Mining Contribution

Index (MCI)

6th Edition
This index is designed to improve the
understanding of the role of mining in
national economies. It illustrates the
importance of good mineral resource
governance if governments are to ensure
that mineral wealth translates into broad-
based economic and social progress.

Publication: ©ICMM 2022. All rights reserved.

Contents

Introduction and Background  2

Methodology  4
What has changed in the 6th edition of the MCI? 5
Conclusion  10
Mining Contribution Index (MCI)  11

Mining Contribution Index (MCI) 6th Edition Contents 1

Introduction
and Background
©Anglo American

ICMM Introduction 2
Mining is a multi-trillion-dollar industry The MCI synthesises into a number – and an
associated ranking – the significance of the mining
operating in all corners of the world. sector’s contribution to domestic economies. It is not a
When done responsibly, mining can measure of success. Whether or not a relatively high
transform communities, improve position on the index ultimately translates into broader-
based economic and social benefit depends on several
social well-being and reduce poverty,
factors, and the quality of good mineral resource
making a significant contribution to a governance is a critical one.
safe, just and sustainable world.
The MCI complements ICMM’s Mining Principles which
ICMM’s Mining Contribution Index set a strong benchmark for the industry’s
(MCI) aims to understand the environmental and social performance. They include the
significance of the mining sector’s application of ethical business practices that support
sustainable development and promote open and
contribution to national economies by transparent management of natural resources. ICMM’s
creating a ranking of the relative Social Progress in Mining-Dependent Countries (2021)
importance of mining to the economy report explores this topic further, finding that mining-
dependent countries with stronger resource
of a country.
governance achieve greater socio-economic
improvement over time.

As in previous years, the 2022 MCI shows natural

resources are a primary driver of economic activity in
many of the world’s mining-dependent countries.
However, governance of natural resources in many of
these countries is sub-optimal and this contribution to
economic activity is not always consistent with
material progress towards the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs). These points are explored through the
World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI)
and the United Nation’s SDGs index. Both suggest that
there is more to do to ensure that mining’s contribution
to national economies is optimised.

This 6th edition of the MCI continues to reinforce the

trend seen in previous editions, that many low and
middle-income economies remain dependent on the
metals and minerals sector. The data for each edition
of the MCI is extracted two years before publication.
This means that the 6th edition of the index uses data
from 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic led to
commodity price and production declines – mainly due
to a collapse in demand – compared to a period of
recovery when the 5th edition was published in 2018. It
is expected that Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and
acceleration of the global energy transition, facilitated
by growing demand for critical minerals, will have a
significant effect on the relative contribution of
mining to national economies around the world. Full
datasets for this period will be available to explore in
future editions.

Mining Contribution Index (MCI) 6th Edition Introduction and Background 3

Methodology

Building on the methodology used in — Mineral rents as a percentage of GDP in 2020. This
is revenues above the cost of extracting minerals
previous editions, the 6th edition of and metals, as a share of GDP. It is the difference
the MCI is a composite of four between the value of production of minerals at world
indicators, each capturing different prices and their total costs of production.
aspects of mining’s contribution to Calculated from: Total mineral rents as a percentage
national economies: of GDP (World Bank)

The index is calculated as follows:

1. Countries are ranked in descending order for each

— Mineral and metal export contribution 2020. This
of the four indicators. Countries for which data does
provides a measure for the scale of mining in
not exist are omitted.
relation to other productive activities, particularly
for small and low to middle-income countries. 2. Country percentile rankings are calculated based on
the indicators by dividing country rank by the
Calculated from: Exports of metallic minerals, metals,
maximum rank within that indicator – to generate a
and coal as a share of total merchandise exports
ranking between 0 and 1.
(UNCTADstat)
3. The four MCI indicators are weighted equally at
— Increase/decrease in mineral and metal export
0.25, summed up and multiplied by 100. Where data
contribution between 2015-2020. This provides an
is only available on three of the indicators, these are
indication of whether the importance of mining as
weighted equally at 0.33 each. If the country only
an economic activity is growing or falling over a
has available data for one or two indicators the
five-year period, adding a dynamic component to
country is given a zero score on the MCI and they
the index.
have been omitted from the main data table and
Calculated from: As above (UNCTADstat) the rankings.

