important characteristic of a relay is its time of operation. By 'the time of operation’ is meant length of the time from the instant when the actuating element is energised to the instant when the relay contacts are closed. Sometimes it is desirable and necessary to control the operating time of a relay. For this purpose, mechanical accessories are used with relays. (i) Instantaneous relay- An instantaneous relay is one in which no intentional time delay is provided. In this case, the relay contacts are closed immediately after current in the relay coil exceeds the minimum calibrated value. To trip circuit_ —_ _ «*, Advi stere will be a short time interval between the instant of pickup and the closing of relay contacts, no intentional time delay has been added. The instantan relays have operating time less than 0.1 second. ‘The instantaneous relay is effective only where the impedance between the relay and source is small compared to the protected section impedance. The operating time of instantaneous relay is sometimes expressed in cycles based on the power-system frequency e.g. one-cycle would be 1/50 second ina 50-cycle system.” - _ (ii) time lage inverse-time relay is one in which the operating time is approximately inversely proportional the magnitude of the actuating quantity. Fig. shows the time current characteristics of an inverse current relay. At values of current less than pickup, the relay never operates. At higher values, the time of operation of the relay decreases steadily with the increase of current. The inverse-time delay can be achieved by associating mechanical accessories with relays. To trip circuit Time limit fuse of Operating Time —>a - .@ e( an mien ne inverse-time delay can be achieved by positioning permanent magnet (known as a drag magnet) in such a way that relay disc cuts Be flux between the poles of the magnet. When thee disc moves, currents set up in it produce a drag on the disc which slows its motion. (b) In other types of relays, the inverse time delay can be introduced by oil dashpot or a time-limit fuse. The piston in the oil dashpot attached to the moving plunger slows its upward motion. At a current value just equal to the pickup, the plunger moves slowly and time delay is at a maximum. At higher values of relay current, the delay time is shortened due to greater pull on the plunger.aa a _ (iii) Definite time lag relay- In this type of relay, there is a definite time elapse een. the instant of pickup and the closing of relay contacts. This particular time cette is independent of the amount of current through the relay coil ; being the same for all values of current in excess of the pickup value. — Inverse to saturation of relay coil B=const F=const T,,, = const It may be worthwhile to mention here that practically all inverse-time relays are also provided with definite minimum time feature in order that the relay may never become instantaneous in its action for very long overloads. — Inverse Definite minimum time (IDMT) I Low I, inverse char. High I, definite time — Due to sat.It is desirable to define and explain some important terms much used in connection with relays. (i) Pick-up current- It is the minimum current in the relay coil at which the relay starts to operate. So long as the current in the relay is less than the pick-up value, the relay does not operate and the breaker controlled by it remains in the closed position. However, when the relay coil current is equal to or greater than the pickup value, the relay operates to energise the trip coil which opens the circuit breaker.50 75 100 125 150 175 a) Relay setting _ relay setting pickup = 49 Prate To relay operating coil (ii) Current setting- It is often desirable to adjust the pick-up current to any required value. This is known as current setting and is usually achieved by the use of tapping's on the relay operating coil. The taps are brought out to a plug bridge as shown in Fig. Plug bridge permits to alter the number of turns on the relay coil. This changes the torque on the disc and hence the time of operation of the relay. The values assigned to each tap are expressed in terms of percentage full-load rating of C.T. with which the relay is associated and represents the value above which the disc commences to rotate and finally closes the trip circuit.” —_ _ 7 Plug-setting multiplier (P.S.M.)- It is the ratio of fault current in relay coil pick-up current i.e. * PSM= Fault current in relay coil Pick-up current = Fault current in relay coil Rated secondary current of CT x Current setting For example, suppose that a relay is connected to a 400/5 current transformer and set at 150%. With a primary fault current of 2400 A, the plug-setting multiplier can be calculated as under: Pick-up value = Rated secondary current of CT x Current setting =5x15=75A Fault current in relay coil = 2400x z =30A P.S.M. = 30/7.5=4* a] a 04 e multiplier * 0.2. 