rology, and earth science.
jection tutorials, GeoTutors on the toughest topics
in geography, Thinking Spatially and Data Analy- Practicing Geography: by Association of
sis activities, end-of-chapter questions and exer- American Geographers (0321811151): This
cises, reading quizzes, and Test Bank questions. book examines career opportunities for geographers
• Student Study Area with MapMaster™ Interac- and geospatial professionals in business, govern-
tive Maps, Videos, Geoscience Animations, web ment, nonprofit, and educational sectors. A diverse
links, videos, glossary flashcards, “In the News” group of academic and industry professionals share
RSS feeds, chapter quizzes, optional Pearson eText insights on career planning, networking, transition-
including versions for iPad and Android tablet de- ing between employment sectors, and balancing
vices, and more. www.MasteringGeography.com work and home life. The book illustrates the value
of geographic expertise and technologies through
Television for the Environment Earth Report engaging profiles and case studies.
Videos (0321662989): This three-DVD set helps
students visualize how human decisions and behavior Teaching College Geography: by
have affected the environment and how individuals Association of American Geographers
are taking steps toward recovery. With topics rang- (0136054471): This two-part resource provides
ing from the poor land management promoting the a starting point for becoming an effective geogra-
devastation of river systems in Central America, to phy teacher. Part One addresses “nuts-and-bolts”
the struggles for electricity in China and Africa, these teaching issues. Part Two explores being an effective
13 videos from Television for the Environment’s global teacher in the field, supporting critical thinking with
Earth Report series recognize the efforts of individuals GIS and mapping technologies, engaging learners in
around the world to unite and protect the planet. large geography classes, and promoting awareness
of international perspectives and geographic issues.
Television for the Environment Life
World Regional Geography Videos Aspiring Academics: by Association of
(013159348X): From the Television for the American Geographers (0136048919):
Environment’s global Life series, this two-DVD set Drawing on several years of research, these essays are
brings globalization and the developing world to the designed to help graduate students and early career
attention of any world regional geography course. faculty start their careers in geography and related
These 10 full-length video programs highlight matters social and environmental sciences. Aspiring Academics
such as the growing number of homeless children in stresses the interdependence of teaching, research, and
Russia, the lives of immigrants living in the United service—and the importance of achieving a healthy
States trying to aid family still living in their native balance of professional and personal life—while doing
countries, and the European conflict between com- faculty work. Each chapter provides accessible, for-
mercial interests and environmental concerns. ward-looking advice on topics that often cause the most
xviii stress in the first years of teaching.
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
“The freed people in most parts of the State are still so ignorant of
their condition, that they are glad to make contracts to work for only
their food and clothes. There are many, however, who will live
vagrant lives, if permitted. It is necessary to compel such to enter
into contracts.” Firmly convinced of this necessity, General Tillson
had issued an order directing his agents to make contracts for all
freedmen without other means of support, who should neglect to
make contracts for themselves after a given time. The Commissioner
at Washington disapproved the order, for what reason I cannot
divine, unless it was feared that the over-zealous friends of the
negro at the North might be alarmed by it. No contracts were made
for the vagrant blacks under it; but its effect, in inducing them to
make contracts for themselves, was immediate, wholesome, and
very gratifying.
The officers of the Bureau were everywhere subject to the
temptation of bribes; and I often heard planters remark that they
could do anything with the Bureau they pleased, if they had plenty
of money. General Tillson said, “I could make a million dollars here
very shortly, if I chose to be dishonest. Only to-day I was offered a
thousand dollars for one hundred freedmen, by a rich planter.” He
had made it a rule of the Bureau to receive no personal fees
whatever for any services.
Over three thousand dollars had been paid in fines by the people of
Georgia for cruelties to the freedmen during the past three months.
“It is considered no murder to kill a negro. The best men in the
State admit that no jury would convict a white man for killing a
freedman, or fail to hang a negro who had killed a white man in self-
defence.”
The General added: “As soon as the troops were withdrawn from
Wilkes County, last November, a gang of jay-hawkers went through,
shooting and burning the colored people, holding their feet and
hands in the fire to make them tell where their money was. It left
such a stigma on the county that the more respectable class held a
meeting to denounce it. This class is ashamed of such outrages, but
it does not prevent them, and it does not take them to heart; and I
could name a dozen cases of murder committed on the colored
people by young men of these first families.”
General Tillson, by his tact, good sense, business capacity, freedom
from prejudice for or against color, and his uniform candor,
moderation, and justice, had secured for the Bureau the coöperation
of both the State Convention and the Legislature, and was steadily
winning the confidence and respect of the planters. The most
serious problem that remained to be solved was the Sea-Island
question, of which I shall speak hereafter.
The prospect was favorable for a good cotton crop in Georgia,
although anxiety was felt with regard to the vitality of the seed,
much of which, being several years old, had no doubt been injured
by keeping.

18. Since my return from the South, I have received a letter from a
gentleman of character, late an officer in the Federal army,
from which I make the following extract bearing on this
subject:—
“After leaving you at Grand Gulf, I rode twenty or thirty miles
into the interior, but could find little inducement for a Northern
man to settle in that portion of the South. The further you go
from main routes, the more hostile you find the inhabitants. I
finally determined to locate on or near the Mississippi, and
recent experience only confirms my earlier impressions. I am
now located on the river, one hundred and sixty miles below
Memphis, on the Arkansas side, and am making preparations
to plant one thousand acres of cotton. It has been very difficult
to secure help here, and I determined to make a trip to
Georgia for the purpose of obtaining the requisite number of
hands. I succeeded tolerably well, and could have hired many
more than I needed, had not the people induced the negroes
to believe that we were taking them to Cuba to sell them. I
award the palm to the Georgians, as the meanest and most
despicable class of people it was ever my misfortune to meet.