— Mineral production value expressed as a Countries are considered resource-dependant when

percentage of GDP in 2020. This provides a sense metals and minerals account for more than 20 per cent
of scale of the value of production relative to the size of exports by value and mineral rents are more than 10
of the economy. It is important to note that this does per cent of the country’s GDP.
not represent the contribution of mining to GDP, as
costs and profits are not accounted for in the total
production value. On average around a third of
production value represents value addition to the
national economy.

Calculated from: Total production value in US$,

average 2018 price (S&P Global Market Intelligence
and United States Geological Survey) expressed as
a percentage of GDP (World Bank)

ICMM 4
What has changed
in the 6th edition
of the MCI?
Table 1: MCI rank and scores for the top 25 countries in the 6th edition

Metallic
Metallic Change mineral
mineral, in min. and coal Difference
metals and exp. contr. production Mineral in rank
6th coal export 2015-20 value 2020 rent between
edition 6th edition contribution (perc. (as % of (as % of 5th edition 6th and 5th
rank Country MCI score 2020 points) GDP) GDP) rank editions

1 Burkina Faso 96.4 86.4% 18.66 pp 17.42% 15.39 6 5

2 Mongolia 96.0 90.9% 8.75 pp 23.00% 21.27 3 1

3 Liberia 95.2 62.7% 40.77 pp 17.34% 8.32 30 27

4 Mauritania 94.8 65.6% 12.46 pp 20.05% 10.04 32 28

5 Mali 94.0 84.7% 11.13 pp 15.14% 16.03 9 4

6 Kyrgz Republic 93.8 65.7% 11.34 pp 14.22% 20.39 7 1

7 Zambia 93.1 79.5% 6.57 pp 36.02% 9.71 4 -3

8 Zimbabwe 92.4 55.6% 15.64 pp 16.08% 8.93 10 2

9 Uzbekistan 91.8 51.8% 21.53 pp 9.69% 8.98 16 7

10 Papua New Guinea 90.5 48.0% 9.19 pp 14.62% 14.33 33 23

11 Tajikistan 89.4 62.6% 3.36 pp 47.37% 7.29 38 27

12 Congo, Dem. Rep. 89.1 80.1% 1.75 pp 24.27% 17.85 2 -10

13 Chile 88.2 58.2% 4.49 pp 17.73% 6.12 27 14

14 Namibia 88.1 62.1% 4.81 pp 17.61% 3.88 14 0

15 Australia 88.0 59.6% 6.12 pp 9.11% 8.16 36 21

16 Bolivia 86.9 45.2% 15.97 pp 2.57% 7.07 12 -4

17 South Africa 86.4 45.5% 8.99 pp 9.68% 2.95 37 20

18 Tanzania 85.7 52.6% 12.09 pp 2.83% 3.37 51 33

19 Niger 85.1 63.1% 27.92 pp 2.16% 0.57 31 12

20 Peru 84.8 60.2% 2.54 pp 11.91% 3.94 11 -9

21 Senegal 82.7 25.9% 7.95 pp 3.13% 3.63 18 -3

22 Kazakhstan 82.3 19.3% 5.11 pp 8.31% 5.97 17 -5

23 Armenia 81.3 52.0% 2.06 pp 4.51% 5.73 26 3

24 Sudan 80.5 30.4% 6.37 pp 0.60% 18.90 8 -16

25 Russian Federation 80.3 19.1% 8.69 pp 3.33% 1.87 23 -2

Mining Contribution Index (MCI) 6th Edition 5

Table 1 shows a lesser degree of stability at the top of Like the 5th edition of the MCI, not all countries in the
the ranking in the 6th edition compared to the 5th top 25 qualify as resource-dependent using the criteria
edition. There are 10 new entrants to the top 25 ranked applied in ICMM’s Social Progress in Mining-Dependent
countries with Liberia, Mauritania, Tanzania and Countries. Kazakhstan and Russia do not qualify as
Tajikistan rising 25 or more places. In the last edition, being resource-dependent. However, the remaining 23
there were seven new entrants to the top 25, with just countries do qualify as resource-dependent, with
two new entrants rising 25 or more places. All bar two of almost two-thirds consisting of low- or lower-middle-
the new entrants have made progress toward the SDGs income countries. Consistent with findings in previous
since the 5th edition, albeit marginal (<0.5 improvement years, this continues to signify the dependence of
in score). Meanwhile, 10 countries fell out of the top 25 low- and middle-income countries on mining and its
since the 5th edition with Jamaica (-82), Myanmar (-45), significance in the economic state of these countries.
Suriname (-36), Guinea (-34) and Guyana (-28)
experiencing the largest declines in their rankings.