0 1.0 (iv) Time-setting multiplier- A relay is generally provided with control to adjust the time of operation. This adjustment is known as time-setting multiplier. The time-setting dial is calibrated from 0 to 1 in steps of 0.05 sec (see Fig.). These figures are multipliers to be used to convert the time derived from time/P.S.M. curve into the actual operating time. Thus if the time setting is 0.1 and the time obtained from the time/P.S.M. curve is 3 seconds, then actual relay operating time = 3x0.1 = 0.3 second.imatancesth an induction relay, the time of operation is controlled by a fing the amount of travel of the disc from its reset position to its pickup position. This is achieved by the adjustment of the position of a movable backstop which controls the travel of the disc and thereby varies the time in which the relay will close its contacts for given values of fault current. A so- called "time dial" with an evenly divided scale provides this adjustment. The actual time of operation is calculated by multiplying the time setting multiplier with the time obtained from time/P.S.M. curve of the relay.. a — 1.0 0.8 0.5 03 (| Current in multiples of plug setting mel (PSM) = 4 + plug setting refers to pick-up current because if we change no. of turns, we can Time multiplier Change pick-up: setting As TMST, curve shifts upwards T,,, 7 xl, ae* A relayiis connected on the secondary side of CT * CT ratio =1/i I- rated primary current i- rated secondary current * If rated current of relay is unknown, we consider rated secondary current i as rated relay current > Given as percentage: how much % of rated * pickup = Plug setting x rated relay current current is pick-up current i ps = sreferred to secondary of CT [. xi] Tick _ 1, x cP =o = I x'F Fatio "plug setting x rated relay currentIf we change separation of fixed & moving contacts then operating time can be changed & this is called as time multiplier setting (TMS). Typ = Top (TMS = 1) x TMS always remember to multiply T,,, by TMS. ‘TMS does not vary characteristics but shifts the characteristics upwards.Most of the relays in service on power system today operate on the principle of electromagnetic attraction or electromagnetic induction. Regardless of the principle involved, relays are generally classified according to the function they are called upon to perform in the protection of electric power circuits. For example, a relay which recognises overcurrent in a circuit (ie. current greater than that which can be tolerated) and initiates corrective measures would be termed as an overcurrent relay irrespective Of the relay design. Similarly an overvoltage relay is one which recognises over voltage in a circuit and initiates the corrective measures. Although there are several of special function relays, only the following important types will be discussed in this chapter : @ Induction type overcurrent relays i) Induction reverse power relays (diveckomal relay) (iii)Distance relays (iv) Differential relays (v) Transly scheme+ 2coils are Kept at 90° in space wot each other & they carry current go out of phase with each other. * This causes a rotating magnetic field inside relay. | just like IM, rotor rotates to catch stator magnetic field. | we use a cup rotor which is more like a hollow cylinder & has low inertia due to which rotor rotates faster & relay takes less time to operate. This relay works on induction motor principle.« cA single equation that describes the operating and restraining torques for all types EAeiys. T = kyl? + kpIVI2 + kglVIIN|cos(@ — ©) — ky i} dereckconal, sprin coo oe Lee* ot : + A protective relay which operates when the load current exceeds a preset value is called an over-current relay. + The value of preset current above which relay operates is called as its pick-up value. + These are used for protection of distribution lines, large motors, power equipment's, industrial systems etc— ‘Over current Relay ~ A wt d The operating torque is k,P and the restraining torque is provided by spring. T= kyll[? — ky Relay operates if T > 0 kyl? > ky I> 4 L, pekup curvenk Min relay current above which relay trips CB is called pick-up current.whenever current through a relay exceeds pick-op current, —_ magnet saturates. if magnet saturates, B = const torque = canst, relay operates in constant time. Top Relays does not operate# J ‘ ; 5 * The relay contacts close immediately once relay coil current exceeds pick up value. — Relay recognizes a fault + delay b/w instant of pickup & closing of contact is very minimum. + There is no intentional time delay. — Relay operating time is minimum but non-zero.not saturates * Operating time « ; + As It, mag, Field t torque t & hence relay operating time reduces . + Inverse char are desirable. Actuating * High current must be opened faster. eee sven’ Tf high I persists longer it may damage ar the system.