While they are constantly urging that the negro will not work,
they use every means to dissuade him from securing honorable
and profitable employment. I was never so grossly insulted as
when in Georgia. They fear the powerful arm of the
government, but are to-day as bitter Rebels as at any time
during the war. The consequences would be most disastrous if
the military force scattered through the South should be at
once removed.”
 CHAPTER LXIX.
SHERMAN IN EASTERN GEORGIA.

The track of the Central Railroad, one hundred and ninety-one miles
in length, was destroyed with conscientious thoroughness by
Sherman’s army. From Gordon, twenty miles below Macon, to
Scarborough Station, nine miles below Millen, a distance of one
hundred miles, there was still an impassable hiatus of bent rails and
burnt bridges, at the time of my journey; and in order to reach
Savannah from Macon, it was necessary to proceed by the Georgia
road to Augusta, either returning by railroad to Atlanta, or crossing
over by railroad and stage to Madison, between which places the
Georgia road, destroyed for a distance of sixty-seven miles, had
been restored. From Augusta I went down on the Augusta and
Savannah road to a station a few miles below Waynesboro’, where a
break in that road rendered it necessary to proceed by stages to
Scarborough. From Scarborough to Savannah the road was once
more in operation.
The relaid tracks were very rough; many of the old rails having been
straightened and put down again. “General Grant and his staff
passed over this road a short time ago,” said a citizen; “and as they
went jolting along in an old box-car, on plain board seats, they
seemed to think it was great fun: they said they were riding on
Sherman’s hair-pins,”—an apt name applied to the most frequent
form in which the rails were bent.
“Sherman’s men had all sorts of machinery for destroying the track.
They could rip it up as fast as they could count. They burnt the ties
and fences to heat the iron; then two men would take a bar and
twist it or wrap it around a tree or a telegraph post. Our people
found some of their iron-benders, and they helped mightily about
straightening the rails again. Only the best could be used. The rest
the devil can’t straighten.”
Riding along by the destroyed tracks, it was amusing to see the
curious shapes in which the iron had been left. Hair-pins
predominated. Corkscrews were also abundant. Sometimes we
found four or five rails wound around the trunk of a tree, which
would have to be cut before they could be got off again. And there
was an endless variety of most ungeometrical twists and curves.
The Central Railroad was probably the best in the State. Before the
war its stock paid annual dividends of fifteen per cent.,—one year as
high as twenty seven and a half per cent. It owned property to the
amount of a million and a half dollars, mostly invested in Europe.
This will be nearly or quite sunk in repairing the damage done by
Sherman. Then the road will have all of its bent iron,—for Sherman
could not carry it away or burn it;—and this was estimated to be
worth two thirds as much as new iron. The track, composed partly of
the T and partly of the U rail, was well laid; and the station-houses
were substantially built of brick. I was told that the great depot
building at Millen, although of wood, was equal in size and beauty to
the best structures of the kind in the North. Sherman did not leave a
building on the road, from Macon to Savannah. For warehouses, I
found box-cars stationed on the side tracks.
The inhabitants of Eastern Georgia suffered even more than those of
Middle Georgia from our army operations,—the men having got used
to their wild business by the time they arrived there, and the
General having, I suspect, slipped one glove off. Here is the story of
an old gentleman of Burke County:—
“It was the 14th Corps that came through my place. They looked like
a blue cloud coming. They had all kinds of music,—horns, cow-bells,
tin-pans, everything they could pick up that would make a hideous
noise. It was like Bedlam broke loose. It was enough to frighten the
old stumps in the deadenings, say nothing about the people. They
burned everything but occupied dwellings. They cut the belluses at
the blacksmith-shops. They took every knife and fork and cooking
utensil we had. My wife just saved a frying-pan by hanging on to it;
she was considerable courageous, and they left it in her hands. After
that they came back to get her to cook them some biscuit.
“’How can I cook for you, when you’ve carried off everything?’ she
said.
“They told her if she would make them a batch of biscuit they would
bring back a sack of her own flour, and she should have the balance
of it. She agreed to it; but while the biscuit was baking, another
party came along and carried the sack off again.
“The wife of one of my neighbors,—a very rich family, brought up to
luxuries,—just saved a single frying-pan, like we did. Their niggers
and all went off with Sherman; and for a week or two they had to
cook their own victuals in that frying-pan, cut them with a pocket-
knife, and eat them with their fingers. My folks had to do the same,
but we hadn’t been brought up to luxuries, and didn’t mind it so
much.
“General Sherman went into the house of an old woman after his
men had been pillaging it. He sat down and drank a glass of water.
Says she to him, ‘I don’t wonder people say you’re a smart man; for
you’ve been to the bad place and got scrapings the devil wouldn’t
have.’ His soldiers heard of it, and they took her dresses and hung
them all up in the highest trees, and drowned the cat in the well.
“A neighbor of mine buried all his gold and silver, and built a hog-
pen over the spot. But the Yankees were mighty sharp at finding
things. They mistrusted a certain new look about the hog-pen,
ripped it away, stuck in their bayonets, and found the specie.
“Another of my neighbors hid his gold under the brick floor of his
smoke-house. He put down the bricks in the same place; but the
rascals smelt out the trick, pulled up the floor, got the gold, and then
burnt the smoke-house. They made him take off his boots and hat,
which they wore away. They left him an old Yankee hat, which he
now wears. He swears he never’ll buy another till the government
pays him for his losses.
“My wife did the neatest thing. She took all our valuables, such as
watches and silver-spoons, and hid them in the cornfield. With a
knife she would just make a slit in the ground, open it a little, put in
one or two things, and then let the top earth down, just like it was
before. Then she’d go on and do the same thing in another place.
The soldiers went all over that cornfield sticking in their bayonets,
but they didn’t find a thing. The joke of it was, she came very near
never finding them again herself.