Figure 1 – Mining Contribution Index Map

Two or less data points available Above 80 Above 60, Above 40, Above 20,
0+
Zero to 20
less than 80 less than 60 less than 40

ICMM What has changed in the 6th edition of the MCI? 6

Monetary value of metals and minerals 20 have not changed significantly in the period, with
In contrast – and in line with previous editions – when only Germany, Colombia and the Philippines falling out
countries are ranked solely on the monetary value of of the top 20, replaced by Finland, Uzbekistan and Iran.
metals and minerals production, the top-ranking However, 14 of the top 20 saw production value decline
countries are dominated by upper-middle or higher- since the 5th edition, likely owing to falling demand
income economies (see Table 2). Only 7 countries in the and a slowdown in mining activity triggered by the
top 20 are lower or lower-middle-income countries and COVID-19 pandemic. We expect this trend will reverse
almost all sit in the lower half of the top 20. These in the 2022 data that will form the basis of the 7th
include Indonesia, India, the Democratic Republic of the edition of the MCI in 2024.
Congo, Ukraine, Zambia, Uzbekistan and Iran. The top

Table 2: Top 20 countries ranked on the production value of metallic mineral and coal

6th edition Metallic mineral

rank by total and coal 5th edition rank by Difference in rank
production production value total production between 6th and 6th edition MCI
value Country 2020 (USD bn) value 5th edition rank

1 China 217.8 1 0 79

2 Australia 121.0 2 0 15

3 United States 55.4 3 0 67

4 Russian Federation 49.6 5 1 25

5 Chile 44.8 7 2 13

6 Brazil 38.3 6 0 30

7 Canada 36.3 9 2 42

8 South Africa 32.5 8 0 17

9 Indonesia 27.7 4 -5 36

10 Peru 24.0 10 0 20

11 India 21.7 11 0 66

12 Mexico 17.8 14 2 55

13 Kazakhstan 14.2 12 -1 22

14 Congo, Dem. Rep. 11.8 15 1 56

15 Finland 8.9 40 25 44

16 Ukraine 6.9 18 2 35

17 Zambia 6.5 20 3 7

18 Uzbekistan 5.8 23 5 9

19 Poland 5.6 16 -3 77

20 Iran 5.4 n/a n/a 41

Mining Contribution Index (MCI) 6th Edition What has changed in the 6th edition of the MCI? 7
What accounts for some of the major changes in the value and/or minerals rents as a percentage of GDP.
MCI rankings? This was not evident in the 6th edition as only four of
There are four countries which have risen to feature in the 10 countries dropping out of the top 25 saw their
the top 10 countries in the 6th edition of the MCI – GDPs increase – an outcome consistent with the global
Liberia, Mauritania, Uzbekistan and Papua New Guinea. decline of GDP caused by COVID-19. A more plausible
The reasons for this are varied across the four explanation is the pandemic-induced collapse in
indicators, however, all experienced an increase in demand causing commodity price and production
mineral and metal export contribution, as well as a declines, and increasing cost of mining production
larger improvement in mineral and metal export relative to production value bringing down mineral rent
contribution over the past five years compared to the contribution. Meanwhile, Burkina Faso, which rose five
5th edition. One commonality among the four new places to claim the top spot in the 2022 MCI, saw an
entrants, and the top 10 more generally, is their heavy increase across all mineral and metal contribution
endowment of precious minerals and metals – indicators, as well as a rise in GDP.
particularly gold and silver – whose prices and exports
The countries which experienced the most substantial
have increased since the 5th edition.1 This is likely owing
changes – either an improvement or a decline in their
to investors turning to these commodities as a safe
ranking of more than 30 per cent of the index (a
haven during the COVID-19 pandemic. Global precious
change of 55 places or more) – are listed in Table 3.
mineral and metal exports increased by 13 per cent from
Seventeen countries experienced dramatic changes to
2018 to 2020. 2
their rankings in the 6th edition, compared with just
Ten countries dropped out of the top 25 in this edition nine in the 5th edition and 11 in the 4th edition. In all
due to a range of factors, however, most experienced cases, the biggest gainers experienced positive
declining production value and minerals rents as a changes in export contribution, whereas the opposite
percentage of GDP. This includes Suriname, which was true for those countries that experienced a
suffered a severe decline in mineral rent contribution, significant decline in their rank. Most gainers also saw
knocking it off its number 1 position and down 36 either their production as a percentage of GDP or
places. In the last edition, one common factor among mineral rent contribution rise. Previously absent from
the countries dropping out of the top 25 was an the index due to a lack of published data, Iran entered
increase in GDP leading to a decline in the production the 2022 MCI in 41st position.

