® lc esis with dividing consumer demand among various generating unit so &: cost of generation can be minimized. * Cost (1) Fuel cost - Thermal, Nuclear, Diesel etc (2) Labour cost (3) Maintenance cost (4) Other considerations like economy of operation, emissions, system. security + The plant must be close to load centre to minimize transmission cost.Since we can only optimize fuel cost, we must only consider fuel consumption. Heat rate: amount of heat required to generate one unit of electrical energy. (MkCal/kWhr) It should be as min as possible. By best fit curve : H(Pc) =21 + bj + ¢f R, MkCal/kWhr 3 H,(P,) : heat rate of i‘ generation as a function of power generated by it unit Pg;.om < refjuired per hour = H; x P,; = aj + bj P,, + cj PG; Mkcal/hr Assume Ge value = K, MkCal/kg iG E =__Energy _ aj + bj Pai + cf Pay Fuel required/hour Game vale — kg/hr Assume fuel cost = K Rs/kg, Fuel cost = EG + bi Pay + cf PG) = (a, +b, P,, + ¢, Pi) Rs/hr which is parabolic” = = a. ———- a + Pe tryppMainimize fuel cost for minimum cost of generation a p_ +b, +¢Pa Gi joes) a, +b,P,,+¢,P? i + Pa +c,P2 17 Graph is experimentally obtained Heat rate Parabolic 1 Best situation minimum ! heat rate 1 = maximum (MW)min (MW)max o/p power P,(min) PP, (max) to ffset the coated CosEAdditional cost required to generate 1 kW parabolic (cost) Rs / hr additional power a . . — OC ci) = 5p : ice = (bj + 2c)Pgj) Rs/kWhr or R,/MWhr + Rs/MWhr + ‘ which is a straight line (MW) nin (MW)nax PoiWEG decide how many wit of electrical energy will be comunitted by each plant. Involves solving a large number of mathematical equations for optimization such as minimizing total cost of generation while matching energy demand. Objective: Minimize cost of thermal generating unit and to decide unit commitment schedule while satisfying the constraints. » Reserve Constraint > Min ON time constraint > Min OFF time constraint0 Shr Minimum ON time constraint U,=1 for at least Shr + Capacity of generators that are operating must be greater than demand so that if demand increases, they are able to meet demand. Ui PGi cmax ) = (Pb + Pioss ) 1. generator ON {o, generator OFF < it" unit is ON for at least Shr“Minimum on time constraints . “In ord@t to meet the cost incurred at a power plant, the power plant must be operational for at least certain time decided by the min energy generation of that unit. + Ifa plant does not operate for this min time, it would incur financial losses.ta Minimum off time constraints ABR sernaia OFF for a certain simount of time for maintenance and service.minimize cost of power generated we must decide upon load sharing between units. Exg. maximize (X? + X3} Constraints : Equality constraint : X, + X,=5 Inequality constraint : X, > 0, X,20 Find out solution vector [x; x2] Valid solution: a solution vector that satisfies all constraint. Invalid solution Vector : A Solution vector that might not satisfy at least one constraint. Final Solution Vector : A valid solution vector that optimizes the given function.generated by it unit. Constraint: 27. Poi = Pp OR YP, Poi — Pp =0 We have to minimize total cost subject to constraint that total generated power a cost = = YP, C (Pg) Cost of i unit is a function of power fe should be able to meet demand. Inequality constraint: Po(min) < Po, < Pg(max)As BG = Cfo); Re bo optimme o function of multiple f2t2, ew variables: Co-ordination Equator P= C- aC equality conrtraint) (20,2 (£0, = = (FOr SG CPi) - & (2 Fa ~ fe) cae Gn- equation ne & Pa = Po cer re de con multiple eed 4 nth equation BE LO teh am Pac ete -a(1-9)=0 OPai* Solve n-equations to determine n-variable ie. power of n-generating units. If any generator violates inequality constant Pg(min) < Pg; < Pg(max) ; < Pa(min) > Pg, = Po(min) > Pg(max) = Pg; = Pgi(max) & solve for power of other units.