“One of my neighbors, a poor man, was stopped by some cavalry
boys, who demanded his watch. He told ’em it was such a sorry
watch they wouldn’t take it. They wanted to see it, and when he
showed it, they said, ‘Go along!—we won’t be seen carrying off such
a looking thing as that!’”
The following story was related to me by a Northern man, who had
been twenty-five years settled in Eastern Georgia:—
“My neighbors were too much frightened to do anything well and in
good order. But I determined I’d save as much of my property as I
could drive on its own feet or load on to wagons. I took two loads of
goods, and all my cattle and hogs, and run ’em off twenty miles into
Screven County. I found a spot of rising ground covered with gall
bushes, in the middle of a low, wet place. I went through water six
inches deep, got to the knoll, cut a road through the bushes, run my
wagons in, and stuck the bushes down into the wet ground where I
had cut them. They were six or eight feet high, and hid everything.
My cattle and hogs I turned off in a bushy field. After that, I went to
the house of a poor planter and staid. That was Friday night.
“Sunday, the soldiers came. I lay hid in the woods, and saw ’em pass
close by the knoll where my goods were, running in their bayonets
everywhere. The bushes were green yet, and they didn’t discover
anything, though they passed right by the edge of them.
“All at once I heard the women of the house scream murder. Thinks
I, ‘It won’t do for me to be lying here looking out only for my own
interests, while the soldiers are abusing the women.’ I crawled out of
the bushes, and was hurrying back to the house, when five
cavalrymen overtook me. They put their carbines to my head, and
told me to give ’em my money.
“As soon as I’d got over my fright a little, I said, ‘Gentlemen, I’ve got
some Confederate money, but it will do you no good.’
“’Give me your pistol,’ one said. I told him I had no pistol. They
thought I lied, for they saw something in my pocket; but come to
snatch it out, it was only my pipe. Then they demanded my knife.
“’I’ve nothing but an old knife I cut my tobacco with;—you won’t
take an old man’s knife!’
“They let me go, and I hurried on to the house. It was full of
soldiers. I certainly thought something dreadful was happening to
the women; but they were screeching because the soldiers were
carrying off their butter and honey and corn-meal. They were
making all that fuss over the loss of their property; and I thought I
might as well have stayed to watch mine.
“That night the army camped about a mile from there; and the next
morning I rode over to see if I could get a safeguard for the house.
But the officers said no;—they were bound to have something to
eat. I went back, and left my horse at the door while I stepped in to
tell the women if they wished to save anything that was left they
must hide it. Before I could get out again my horse was taken. I
went on after it; the army was on the march again, and I was told if
I would go with it all day, I should have my horse come night. I
marched a few miles, but got sick of it, and went back. I could see
big fires in the direction of my house, and I knew that the town was
burning.
“I got back to the poor planter’s house, and found a new misfortune
had happened to him. The night before, all his hogs and mine came
together to his door,—the soldiers having let the fences down. ‘This
won’t do,’ I said; ‘I’m going to make another effort to save my hogs.’
But he was true Southern; he hadn’t energy; he said, ‘No use!’ and
just sat still. I tolled my hogs off with corn, and scattered corn all
about in the bushes to keep them there. The next day it was hot,
and they lay in the shade to keep cool; so the soldiers didn’t find
them.
“But when, as I said, I got back to his house, I found the soldiers
slaughtering his hogs right and left. They killed every one. So much
for his lack of faith. But the worst part of the joke was, they
borrowed his cart to carry off his own hogs to the wagon-train which
was passing on another road half a mile away. They said they’d
bring it back in an hour. As it didn’t come, he went for it, and found
they’d piled rails on to it and burnt it. I had taken care of my
wagons, and he might have done the same with his. But that’s the
difference between a Northern and a Southern man.
“Monday I returned home, and found my family living on corn-meal
bran. They had been robbed of everything. The soldiers had even
taken the hat off from my little grandson’s head, six years old. They
took a mother-hen away from her little peeping chickens. There
were fifty or a hundred soldiers in the house all one day, breaking
open chests and bureaus; and those that come after took what the
first had left. My folks asked for protection, being Northern people;
and there was one officer who knew them; but he could control only
his own men. So we fared no better than our neighbors.”
The staging to Scarborough was very rough; but our route lay
through beautiful pine woods, carpeted with wild grass. It was
January, but the spring frogs were singing.
The best rolling-stock of the Central Road had been run up to Macon
on Sherman’s approach, and could not be got down again. So I had
the pleasure of riding from Scarborough to Savannah in an old car
crowded full of wooden chairs, in place of the usual seats.
The comments of the passengers on the destruction wrought by
Sherman were sometimes bitter, sometimes sentimental. A
benevolent gentleman remarked: “How much good might be done
with the millions of property destroyed, by building new railroads
elsewhere!” To which a languishing lady replied: “What is the use of
building railroads for slaves to ride on? I’d rather be free, and take it
afoot, than belong to the Yankees, and ride.”
Our route lay along the low, level borders of the Ogeechee River, the
soil of which is too cold for cotton. We passed immense swamps, in
the perfectly still waters of which the great tree-trunks were
mirrored. And all the way the spring frogs kept up their shrill singing.
At some of the stations I saw bales of Northern hay that had come
up from Savannah. “There is a commentary on our style of farming,”
said an intelligent planter from near Millen. “This land, though
worthless for cotton, could be made to grow splendid crops of grass,
—and we import our hay.”
 CHAPTER LXX.
A GLANCE AT SAVANNAH.

On the 16th of November, 1864, Sherman began his grand march

from Atlanta. In less than a month his army had made a journey of
three hundred miles, consuming and devastating the country. On
December 13th, by the light of the setting sun, General Hazen’s
Division of the 15th Corps made it’s brilliant and successful assault
on Fort McAlister on the Ogeechee, opening the gate to Savannah
and the sea. On the night of the 20th, Savannah was hurriedly
evacuated by the Rebels, and occupied by Sherman on the 21st. The
city, with a thousand prisoners, thirty-five thousand bales of cotton,
two hundred guns, three steamers, and valuable stores, thus fell into
our hands without a battle. Within forty-eight hours a United States
transport steamer came to the wharf, and the new base of supplies,
about which we were all at that time so anxious, was established.