* at fiver values of relay current, time characteristics are of inverse nature & as relay current increases operating time reduces. + at high values of relay current, magnet saturates & B = const so relay operates in constant time PSM < 10: inverse PSIM > 20 : definite T,« die to steep char. of extremely inverse OC relay, there is large change in operating time for small change in fault current. + due to this relay can discriminate b/w fault inside & outside its protection zone. * Sometimes, relays consider inrush current as fault current & may mal- operate. + Extremely inverse OC relay is able to discriminate b/w inrush current & fault current because inrush current rapidly decrease & hence Teh Before relay can operate inrush current reduces To So relay is unable to catch T,,, & does not operate.a ate a “DMs raheys cannot distinguish b/w inrush current & fault current. Extremely inverse OC relay can be used for * protection against overheating of m/c * protection of alternators, power T/F, earthing T/F, power cable, railway trolleys etc.a a Relay Operating Time“ SN Ts =f(PSM) * + We compute operating time i based on PSM. 1,xCT ratio a olag oEASRIE Top = Typ (TMS = 1) x TMS + Operating time Vs PSM is given as (1) Table (2) Graph (3) expressionDirectional term: |V/|I|cos(0-t) + Directional relay can sense the direction of power flow by sensing the direction of current flow. Such relays only operate if I flows ina particular direction. Directional relays monitor the flow of power at relay location. If power flow is in normal direction then such relay do not operate but if power flow reverses _ then this relay will operate. eg: synchronous motor acts as gen’ & delivers power during fault.2 angle bho Ve T: preseé param Operating torque: |V| |I|cos(@-r) ignore spring torque T=K,|V] |I|cos(0-r) Relay operates if T > 0 cos(0-t) > 0; -90 < 0-1 < 90-90 +1 <0 <0+T If =tcos=1 T=max If6-t=+90° cos=0 T=0+ Such a relay operates if current flow is in a particular direction and also current exceeds a_ pre- determined value or pick-up value. P= VI cos(6+4) #¥ If power flow is observed relay is S® said to be Wattmeter relay.Relay operates if K, |V||I|cos(0-t) > K, K, Spring term K, cos(0-1) Char. between |V|&{I| is hyperbolic. Ivinl>> i curmg tend voltages are measured at the location of Current Transformer and Potential former. > If the fault is nearer to Current Transformer and Potential Transformer, measured voltage is lesser and thus the ratio of voltage and current i.e. measured impedance is lesser. > If fault is farther then the measured voltage is higher and the measured impedance is also higher. > Hence, relay operation depends on the distance of fault point from the CT and PT. There are three types of Distance Relay, + Impedance relays (Voltage restrained over current relay) + Reactance relays (Over current relay with directional restraint) *Mhorelays —_ (Voltage restrained directional relay)a ‘In animpe; ance relay, the torque produced by the current element is balanced against the torque produced by voltage element. The current element produces a positive torque, whereas the voltage element Produces negative torque. For an impedance relay, voltage is a restrained quantity while current its quantity, therefore, also called operating “voltage restrained over-current relay“ The operating characteristic of a simple impedance relay is a circle with it's center at the origin.ae a « If the value of Z is less than the radius of the circle it will result into a and if it positive torque is more than the radius then, it will result into a negative torque. For transmission line protection, a distance relay consists of three high speed impedance relay units, a timing unit and a directional unit. For fault on medium length line generally impedance relay is used.Block Operating torque = K, |I|° Restraining torque = K,|V|" T=K, [IP -K,|Vf Rely operates if T > 0 aM al [Z\<|Zes| oe — relay setting impedance |Z|: distance from origin & represents a circle K, II > K,|VPae Areactance relay is an over-current relay with directional restraint. The directional element is arranged to yield maximum torque contribution when its current lags its voltage by 90° (i.e. t = 90). Here, an over-current element develops a positive torque and a current voltage directional element either opposes or aids the over Current element, depending on the phase angle between the current and voltage. JRSN A reactance relay is also called an “over-current relay with directional restraint". it does not sense resistance under fault condition i.e. it is insensitive to the resistance of arcing type fault. For phase faults on short line reactance relay is used. For earth faults, reactance relay is normally used. he characteristic of a reactance relay is a straight line parallel to the real axis.Operating torque = K, |I|? Restraining torque =K,|V| |I|cos(0-t) T=K, [IP -K, [feos (0-t) Relay operates if T > 0 Relay is set s.t. t = 90° K, [I >K,|V|ll|sino Ml sind ia |e A modified impedance relay called mho relay results if a directional relay is restrained by voltage. A mho relay is inherently directional. Where the power swings are high, mho relay is generally used . Mbho relays are used for the protection of long EHV transmission lines. The operating characteristic of a mho relay is a circle passing through the origin.