+ Same incremental cost of both units IC, =IC, P, +P, =P, (demand) SOMW 110MW 125MWIncremental cost of one of the generators is constant Equal IC: P, = P, Total load = P, + P, = 2P, For any load > 2P, Extra load is supplied by G, z min cost max cost gen gen(IC) max < ICa)anin For any power generator, G, is less than expensive than G, Por = Prmax Pao = Pp- Poa — Make sure Pg > Prin IfPQ BOMW 0-42 430 20 R +40 P= ZoNw ARS =le0 Py = Io-80 = SONW SP, +58 = 6D=1.6+0.02P, For economic Mpcraticn, the generations P, and P, should be (a) P, =P, = 100MW Prom. (b) P, = 80MW, P, = 120MW Be COU ese O02 f, 200MW, P, = OMW 22- 120MW, P, = 8OMW T he ine ost characteristics of two generators delivering 200 MW are as follows 4-20 + Borer +P = 200 3P,= 240 Pz Bo Riz (20A ee system has two generators with the following cost curves: Generator ECan) = 0.006P2, + 8, + 350 (Thousand Rupees/Hour) Generator 2: C,(Pg9) = 0.006P2, + 7P¢, + 400 (Thousand Rupees/Hour) The generator limits are £o-002R,+38 100 MWS Po S650MW Be gio Pa a 50 MW < Pg; < 500 MW Car 0012 Fan A load demand of 600 MW is supplied by the generators in an optimal manner. Neglecting losses in the transmission network, determine the optional generation of each generator. O-012R+ R= O0K+F Pas ie = 341.6% MW PR bow 7% —P. 600- 3. 258334W P,+P,= Goo P= 2080, 2h DS,Increment costs (in some appropriate unit) for a power plant consisting of three generating units are IC,=20+03P, €G)min= 20+0-3x50= 35 > fe, £P.= [too IC,=30+04P, (£0) min = 30+0°4%S0 = 50 °,2242-85 MW Ie R=ist-1s MW Where P1 is the power in MW generated by unit i, for i= 1, 2 and 3. Assume that all the three units are operating all the time. Minimum and maximum loads on each unit are 50 MW and 300 MW respectively. If the plant is operating on economic load dispatch to supply the total power demand of 700 MW, the power generated by each unit is (Wf, = 242.86 MW; P, = 157.14 MW; and P; = 300 MW Py = 800 MW) (b) P, = 157.14 MW; 242.86 MW; and P; = 300 MW P+ P= 400 (c) P, = 300.0 MW; P = 300.0 MW; and P; = 100 MW Nias ak (a) P, = 233.3 MW; P, = 233.3 MW: and P, =233.4MW_ 20+03P, = 307 3P,- 42 =loo= A load centre is at an equidistant from the two thermal generating stations G, and G, as shown in Fi The fuel cost characteristics of the generating stations are given by F,=a+bP,+cP? Rs/hour £0: ea uot Sood. shocvi F,=a+ bP, + cP? Rs/hour L: identical al “4 Where P, and P, are the generation in MW of G1 and G2, respectively. For most economic generation to meet 300 MW of load, P, and P,, respectively are 150, 150 (b) 100, 200 (c) 200, 100 (d) 175, 125“Question-06 Thoieremggtal cost curves in Rs/MWhr for two generators supplying a common load of 700 MW. own in the figures. The maximum and minimum generation limits are also indicated. optimum generation schedule is: (a) Generator A: 400 MW, Generator B: 300 MW (b) Generator A: 350 MW, Generator B: 350 MW. Generator A: 450 MW, Generator B: 250 MW (d) Generator A: 425 MW, Generator B: 275 MW = Foo- 450=250 Incremental Cost R/MWht Incremental Cost Rs/MWhea (Question-07) “Al lies system has to serve a load of 250 MW. There are two generators (G1 and G2) in the with cost curves C, and C, respectively defined as follows: C (Pg) = Par + 0.055 x PZ, f= 1+ 0-1%, CPG) = 3PG2 + 0.03 x PE £q.3 + 0-06 Where P,,, and P,, are the MW injections from generator G, and G, respectively. Then, the minimum cost dispatch will be PCat Cn (a) Pc, = 250 MW; Pg, = 0 MW : (b) Pe: = 150 MW; Pc, = 100 MW 119, -6R = 200 re = 100 Mw. Fe 50 MW p, (d) Pg, = 100 MW; Pg = 250 MW 1 + P+ 250 [FP 1too P= lw P, = 180wage of 120MW derives power from two power stations connected by 220kV transmission lines of 25km and 75km as shown in the figure below. The three generators G1, G2 and G3 are of 10OMW capacity cach and have identical fuel cost characteristics. The minimum loss generation schedule for supplying the 120MW load Ger far away Prom source 25 km 75 km G2 must ig cs Spy dower P closest to Load is ‘vesbonsible +0 Supply losses. P2 P3 = 40MW + losses P3=4SMW"Tose Cos fete ns of two power plants are Tae eee + AP, +B Plant P, : 0. 