The city was on fire during the evacuation. Six squares and portions
of other squares were burned. At the same time a mob collected and
commenced breaking into stores and dwellings. The destroyers of
railroads were in season to save the city from the violence of its own
citizens.
A vast multitude of negroes had followed the army to the sea. This
exodus of the bondmen from the interior had been permitted, not
simply as a boon to them, but as an injury to the resources of the
Confederacy, like the destruction of its plantations and railroads.
What to do with them now became a serious problem. Of his
conference with Secretary Stanton on the subject at Savannah,
General Sherman says: “We agreed perfectly that the young and
able-bodied men should be enlisted as soldiers or employed by the
quartermaster in the necessary work of unloading ships, and for
other army purposes; but this left on our hands the old and feeble,
the women and children, who had necessarily to be fed by the
United States. Mr. Stanton summoned a large number of the old
negroes, mostly preachers, with whom he held a long conference, of
which he took down notes. After this conference, he was satisfied
the negroes could, with some little aid from the United States by
means of the abandoned plantations on the sea islands and along
the navigable rivers, take care of themselves.” Sherman’s “General
Orders No. 15” were the result, giving negro settlers “possessory
titles” to these lands. Thus originated the knotty Sea-Island
controversy, of which more by-and-by.
The aspect of Savannah is peculiarly Southern, and not without a
certain charm. Its uniform squares, its moist and heavy atmosphere,
the night fogs that infest it, the dead level of its sandy streets,
shaded by two and four rows of moss-draped trees, and its frequent
parks of live-oaks, water-oaks, wild-olives, and magnolias, impress
you singularly. The city, notwithstanding its low, flat appearance, is
built on a plain forty feet above the river. The surrounding country is
an almost unbroken level. Just across the Savannah lie the low,
marshy shores of South Carolina. It is the largest city of Georgia,
having something like twenty-five thousand inhabitants. Here, before
the war, dwelt the aristocracy of the country, living in luxurious style
upon the income of slave labor on the rice and cotton plantations.
Trade was less active at Savannah than in some of the interior
towns, owing to its greater isolation. A flood of business passed
through it, however. The expense of transportation was very great.
Every bale of cotton brought down the river from Augusta, two
hundred and thirty miles, cost eight dollars; and the tariff on
returning freights was two cents a pound.
There were sixteen hundred colored children in Savannah, twelve
hundred of whom attended school. Three hundred and fifty attended
the schools of the Savannah Educational Association, organized and
supported by the colored population. I visited one of these schools,
taught by colored persons, in a building which was a famous slave-
mart, in the good old days of the institution. In the large auction-
room, and behind the iron-barred windows of the jail-room over it,
the children of slaves were now enjoying one of the first, inestimable
advantages of freedom.
If you go to Savannah, do not fail to visit the Bonaventure Cemetery,
six miles from the city. You drive out southward on the Thunderbolt
Road, past the fortifications, through fields of stumps and piny
undergrowths, whose timber was cut away to give range to the
guns, to the fragrant, sighing solitude of pine woods beyond.
Leaving the main road, you pass beneath the low roof of young
evergreen oaks overarching the path. This leads you into avenues of
indescribable beauty and gloom. Whichever way you look,
colonnades of huge live-oak trunks open before you, solemn, still,
and hoary. The great limbs meeting above are draped and festooned
with long fine moss. Over all is a thick canopy of living green,
shutting out the glare of day. Beneath is a sparse undergrowth of
evergreen bushes, half concealing a few neglected old family
monuments. The area is small, but a more fitting scene for a
cemetery is not conceivable.
 CHAPTER LXXI.
CHARLESTON AND THE WAR.

The railroad from Savannah to Charleston, one hundred and four

miles in length, running through a country of rice-plantations, was
struck and smashed by Sherman in his march from the sea. As it
never was a paying road before the war, I could see no prospect of
its being soon repaired. The highway of the ocean supplies its place.
There was little travel and less business between the two cities, two
or three small steamers a week being sufficient to accommodate all.
Going on board one of these inferior boats at three o’clock one
afternoon, at Savannah, I awoke the next morning in Charleston
harbor.
A warm, soft, misty morning it was, the pale dawn breaking through
rifts in the light clouds overhead, a vapory horizon of dim sea all
around. What is that great bulk away on our left, drifting past us?
That is the thing known as Fort Sumter: it does not float from its
rock so easily: it is we who are drifting past it. We have just left Fort
Moultrie on our right; the low shores on which it crouches lie off
there still visible, like banks of heavier mist. That obscure
phenomenon ahead yonder looms too big for a hencoop, and turns
out to be Fort Ripley. The dawn brightens, the mist clears, and we
see, far on our right, Castle Pinckney; and on our left a gloomy line
of pine forests, which we are told is James Island.
This is historic ground we are traversing,—or rather historic water.
How the heart stirs with the memories it calls up! What is that at
anchor yonder? A monitor! A man on its low flat deck walks almost
level with the water. Two noticeable objects follow after us: one is a
high-breasted, proud-beaked New York steamer; the other, the
wonderful light of dawn dancing upon the waves.
Before us all the while, rising and expanding as we approach, its
wharves and shipping, its warehouses and church steeples, gradually
taking shape, on its low peninsula thrust out between the two rivers,
is the haughty and defiant little city that inaugurated treason, that
led the Rebellion, that kindled the fire it took the nation’s blood to
quench. And is it indeed you, city of Charleston, lying there so quiet,
harmless, half asleep, in the peaceful morning light? Where now are
the joy-intoxicated multitudes who thronged your batteries and piers
and house-tops, to see the flag of the Union hauled down from
yonder shattered little fortress? Have you forgotten the frantic
cheers of that frantic hour? Once more the old flag floats there! How
do you like the looks of it, city of Charleston?