1. Gold increased from $/toz 1,269 to $/toz 1,770 between 2018-2020, while silver
increased $/toz 15.7 to $/toz 20.5 (World Bank, CMO Pink Sheet, 2021)

2. Global production value of pearls, precious stones and gold increased from
$471,783,028.7 in 2018 to $531,748,840.7 in 2020 (UNCTADstat)

ICMM What has changed in the 6th edition of the MCI? 8

Table 3: Countries that experienced dramatic changes in ranking

Change in metallic
mineral and coal
Change in export production value Change in mineral
Gains/falls since contribution (as % of GDP) from rent (as a % of GDP)
6th edition rank Country 5th edition (2018-2020) 2018-2020 from 2018-2020

40 Cuba 87 0.5% No change 0.12

72 Djibouti 79 1.3% 5.29 No change

114 Antigua and 65 5.7% No change No change

Barbuda

31 Central African 60 20.6% No change 0.28

Republic

68 United Arab 60 6.8% 0.01 No change

Emirates

53 Panama 58 13.6% 0.03 -0.04

117 Palau 56 4.2% No change No change

41 Iran - 2.7% 2.68 2.63

125 Burundi -60 -0.2% No change -0.91

159 St. Lucia -63 -0.9% No change No change

99 Montenegro -64 -2.0% No change -0.98

153 Tunisia -65 -0.4% No change -0.24

172 Vanuatu -66 -3.3% No change No change

132 Cameroon -72 -2.8% No change -0.14

103 Jamaica -82 -4.4% No change -1.17

173 Belize -84 -5.3% No change No change

174 Chad -113 -9.6% No change No change

Mining Contribution Index (MCI) 6th Edition What has changed in the 6th edition of the MCI? 9
Conclusion

Overall, the 6th edition of the MCI upholds the findings improving resource governance through the
of previous editions with most mining-dependent implementation of the EITI Standard.3 While positive,
countries continuing to rank highly. The majority of further progress is needed. Many of those in the top 25
these countries are also low and lower-middle-income, are yet to become EITI member countries, and/or
underscoring the importance of mining to their remain at the lower end of Worldwide Governance
economies. In contrast to the previous edition, where Indicators’ rankings. Moreover, 64 percent sit in the
the highest-ranked countries in the 5th edition featured bottom half of the Sustainable Development Goal index,
prominently in the 4th edition, the 6th edition of the MCI signifying that mineral dependence is not consistent
showed less stability among the top-ranking countries. with SDG progress. It is clear that there is more to do to
This points to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ensure mining’s contribution to national economies is
mining-dependent countries, with some economies maximised – for example through greater government
worse affected than others. efforts to manage their mineral resources responsibly
and continued determination by industry to ensure
Of the top 10 ranked countries in the 6th edition of the
mining translates into broader-based sustainable
MCI, eight are implementing countries of the Extractive
economic and social development.
Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) making
moderate/meaningful or high/satisfactory progress in

3. https://eiti.org/countries

ICMM 10
Mining Contribution
Index (MCI)