é " plane ° origin. Wey C2818) No operation Circle passing through origin from Operating = K, |V||I|cos(0-t) Restraining torque = K,| V |? T=K,|V]cos(0-*)-K, VP Relay operates if T > 0 K,|I|cos(0-t) > K, |V| MLK <—cos(0-t Mieka) K. Z| < —*cos(0-t I< F2co8(0-1)=. ll > Reactance relay does not respond to circuit resistance so it is most preferred relay for ground fa protection. As in L-G fault ground resistance is variable & if relay is sensitive to resistance, it may mal-operate. > Reactance relay is also independent of arc resistance and so it is used for protection of short transmission line where arc resistance is comparable to line resistance. Because if are resistance comes into picture then overall resistance of system increases. Due to increase in resistance the impedance up to fault point increases an for distance relay to operate the impedance must be less than certain value and hence it may not operate. > Mho relay is affected by are resistance and also least affected by synchronizing power surges so it is best suited for protection of long transmission line. Mho relay is inherently directional. > Impedance relay is best suited for protection of medium transmission line.* Arelay that considers the difference of currents at the 2 ends of a protected element. If the difference is large, it indicates a fault. Differential relay is a suitably connected OC relay that carries difference of 2 secondary currents of CT and if it exceeds pick-up current of relay, then relay operates.t a CT, primary is the wire passing through the turns of CT. lhe ~ ransfoltnelfelifient, enters dot on one side and leaves the dot on the other side. 35% N > enter ° IL Bhs % ) © leave Senter Ki, leave Z leave cote el creas | & } aah % ) Ki, leave” CT ratio = 1/i Iye=l,xi/I=KI, Keb_ -_ Basec given condition S ‘I ne |= hee Rel: perates if > san Incase of elfemal fault, | at both ends is equal and so relay OC does not carry any current and relay doesn’t detect external fault. * Both CT must be identical otherwise |... of both CT will be unequal even though I,,; is the same. * If any CT saturates, then effective ratio of both CTs differ and secondary currents also differ which may lead to relay maloperation.mmf of OC = NjK|1,-l,| N, N. mmf of RC = 2 KI, + 2: ath =NK KI, We have introduced a restraining coil so that torque due to OC has to overcome restraining torque and spring torque. (Balanced Beam relay) Relay operate if Magnetic field of OC is stronger than— - «fe a Nai -t Soy “so L+L N, Kil, -1)> 3 Ih PS 2 If spring torque is also considered K|L,-L]> aa +Tpik-up N ‘A, = oo or bias of different relay 2%If the fault current is 20004, the relay setting is 50% and CT ratio is 400.6)the plug setting multiplier will be Lpicnep> 50 x 5= 257 00 Brac) = 20x Sf, = 2sA PSM= = (sec) = 254 > 10 Lpicxupaes ‘An IBMT typelovercurrent relay is used to protect a feeder through a 500/iCT. The relay has a Plug Setting of 125% and TMS = 0.3. Find the time of operation of the relay if a fault current of 5000A flows through the feeder. The relay characteristics are given below PSM 2 3 5 10 15 Time 10 6 45 3 25 The time of operation given above is for TMS = 1 and 100% current corresponds to 1A current in the relay Lpicxup = I y( = 2s 160 0.96 S (b) 0.92 S psm= Ae Csec) = Yooo% $000 (c) 0.888 f. as (4) 0.788 ound a Tope TMSKE = 0:3x3:2 = 0-965ne Determine the time of operation of an IDMT relay of rating 5A and having setting of 125% and TMS= The relay is connected through a CT of 400/SA. The fault current is 4000A. The operating time for PSM of 8 is 3.2seconds. Lpick up = lasy_ xs = 6asA Psn= ff Gsec) = Yon Os Fpcer-up 625 Ob PSME® EF 2-26 Top= TNS XE = OS x22 = 16See Questionoa “Ifthe PSMiis 8, the relay setting is 125% and the CT ratio is 400:1 , then the value of fault current will (a) 400A ol a= Teed (b) 500A (c), 300A Tpuxep F4000A a= Hx Yoo f « 4oooa asx ts a An over current relay is said to over reach when it operates at a current (a) Higher than its setting (b) Equal to its setting F Lower than its setting if ce Operates for foute currents (d) 2/3rd of its setting les than men: prock value then. it operates for fautts