I gave my travelling-bag to a black boy on the wharf, who took it on

his head and led the way through the just awakened streets to the
Mills House.
The appearance of the city in the early morning atmosphere, was
prepossessing. It is a well built, light, and airy city. It lacks the broad
streets, the public squares, and the forest of trees, which give to
Savannah its charm; but it strikes one as a more attractive place for
a residence. You are not at all oppressed with a sense of the
lowness of the situation; and yet it is far less elevated than
Savannah, the flat and narrow peninsula on which it is built rising
but a few feet above high water.
Charleston did not strike me as a very cleanly town, and I doubt if it
ever was such. Its scavengers are the turkey buzzards. About the
slaughter-pens on the outskirts of the city, at the markets, and
wherever garbage abounds, these black, melancholy birds, properly
vultures, congregate in numbers. There is a law against killing them,
and they are very tame. In contrast with these obscenities are the
gardens of the suburban residences, green in midwinter with semi-
tropical shrubs and trees.
Here centred the fashion and aristocracy of South Carolina, before
the war. Charleston was the watering-place where the rich cotton
and rice planters, who lived upon their estates in winter, came to
lounge away the summer season, thus inverting the Northern
custom. It has still many fine residences, built in a variety of styles;
but, since those recent days of its pride and prosperity, it has been
wofully battered and desolated.
The great fire of 1861 swept diagonally across the city from river to
river. A broad belt of ruin divides what remains. One eighth of the
entire city was burned, comprising much of its fairest and wealthiest
quarter. No effort had yet been made to rebuild it. The proud city
lies humbled in its ashes, too poor to rise again without the helping
hand of Northern Capital.
The origin of this stupendous fire still remains a mystery. It is looked
upon as one of the disasters of the war, although it cannot be shown
that it had any connection with the war. When Eternal Justice
decrees the punishment of a people, it sends not War alone, but also
its sister terrors, Famine, Pestilence, and Fire.
The ruins of Charleston are the most picturesque of any I saw in the
South. The gardens and broken walls of many of its fine residences
remain to attest their former elegance. Broad, semicircular flights of
marble steps, leading up once to proud doorways, now conduct you,
over their cracked and calcined slabs, to the level of high
foundations swept of everything but the crushed fragments of their
former superstructures, with here and there a broken pillar, and here
and there a windowless wall. Above the monotonous gloom of the
ordinary ruins rise the churches,—the stone tower and roofless walls
of the Catholic Cathedral, deserted and solitary, a roost for buzzards;
the burnt-out shell of the Circular Church, interesting by moonlight,
with its dismantled columns still standing, like those of an antique
temple; and others scarcely less noticeable.
There are additional ruins scattered throughout the lower part of the
city, a legacy of the Federal bombardment. The Scotch Church, a
large structure, with two towers and a row of front pillars, was
rendered untenantable by ugly breaches in its roof and walls, that
have not yet been repaired. The old Custom-House and Post-Office
building stands in an exceedingly dilapidated condition, full of holes.
Many other public and private buildings suffered no less. Some were
quite demolished; while others have been patched up. After all, it
would seem that the derisive laughter with which the Charlestonians,
according to contemporaneous accounts in their newspapers,
received the Yankee shells, must have been of a forced or hysterical
nature. Yet I found those who still maintained that the bombardment
did not amount to much. A member of the city fire department said
to me:—
 LEAVING CHARLESTON ON THE CITY BEING
BOMBARDED.

“But few fires were set by shells. There were a good many fires, but
they were mostly set by mischief-makers. The object was to get us
firemen down in shelling range. There was a spite against us,
because we were exempt from military duty.”
The fright of the inhabitants, however, was generally frankly
admitted. The greatest panic occurred immediately after the
occupation of Morris Island by General Gillmore. “The first shells set
the whole town in commotion. It looked like everybody was
skedaddling. Some loaded up their goods, and left nothing but their
empty houses. Others just packed up a few things in trunks and
boxes, and abandoned the rest. The poor people and negroes took
what they could carry on their backs or heads, or in their arms, and
put for dear life. Some women put on all their dresses, to save them.
For a while the streets were crowded with runaways,—hurrying,
hustling, driving,—on horseback, in wagons, and on foot,—white
folks, dogs, and niggers. But when it was found the shells only fell
down town, the people got over their scare; and many who went
away came back again. Every once in a while, however, the Yankees
would appear to mount a new gun, or get a new gunner; and the
shells would fall higher up. That would start the skedaddling once
more. One shell would be enough to depopulate a whole
neighborhood.”
A Northern man, who was in Charleston during the war, told me that
he was lying sick in a house which was struck by a shell early during
the bombardment. “A darkey that was nursing me took fright and
ran away, and left me in about as unpleasant a condition as I was
ever in. I couldn’t stir from my bed, and there was much more
danger that I might die from neglect, than from Gillmore’s shells.
Finally a friend found me out, and removed me to another house a
few streets above. It was nine months before the shells reached us
there.”
The shelling began in July, 1863, and was kept up pretty regularly
until the surrender of the city, on the 18th of February, 1865. This
last event occurred just four years after the inauguration of Jefferson
Davis as President of the Confederate States. How did the people of
Charleston keep that last glorious anniversary?
Sherman’s northward marching army having flanked the city, its
evacuation was not unexpected; but when it came, confusion and
dismay came with it. The Rebel troops, departing, adhered to their
usual custom of leaving ruin behind them. They fired the upper part
of the city, burning an immense quantity of cotton, with railroad
buildings and military stores. While the half-famished poor were
rushing early in the morning to secure a little of the Confederate rice
in one of the warehouses, two hundred kegs of powder blew up,
killing and mutilating a large number of those unfortunate people.