Metallic
Metallic Change mineral
mineral, in min. and coal Difference
6th metals and exp. contr. production Mineral in rank
6th edition coal export 2015-20 value 2020 rent 5th between
edition MCI contribution (perc. (as % of (as % of edition 6th and 5th
rank Country score 2020 points) GDP) GDP) rank editions

1 Burkina Faso 96.4 86.4% 18.66 pp 17.42% 15.39 6 5

2 Mongolia 96.0 90.9% 8.75 pp 23.00% 21.27 3 1

3 Liberia 95.2 62.7% 40.77 pp 17.34% 8.32 30 27

4 Mauritania 94.8 65.6% 12.46 pp 20.05% 10.04 32 28

5 Mali 94.0 84.7% 11.13 pp 15.14% 16.03 9 4

6 Kyrgyz Republic 93.8 65.7% 11.34 pp 14.22% 20.39 7 1

7 Zambia 93.1 79.5% 6.57 pp 36.02% 9.71 4 -3

8 Zimbabwe 92.4 55.6% 15.64 pp 16.08% 8.93 10 2

9 Uzbekistan 91.8 51.8% 21.53 pp 9.69% 8.98 16 7

10 Papua New Guinea 90.5 48.0% 9.19 pp 14.62% 14.33 33 23

11 Tajikistan 89.4 62.6% 3.36 pp 47.37% 7.29 38 27

12 Congo, Dem. Rep 89.1 80.1% 1.75 pp 24.27% 17.85 2 -10

13 Chile 88.2 58.2% 4.49 pp 17.73% 6.12 27 14

14 Namibia 88.1 62.1% 4.81 pp 17.61% 3.88 14 0

15 Australia 88.0 59.6% 6.12 pp 9.11% 8.16 36 21

16 Bolivia 86.9 45.2% 15.97 pp 2.57% 7.07 12 -4

17 South Africa 86.4 45.5% 8.99 pp 9.68% 2.95 37 20

18 Tanzania 85.7 52.6% 12.09 pp 2.83% 3.37 51 33

19 Niger 85.1 63.1% 27.92 pp 2.16% 0.57 31 12

20 Peru 84.8 60.2% 2.54 pp 11.91% 3.94 11 -9

21 Senegal 82.7 25.9% 7.95 pp 3.13% 3.63 18 -3

22 Kazakhstan 82.3 19.3% 5.11 pp 8.31% 5.97 17 -5

23 Armenia 81.3 52.0% 2.06 pp 4.51% 5.73 26 3

24 Sudan 80.5 30.4% 6.37 pp 0.60% 18.90 8 -16

25 Russia 80.3 19.1% 8.69 pp 3.33% 1.87 23 -2

26 Botswana 80.3 90.8% 1.39 pp 17.16% 0.33 25 -1

27 Mozambique 80.1 58.2% 7.91 pp 4.65% 0.08 13 -14

28 Georgia 78.2 29.7% 12.20 pp 0.65% 1.19 22 -6

29 Nicaragua 77.9 13.0% 5.88 pp 3.09% 3.45 53 24

30 Brazil 77.7 18.6% 5.09 pp 2.65% 3.09 52 22

Mining Contribution Index (MCI) 6th Edition 11

 Metallic
Metallic Change mineral
mineral, in min. and coal Difference
6th metals and exp. contr. production Mineral in rank
6th edition coal export 2015-20 value 2020 rent 5th between
edition MCI contribution (perc. (as % of (as % of edition 6th and 5th
rank Country score 2020 points) GDP) GDP) rank editions