beyond. (& zone~~ ‘An IDMT lay has a current setting of 150% and has a time multiplier setting of 0.5. The relay is connected in a circuit through a C.T. having a ratio of 500/5 A. Calculate the time of operation of the relay if the circuit carries a fault current of 6000A PSM 2 3.6 5 10 1s 20 Time for TMS=1 | 10 6 39 28 22 at Lpexop= sxe = #58 Top = 315K OS is x6000 = 60A = |-S¥ohec Roo: %, Poms Fp (see) - + by 28 PpicrupAn LD M.T. over current relay has a current setting of 150% and a time multiples setting of 0.6 the primary of relay is connected to secondary of C.T. having ratio 400/5. What is the time of operation if the circuit carries a fault current of 5000 A. The time-current characteristics of the relay is shown in figure. Be ekup = (SOx = #SA (a) 1.08 sec awe wa (9321 se MT | Apleae seme 1,5 S258 fone 8 PSN= 629 233 vet rya= The rated seeondary current of a CT is 5A. The plug setting of a relay is 3.75A. The power consumption of the relay at this plug setting is 4VA. Calculate the effective VA burden on the cree: operates. relay has a setting of 30% and a current rating of 5A. It is connected to . Calculate pick-up current in primary for which the earth fault relaycurrent of is adjusted to 6.5A, calculate number of turns required in is relay operating = rot 8 relay is set 100% and its relay operating coil has 169 turns. The pickup coil.ale the f operation of a 1A, 3S over current relay having plug setting of 125% and a time multiplier of 0.6. The supplying CT is rated 400:1 and fault current is 4000 A. The relay characteristic curve is given below (a) 2.985 (b) 3.985 PSM 13 2 4 8 10 20 (c) 1.985 Teaeae (d) 0.985 operation(In | 3 10 5 33 3 22 seconds)ine e of operation of a relay of rating 5A, 2.2 sec IDMT and having a relay setting of 125%, TMS = 0.6. It is connected to supply circuit through a current transformer of ratio 400/S ratio. Fault current is 4000 A. (For PSM = 8 operating time = 3.2 sec)i 7 ‘(Question-06)) =e i ce of the secondary winding, leads and burden ofa 5 A CT is 0.010. If the fault current is 20 times the rated primary current of the CT, the VA output of the CT is. =| Se | * Question-07 =a A bar primary current transformer supplies an over current relay set at 25% pickup a burden of 5 VA. The knee point voltage and cross section of the core if the CT has 50 turns on its secondary and the fault current is 15 times the relay setting. Assume the flux density as 1.4 Wb/m2 (a) 60 V and 42.3 cm? (b) 50 V and 42.3 cm? (c) 55 V and 46.7 cm? (d) 60 V and 38.6 cm?It current setting multiplier will be (a) 25 (b) 15 (c) 50 (a) 10 2000 A, the relay setting is 50% and C.T. ratio is 400 : 5, the plug-™ “2 - . - — A 20 MVA transformer which is used to operate at 30% overload feeds on 11kV bus bar through a circuit breaker. The transformer circuit breaker is equipped with a 1000/5 ACT feed ID! lays having the following characteristics. PSM 2 3 5 10 15 20 Time 10 6 41 3 25 22 The relay on the feeder circuit breaker has 125% plug setting and a 0.3 time multiplier setting. It is cobbected to feeder by a 400/SCT. If fault current of 5000 A flows from the transformer of the feeder Determine operating time of feeder relayeee. “Question-100 . . “Find plug setting multiplier of transformer relay ?Di rental relays are used for protection of (a) Feeders (b) Alternators (c) Transformers (d) All of the aboveay is ly employed for the protection of (a) Short lines only (b) Medium lines only (c) Long lines only (d) Any line* 1 he Question-13 ba Ta following relay has inherent directional characteristic? (a)Mho (b) Reactance (c) Impedance (d) None of the above‘or the protection of a very long extra high voltage line, the protective relay used is (a) Over current with extremely inverse characteristics (b) Percentage differential relay (c) Reactance type distance relay (d) Mho type distance relay“An igpe e is relay isa (a) Ragatectained over current relay (b) Voltage restrained directional relay (c) Directional restrained over current relay (d) Directional restrained over voltage relayQuestion -16 % impedance relay can be used for (a) Phase faults only (b) Earth faults only (c) Both earth and phase faults (d) None of the aboveQuestion-a7 co line distance protection relay having the property of being inherently directional (a) Imy relay (b) MHO relay (c) OHM relay (d) Reactance relayLad _ Question a8 % Di rectio ‘lays responds to (a) rr (b) Voltage (c) Current (d) Reactance‘(Question a9) a oh n long line, which relay is used? (a) MHO relays (b) React relays (c) Impedance relays (d) All of these‘Cieston 20] es he “A Anum liking to operate undesirably on power swings is the (a) Over current relay (b) Invers minimum time relay (c) MHO relay (d) Reactance relaySERRE OC eNOS Qe Sy ESHigh Voltage | — Network ES Intelligent ES Low Voltage nodes Network