Here also it devolved upon the Union troops to save the city from
the fires set by its own friends.
Of the sixty-five thousand inhabitants which the city contained at the
beginning of the secession war, only about ten thousand remained at
the time of the occupation by our troops. Those belonged mostly to
the poorer classes, who could not get away. Many people rushed in
from the suburbs, got caught inside the intrenchments, and could
not get out again. Others rushed out panic-stricken from the burning
city, and when they wished to return, found that they could not.
Charleston, from the moment of its occupation, was a sealed city.
Families were divided. Husbands shut within the line of fortifications
drawn across the neck of the peninsula, could not hear from their
families in the country; and wives in the country could not get news
from their husbands. “It was two months before I could learn
whether my husband was dead or alive,” said a lady, who took
refuge in the interior. And some who remained in Charleston, told
me it was a month before they heard of the burning of Columbia;
that they could not even learn which way Sherman’s army had gone.
 CHAPTER LXXII.
A VISIT TO FORT SUMTER.

One morning I went on board the government supply steamer

“Mayflower,” plying between the city and the forts below. As we
steamed down to the rows of piles, driven across the harbor to
compel vessels to pass under the guns of the forts, I noticed that
they were so nearly eaten off by worms that, had the war continued
a year or two longer, it would have been necessary to replace them.
There is in these Southern waters an insect very destructive to the
wood it comes in contact with. It cannot live in fresh water, and
boats, the bottoms of which are not sheathed, or covered with tar,
are taken occasionally up the rivers, to get rid of it. Only the
palmetto is able to resist its ravages; of the tough logs of which the
wharves of Charleston are constructed.
Fort Sumter loomed before us, an enormous mass of ruins. We
approached on the northeast side, which appeared covered with
blotches and patches of a most extraordinary description,
commemorating the shots of our monitors. The notches in the half-
demolished wall were mended with gabions. On the southeast side
not an angle, not a square foot of the original octagonal wall
remained, but in its place was an irregular steeply sloping bank of
broken bricks, stones, and sand,—a half-pulverized mountain, on
which no amount of shelling could have any other effect than to
pulverize it still more.
I could now readily understand the Rebel boast, that Fort Sumter,
after each attack upon it, was stronger than ever. Stronger for
defence, as far as its walls were concerned, it undoubtedly was; but
where were the double rows of portholes for heavy ordnance, and
the additional loopholes on the south side for musketry? Our guns
had faithfully smashed everything of that kind within their range.
On the northwest side, facing the city, the perpendicular lofty wall
stands in nearly its original condition, its scientific proportions, of
stupendous solid masonry, astonishing us by their contrast with the
other sides. Between this wall and the wreck of a Rebel steamer,
shot through and sunk whilst bringing supplies to the fort, we
landed. By flights of wooden steps we reached the summit, and
looked down into the huge crater within. This is a sort of irregular
amphitheatre, with sloping banks of gabions and rubbish on all sides
save one. On the southeast side, where the exterior of the fort
received the greatest damage from the guns on Morris Island, the
interior received the least. There are no casemates left, except on
that side. In the centre stands the flag-staff, bearing aloft the starry
symbol of the national power, once humbled here, and afterwards
trailed long through bloody dust, to float again higher and haughtier
than ever, on those rebellious shores. Who, that loves his country,
can look upon it there without a thrill?
The fort is built upon a mole, which is flooded by high-water. It was
half-tide that morning, and climbing down the slope of the southeast
embankment, I walked upon the beach below,—or rather upon the
litter of old iron that strewed it thick as pebble-stones. It was
difficult to step without placing the foot upon a rusty cannon-ball or
the fragment of a shell. The curling waves broke upon beds of these
iron debris, extending far down out of sight into the sea. I suggested
to an officer that this would be a valuable mine to work, and was
told that the right to collect the old iron around the fort had already
been sold to a speculator for thirty thousand dollars.
The following statement of the cost to the United States of some of
the forts seized by the Rebels, and of others they would have been
glad to seize, but could not see their way clear to do so, will interest
a few readers.
Fort Moultrie, $87,601. (Evacuated by Major Anderson Dec. 26th,
1860.)
Castle Pinckney, $53,809. (Seized by South Carolina State troops,
Dec. 27th, 1860.)
Fort Sumter, $977,404.
Fort Pulaski, at the mouth of the Savannah River, $988,859. (Seized
by order of Governor Brown, Jan. 3d, 1861.)
Fort Morgan, Mobile Harbor, $1,242,552. (Seized Jan. 4th, 1861.)
Fort Gaines, opposite, $221,500. (Same fate.)
Fort Jackson, on the Mississippi, below New Orleans, $837,608. Its
fellow, Fort St. Philip, $258,734. (Both seized Jan. 10th, 1861.)
Fort Warren, Boston Harbor, $1,208,000. (Not convenient for the
Rebels to appropriate.)
Fortress Monroe, the most expensive, as it is the largest of our forts,
$2,476,771. (Taken by Jeff Davis in May, 1865, under peculiar
circumstances, and still occupied by him at this date, May, 1866.)
I found eighty-five United States soldiers in Sumter: a mere handful,
yet they were five more than the garrison that held it at the time of
Beauregard’s bombardment in April, 1861. My mind went back to
those earlier days, and to that other little band. How anxiously we
had watched the newspapers, week after week, to see if the Rebels
would dare to execute their threats! Even the children caught the
excitement, and asked eagerly, as papa came home at night with the
news, “Is Fort Sumter attackted?” At last the defiant act was done,
and what a raging, roaring fire it kindled all over the land! How our
hearts throbbed in sympathy with Major Anderson and his seventy-
nine heroes! Major, Colonel, General Anderson,—well might he step
swiftly up the degrees of rank, for he was already atop of our hearts.