31 Central African Republic 75.9 27.8% 23.86 pp 0.42% 0.36 91 60

32 Ghana 75.2 41.4% 0.10 pp 6.01% 8.17 15 -17

33 Dominican Republic 74.3 19.1% 2.28 pp 2.23% 2.33 48 15

34 Colombia 74.3 24.2% 6.68 pp 0.59% 0.89 19 -15

35 Ukraine 73.5 11.3% 1.48 pp 4.41% 3.81 46 11

36 Indonesia 73.3 19.2% 2.09 pp 2.62% 1.11 34 -2

37 Suriname 73.2 84.6% 17.41 pp 36.13% 0.00 1 -36

38 Côte d'Ivoire 72.9 9.7% 3.84 pp 1.97% 2.51 29 -9

39 Guinea 71.7 88.0% 15.84 pp 16.96% 0.00 5 -34

40 Cuba 71.6 15.5% 5.60 pp 0.87% 0.42 127 87

41 Iran 71.5 7.6% 2.46 pp 2.68% 2.63 0 New entrant

42 Canada 71.2 13.2% 2.23 pp 2.21% 0.97 50 8

43 Philippines 69.8 9.0% 2.89 pp 1.03% 1.08 42 -1

44 Finland 67.0 7.1% 2.12 pp 3.28% 0.21 54 10

45 Gabon 66.8 13.3% 6.56 pp 0.22% 0.12 40 -5

46 Bulgaria 66.8 14.9% 0.73 pp 1.84% 0.57 56 10

47 Bahrain 65.3 33.3% 12.97 pp 7.61% 0.00 100 53

48 Guyana 64.5 30.4% -23.53 pp 2.79% 16.26 20 -28

49 Madagascar 64.4 23.7% -13.26 pp 29.77% 1.41 47 -2

50 Laos 62.9 23.3% -5.82 pp 4.00% 4.30 49 -1

51 Fiji 62.7 8.2% 0.30 pp 1.13% 1.13 66 15

52 Sierra Leone 61.3 51.8% -24.31 pp 17.58% 0.11 41 -11

53 Panama 60.9 15.8% 14.09 pp 2.87% 0.00 111 58

54 Sweden 60.9 5.6% 1.16 pp 0.74% 0.64 64 10

55 Mexico 60.6 3.7% 0.94 pp 1.64% 1.03 76 21

56 Congo, Rep 60.5 17.7% 9.03 pp 4.12% 0.00 28 -28

57 Uganda 58.8 42.9% 39.31 pp 0.00% 0.00 43 -14

58 Kenya 57.8 9.4% 4.55 pp 0.01% 0.02 73 15

59 Macedonia, FYR 55.7 4.5% 0.06 pp 1.61% 0.60 58 -1

60 Bhutan 55.6 21.2% 6.64 pp 0.00% 0.15 78 18

61 Lesotho 55.3 35.3% 0.52 pp 11.61% 0.00 57 -4

62 Saudi Arabia 55.1 3.9% 1.61 pp 0.26% 0.15 83 21

63 Honduras 55.0 4.4% 0.27 pp 0.94% 0.31 79 16

64 Azerbaijan 55.0 3.0% 1.31 pp 0.48% 0.47 71 7

65 Serbia 53.9 5.4% 0.01 pp 0.78% 0.39 55 -10

66 India 53.4 10.7% -3.24 pp 0.81% 0.76 59 -7

67 United States 53.3 6.1% 0.43 pp 0.27% 0.07 84 17

68 United Arab Emirates 52.8 25.3% 1.74 pp 1.24% 0.00 128 60

69 Myanmar 51.7 6.5% -1.02 pp 0.70% 0.99 24 -45

ICMM Mining Contribution Index (MCI) 12

 Metallic
Metallic Change mineral
mineral, in min. and coal Difference
6th metals and exp. contr. production Mineral in rank
6th edition coal export 2015-20 value 2020 rent 5th between
edition MCI contribution (perc. (as % of (as % of edition 6th and 5th
rank Country score 2020 points) GDP) GDP) rank editions