10P +3AP,) + 2B Where P,, and P,, are the generated powers of two plants, and A and B are the constants. If the two plants optimally share 1000MW load at incremental foul cost of 100 Rs/MWh, the ratio of load shared by plants P, and P, is SP,= 1000-208 (a) L:4 Pq: oP +A =l (b)23 ay alee F, = loo0-208 (c) 3:2 +028 +an~ 3 al Ore A = O-2R+3A 0-2P, = f00-3A P,-2P,= 208 a = loo-3h P+ PL = tooo ate) A+20 Ps 20 B= 8‘Question-105 Two ' wer plants interconnected by a tie-line as shown in the figure below have loss formula coefficient B,; = 10-3MW-?. Power is being dispatched economically with plant “1? as 1OOMW and plant ‘2’ as 125MW. The penalty factor for plants “1” and ‘2’ are respectively 2, Po Ross= Bu P™ (a) 1 & 1.25 st et Fross= Buh 1251 = 163 (c) Land 0 is ops (4) Oand 1 es oe P= foo lone 2 ” Let 21-25 1-02remental fuel cost of two generators is 0.02 P, + 17 and 0.06 P, + 19 respectively. The wultiplier is Rs 25/MWhr (But = = 0.001 MW-?) 2 B, P* The demand of system is oss= By . oo Fo: rh -R oa = Fie - Koss ‘OPross _ 0-002, ooP +t -251 =2012MW 2 aa Rh I= 90-0024 1 Prog: 0-001 P” u sss : 1-0-002F, 22) 0-02P 414 = 25-0-08R (©068 +19x1 = 26 Re Sey = 14. 28H Load” Big258.33 MW , 341.67 MW A A S G A D Fuel ed dois tw SN SASS¥ a ae — a oo ae relay torque is maximum when two fluxes are ‘90° (b) 60° Tg, sine (©) 45° (d) 0°of distance relay is affected by the transient over reach phenomenon? irst (b) Second (c)Third zone (d) None of aboveprovided so as to “Backap pstion 0) —— b (b) Increa of protection system 'o act in case of failure of primary protection (d) None of these‘In pee relay force acts in a direction : (a) To mi cimize reluctance and maximum coil inductance (b) To maximize reluctance and minimize coil inductance ‘To minimize reluctance and minimize coil inductance (d) To minimize reluctance and maximize coil inductancea Question05 In relay shape of the disc is ca (b) Spiral (c) Square (a) Helical[aioe] a (a) seas (b) Current (c) feencye (@/All of the aboveis unit system protection? tection responds only to fault within its own zone (b) Protection responds to fault its own zone as well as out of the zone (c) Protection responds to fault out of the zone (d) None of the aboveQuestion-08 ®, igs tire of the induction type relay depend upon stanct een moving contact and fixed contact (b) Distan een two Magnets (c) Distance between two winding (d) None of the above‘ol lays can be designed to respond to (a) Light impedance (b) Temper , resistance, reactance (c) Voltage and current All of theser —— 7 ‘ol ion of a relay is to tect It (b) Interry uit (c) Detect and interrupt (d) Both of theseA D A A D A— The incremental fuel cost curves of three generators are shown. How would be a load of 200 MW shared between these units (a)P, =100MW; P,;=10MW; PP; = 90MW (b)P} =50MW; —P, = 100 MW; (c) P, = 100 MW; (d)P, =50MW; =P, = 90 MW; IC (R/MWhr)= ‘|Question-025 ‘The inremen cost curves of three generators are shown. The demand on the system its 240 . The economic generators schedule is (a)P,=20MW; P,=70MW; P;=150MW (b)P) =20MW; =P; = 150 MW; P, = 70 MW (c) Ph) = 50 MW; P, = 50 MW; P; = 90 MW (@)P,=20MW; —P; =90MW;_~——-P, = 130 MW 1.