It was so easy for a man to blaze forth into sudden glory of renown
at that time! One true, loyal, courageous deed, and fame was
secure. But when the hurricane howl of the storm was at its height,
when the land was all on fire with such deeds, glory was not so
cheap. Only the taller flame could make itself distinguished, only the
more potent voice be heard amid the roar. So many a hero of many
a greater exploit than Anderson’s passed on unnoted.
And looking back coolly at the event from the walls of Sumter to-
day, it is not easy to understand how a patriot and a soldier, who
knew his duty, could have sat quiet in his fortress while Rebel
batteries were rising all around him. He was acting on the defensive,
you say,—waiting for the Rebels to commence hostilities. But
hostilities had already begun. The first spadeful of earth thrown up,
to protect the first Rebel gun, within range of Sumter, was an act of
war upon Sumter. To wait until surrounded by a ring of fire, which
could not be resisted, before opening the guns of the fort, appears,
by the light both of military duty and of common sense, absurd. But
fortunately something else rules, in a great revolution, besides
military duty and common sense; and in the plan of that Providence
which shapes our ways, I suppose Major Anderson did the best and
only thing that was to be done. Besides, forbearance, to the utmost
verge of that virtue, and sometimes a little beyond, was the policy of
the government he served.
Reëmbarking on the steamer, and running over to Morris Island, I
noticed that Sumter, from that side, looked like nothing but a solitary
sandy bluff, heaved up in the middle of the harbor.
 CHAPTER LXXIII.
A PRISON AND A PRISONER.

“Is this your first visit to Charleston?” I asked General S——, one day
as we dined together.
“My first visit,” he replied, “occurred in the summer of 1864,
considerably against my inclination. I was lodged at the expense of
the Confederate Government in the Work-House,—not half as
comfortable a place as this hotel!”
Both visits were made in the service of the United States
Government; but under what different circumstances! Then, a
helpless, insulted prisoner; now, he came in a capacity which
brought to him as humble petitioners some of the most rebellious
citizens of those days. When sick and in prison, they did not minister
unto him; but since he sat in an office of public power, nothing could
exceed their polite, hat-in-hand attentions.
Dinner over, he proposed that we should go around and look at his
old quarters in the Work-House. I gladly assented, and, on the way,
drew from him the story of his capture.
He was taken prisoner at the battle of July 22d, before Atlanta, and
placed on a train, with a number of other prisoners, to be conveyed
to Macon.
“When we were about ten or a dozen miles from Macon, I went and
sat on the platform with the guard. To prevent his suspecting my
design, I told him I was disabled by rheumatism, and complained of
pain and weakness in my back. He presently leaned against the car,
and closed his eyes; like everybody else after the battles of July, he
was pretty well used up, and in a few minutes he appeared to be
asleep. His gun was cocked, ready to shoot any prisoner that
attempted to escape; and I quietly took the cap off, without
disturbing him. Then I didn’t dare wait a minute for a better
opportunity, but jumped when I could. We were five or six miles
from Macon, and the train was running about ten miles an hour. As I
took my leap, I felt my hat flying from my head, and instinctively put
up my hand and caught it, knowing if it was lost it might give a clew
that would lead to my recapture. All this passed through my mind
while I went rolling down an embankment eighteen or twenty feet
high. I thought I never should strike the bottom. When I did, the
concussion was so great that I lay under a fence, nearly senseless,
for I don’t know how long: I couldn’t have moved, even if I had
known a minute’s delay would cause me to be retaken.
“After a while I recovered, got up, crossed the fields, and found a
road on the edge of some woods. It was then just at dusk. I walked
all night, and in the morning found myself where I started. I had
been walking around a hill, on a road made by woodmen.
“I was very tired, but I made up my mind I must leave that place. I
got the points of the compass by the light in the east, and started to
walk in a northerly direction, hoping to strike our lines somewhere
near Atlanta. I soon passed a field of squealing hogs. I ought to
have taken warning by their noise; but I kept on, and presently met
a man with a bag of corn on his shoulder, going to feed them. I was
walking fast, with my coat on my arm; and we passed each other
without saying a word. My whole appearance was calculated to
excite suspicion. Besides, one might know by my uniform that I was
a Yankee officer. I suppose, by the law of self-defence, I ought to
have turned about and put him out of the way of doing me any
mischief. It would have been well for me if I had. I was soon out of
sight; but I could hear the hogs squealing still, so I knew he had not
stopped to give them the corn; I knew he had dropped his bag and
run, as well as if I had watched him.
“I crossed the fields to the road, where I saw somebody coming very
fast on a horse. I hid in some weeds, and presently saw this same
man riding by at a sharp gallop towards a neighboring plantation.
“Then I knew I had a hard time before me. I first sat down and
rubbed pine leaves and tobacco on the soles of my boots; then took
once more to the fields. It wasn’t an hour before I heard the
bloodhounds on my track. I can never tell what I suffered during the
next three days. I did not sleep at all; I travelled almost incessantly.
Sometimes when I stopped to rest the dogs would come in sight;
and often I could hear them when I did not see them. I baffled them
continually by changing my course, walking in streams, and rubbing
tobacco and pine leaves on my boot-soles.”
“What did you live on all this time?”
“I will tell you what I ate: three crackers, which I had with me when
I jumped from the cars, one water-melon, and some raw green corn
I picked in a field. The third day I got rid of the dogs entirely. I saw
a lonely looking house on a hill, and went to it. It was occupied by a
widow. I asked for something to eat, and she cooked me a dinner
while I kept watch for the dogs. Perhaps she was afraid to do
differently; but she appeared very kind. When the dinner was ready
I was so sick from excitement and exhaustion that I couldn’t eat. I
managed to force down an egg and a spoonful of peas, and that was
all. The Rebels had taken my money, and I could pay her only with
thanks.