(R/MW hr) 40a aan of two plants connected by a transmission line as shown in figure below. If 125 of power r is transmitted from plant | to the load connected at bus 2, there is a loss of 12.5 if the cost of the received power is Rs.70 per MWh and incremental costs of the two plants are ie = 0.25P, + 40 Rs/MWh; se = 0.20P, + 50 Rs/MWh; 2 Then the load demand is MW. Plant 1 Plant 2 Load“The incremen fuel cost of the two generators are shown. The maximum demand according to equal inc ental cost of production is (a) 300 (b) 350 MW (c) 170 MW (d) 400 MWgen nerator units having the incremental cost in Rs/MW-hr, respectively are Ss = 0,37; +40 and 42 = 0.27, +50 Where, P is power in MW and F is the fuel cost in Rs/hr, the total load in the system is 250 MW. The change in fuel cost (Rs) for the second unit in a day when the generator are loaded by equal incremental cost of production to equal loadings isSe Pe *, Fh ay cost characteristics of the two units ina plant are =0. if 8, $= = 0.15 P; +3, generation limits are 50 MW and < 80 MW and 30 Mw < » < 80 MW. If the total iad is 100 MW then optimum sharing of load is PB P, (a)40 MW 60 MW (b) 33.3 MW 66.7 MW (c) 20MW 80 MW (d) 50 MW 50 MW| cost unit plant are given by c we: + 4P, + 0.008P2 Cz = 250 +4P, + 0.02P? Where P, & P, are in MW. Plant supplies a load of 600MW. Find the economical load scheduling of the two units and incremental fuel cost.‘stem consisting of two generating plants the increment costs in Rs per MWhr with P; in MW fa = 0.008P, +8; R= = 0.012P, +9 Fs. system is oe on economic dispatch with P; = P, = 500 and 35° om: = 0.2. Find the penalty factor of plant 1Soe costs (in Rupees/MWh) of operating two generating units are functions of = respective powers P, and P, in MW, are given by =0.2P, + 50 =0.24P, +40 20MW (MWy" Find (a) The penalty factor of plant G, is (b) To increase the total load on the system by IMW will cost an additional Rs 200/MWhr. The additional cost in Rs/MWhr to increase o/p of generator G, by MW= r syste wil has only two generating plants and power is being dispatched economically >, = 140MW and P, = 250MW, loss coefficient are: Bi = 0.1 x 10-*MW7", Byz = 0.01 x 10-7MW-? Bap = 0.13 x 10-2MW-? To raise the total load on the system by MW will cost an additional Rs 12/hr Find penalty factor of plant-1“AD system ission lo: power received by the load when the system is Rs 25/MWh is shown in figure, if 1OOMW is transmitted from plant-1 to the load, a of 10MW is incurred. Find the required generation for each plant and the Plant-1 Plant-2 Load The incremental fuel costs of two plants are given = 0.02P, + 16 Rs/MWh i = 0.04P, + 20 Rs/MWh= . ey Pw * Two nerator are connected by tie line as shown below with load is at the middle of transmission li The penalty factor of two plants are (a)Ly <1,L2 <1 (b) Ly > 1,L2 >1 G, G, (c) Ly = 0,L2 =1 (a) Ly <0,L2 >0 | Load= (Question dis} er syster is supplied by only two plants, both of which are operating on economic +h. At th us of plant-1, the incremental cost is Rs. 275/MWh and at plant-2 is Rs. 300/MWh. Which plant has the higher penalty factor? What is the penalty factor of plant 1 if the cost per hour of increasing the load on the system of IMW is Rs.341?“Apower plant has three units with the following input output characteristics: Q, = 0.002P? + 0.86P, + 20 tons/hr Qy = 0.004P? + 1.08P, + 20 tons/hr Qs = 0.0028P? + 0.64P; + 36 tons/hr Where Py, P2, P3 are the generating powers in MW. The fuel cost is Rs. 25per/ton. The maximum and minimum possible generations from each unit are 120MW and 39MW respectively. Find the optimum scheduling for a load of 200MW77.378MW B 9060 D 428.57 MW, 171.428MW, 10.857, 1.5625 136.36 MW |. 1.55, 129 Rs/MWhr . 1.49 . 128.57 MW, 125MW . B |. 1.24 . 71 MW, 39 MW, 90 MWHigh Voltage | — Network ES Intelligent ES Low Voltage nodes Network