“I travelled nearly all that night again. Towards morning I lay by in a
canebrake, and slept a little. It was raining hard. The next day I
started on again. As I was crossing a road, suddenly a man came
round a steep bank, on horseback. I didn’t see him until he was right
upon me. I felt desperate. He asked me some question, and I gave
him a surly answer. I thought I wouldn’t leave the road until he had
gone on; but he checked his horse, and rode along by my side.
“’You look like you are in trouble,’ he said.
“’I am,’ I said.
“’Can I be of any service to you?’
“’Yes. I want to go to Crawford’s Station. How far is it?’
“He said it was three miles, and told me the way to go. Crawford’s is
only fifteen miles from Macon; so you see I had not got far whilst
running from the dogs.
“Suddenly a terrible impulse took me. I turned upon him; I felt
fierce; I could have murdered him, if necessary.
“’I told you a lie,’ said I. ‘I am not going to Crawford’s. I am a
Federal soldier trying to escape.’
“He turned pale. ‘I am the provost-marshal of this district,’ he said,
after we had looked each other full in the face for about a minute,
‘and do you know it is my duty to arrest you?’
“Then a power came upon me such as I never felt before in my life;
and I talked to him. I laid open the whole question of the war with a
clearness and force which astonishes me now when I think of it. I
believe I convinced him. Then I told him that if I had been doing my
duty, it was his duty to help me escape, instead of arresting me. And
then I prophesied:—‘This war is going to end,’ I said; ‘and it is going
to end in only one way. As true as there is a heaven above us, your
Confederate Government is going to be wiped from the earth; and
then where will you be? then what will you think of the duty of one
man to arrest another whose only fault is that he has been fighting
for his country? The time is coming, sir, when it may make a mighty
difference with you, whether you help me now, or send me to a
Rebel prison.’
“He looked at me in perfect amazement. He did not answer me a
word; only when I got through he said, ‘I’d give a thousand dollars if
I had not met you!’ I got down to drink from a ditch by the road.
Then he said, ‘I’ve got a canteen at the house which you might
have.’ That was the first intimation I received that he would help me.
“He told me to stay where I was and he would bring me something
better to drink than ditch-water. I looked him through. ‘I’ll trust you,’
I said; for no man ever looked as he did who wasn’t sincere. Yet
there was danger he might change his mind; and I waited with great
anxiety to see whether he would bring the canteen or a guard of
soldiers. At last he came—with the canteen! It was full of the most
delicious spring water. I can’t begin to tell you how good that water
tasted! The nectar of the gods was nothing to it.
“That night he hid me between two bales of cotton in his gin-house.
He brought me bacon and biscuits enough to last me two or three
days. What was more to the purpose, he gave me a suit of citizens’
clothes to put on. While it was yet early, he brought me out, and
went with me a mile or so on my way. He gave me the names of
several citizens of the country, so that I could claim to be going to
see them if anybody questioned me. I carried my uniform with me
tied up in a bundle, which I intended to drop in the first piece of
woods at a safe distance from his house. I never parted with a man
under more affecting circumstances. An enemy, he had risked his life
to save me,—for we both knew that if the part he took in my escape
was discovered, his reward would be the halter.
“I had a valuable gold watch, which the Rebels had not taken from
me, and I urged him to accept it. ‘If I am recaptured,’ I said, ‘some
Confederate soldier will get it. If I escape, it will be the greatest
source of satisfaction I can have to know that you keep this token of
my gratitude.’ At last he consented to accept it, and we parted.
“I travelled due north all that day, and lay by at night in a
canebrake. How it rained again! The next day, in avoiding the main
roads, as I had been careful to do whenever I could, I got entangled
among streams that put into the Ocmulgee River. I came to a large
one, and as I was turning back from it, I saw a squad of soldiers
going down to it to bathe. I was in a complete cul de sac, and I
must either run for the river or meet them. I put on a bold face, and
went out towards them. As it was an extraordinary situation for a
stranger to be in, they naturally suspected everything was not right.
They asked me where I was from, and where I was going. I said I
came from near Macon, and that I was going to visit my uncle, Dr.
Moore, in De Kalb County. I suppose my speech betrayed me. They
didn’t suspect me of being an escaped prisoner; but their captain
said, ‘I believe you’re a damned Yankee spy.’
“That sealed my fate. I was taken to Forsyth, on the Macon and
Western Railroad, where I was finally recognized by the guard I had
escaped from.
“While I was sitting in the depot, in my citizens’ clothes, a half-
drunken Confederate soldier came in, flourishing a loaded pistol, and
inquiring for the ‘damned Yankee.’ ‘What do you want of him?’ I
asked. ‘To shoot his heart out!’ said he. ‘What!’ said I, ‘would you
shoot a prisoner? I hope you are too chivalrous to do that.’ ‘It’s a
part of my chivalry to kill every Yankee I find,’ said he. ‘Just show
him to me, and you’ll see.’ ‘I’ll show him to you. I am the man. Now
let’s see you shoot him.’
“He swore I was joking. He wouldn’t believe I was the Yankee, even
when the guard told him I was; and he went blustering away again.
I suspect that he was a fellow of more talk than courage.
“Meanwhile Mr. T——, who gave me my citizens’ dress, heard of my
recapture, and came over to Forsyth, in great anxiety lest I should
betray him. I pretended not to recognize him, but gave him to
understand by a look that his secret was safe. He said it was very
important to ascertain how I came by my clothes, and questioned
me. I said I obtained them of a good and true man, whom I should
never name to his injury; but that I would tell where I left my
uniform, because I wished to get it again. When I described the
spot, he said he believed he recognized it, and, if so, that it was on
one of his neighbors’ plantations. He sent to search, and the next
day I received my uniform. I forgot to state that when I was
retaken, my drawers were mildewed from my lying out in the cane-
brakes in the rain.
“From Forsyth I was sent to the stockade at Macon, where I found
my companions from whom I separated when I jumped from the car.
I hadn’t been there three days when I formed a new plan of escape.
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookluna.com