70 Pakistan 51.5 3.3% 1.72 pp 0.17% 0.07 93 23

71 Egypt 51.4 14.4% 6.73 pp 0.18% 0.00 45 -26

72 Djibouti 51.3 6.6% 2.36 pp 5.29% 0.00 151 79

73 Japan 51.1 4.6% 1.15 pp 0.01% 0.15 105 32

74 South Korea 50.4 3.0% 0.75 pp 0.16% 0.19 107 33

75 Greece 49.3 8.8% -0.18 pp 0.19% 0.04 44 -31

76 Oman 49.1 10.4% 4.38 pp 0.48% 0.00 63 -13

77 Poland 49.0 4.1% -0.64 pp 0.94% 0.45 69 -8

78 Rwanda 48.2 64.6% 23.04 pp 0.00% 0.00 39 -39

79 China 48.0 1.4% -0.10 pp 1.48% 0.65 70 -9

80 Germany 47.9 3.5% 0.66 pp 0.03% 0.08 126 46

81 Turkey 47.6 5.7% -2.75 pp 0.61% 0.47 75 -6

82 Norway 47.4 8.5% 2.27 pp 0.73% 0.00 80 -2

83 Lebanon 45.6 39.9% 23.90 pp 0.00% 0.00 101 18

84 Thailand 45.5 8.4% 4.03 pp 0.09% 0.00 68 -16

85 Portugal 45.5 2.5% 0.03 pp 0.41% 0.09 95 10

86 United Kingdom 45.4 12.0% -0.22 pp 0.01% 0.00 122 36

87 Morocco 45.2 5.3% -2.89 pp 0.54% 0.22 67 -20

88 Bosnia and Herzegovina 44.2 6.9% -3.27 pp 0.52% 0.04 72 -16

89 Iceland 44.1 36.1% -4.11 pp 6.75% 0.00 97 8

90 Ecuador 43.9 6.1% 1.37 pp 0.80% 0.00 92 2

91 Spain 42.7 3.6% -0.26 pp 0.18% 0.06 85 -6

92 Cyprus 42.6 2.7% 0.48 pp 0.11% - 133 41

93 Argentina 42.6 2.2% -4.58 pp 0.73% 0.69 82 -11

94 Afghanistan 42.2 24.7% 12.37 pp 0.00% 0.00 77 -17

95 New Zealand 41.5 3.2% -0.78 pp 0.18% 0.17 81 -14

96 Guatemala 41.3 1.2% -6.45 pp 1.76% 0.64 62 -34

97 Angola 41.2 3.9% 0.70 pp 1.90% 0.00 130 33

98 Cambodia 40.4 14.6% 13.77 pp 0.00% 0.00 170 72

99 Montenegro 38.5 30.3% -1.70 pp 0.00% 0.09 35 -64

100 Romania 38.5 2.3% -0.08 pp 0.01% 0.03 121 21

101 Vietnam 38.2 1.2% 0.04 pp 0.02% 0.07 99 -2

102 Togo 37.9 9.5% -16.85 pp 0.00% 5.14 90 -12

103 Jamaica 37.9 43.5% -10.97 pp 0.70% 0.00 21 -82

104 Benin 36.5 23.0% 2.75 pp 0.00% 0.00 86 -18

105 Cabo Verde 36.3 3.8% 2.83 pp - 0.00 138 33

106 Iraq 36.1 8.5% 6.79 pp 0.00% 0.00 148 42

107 Italy 35.8 4.1% 1.23 pp 0.02% 0.00 145 38

108 Libya 35.4 14.7% 3.04 pp 0.00% 0.00 108 0

Mining Contribution Index (MCI) 6th Edition Mining Contribution Index (MCI) 13
 Metallic
Metallic Change mineral
mineral, in min. and coal Difference
6th metals and exp. contr. production Mineral in rank
6th edition coal export 2015-20 value 2020 rent 5th between
edition MCI contribution (perc. (as % of (as % of edition 6th and 5th
rank Country score 2020 points) GDP) GDP) rank editions

109 Jordan 34.3 11.5% 3.15 pp 0.00% 0.00 104 -5

110 Algeria 34.0 0.2% -0.14 pp 0.12% 0.01 117 7

111 Solomon Islands 33.5 7.3% 5.07 pp 0.00% 0.00 109 -2

112 Uruguay 33.4 0.6% -0.55 pp 0.06% 0.04 125 13

113 Ireland 33.4 0.7% -0.47 pp 0.08% 0.02 115 2

114 Antigua and Barbuda 33.2 6.7% 5.53 pp 0.00% 0.00 179 65

115 Austria 33.1 4.0% 0.33 pp 0.04% 0.00 94 -21

116 Qatar 32.6 3.1% 0.66 pp 0.03% 0.00 118 2

117 Palau 32.0 6.3% 4.67 pp 0.00% 0.00 173 56

118 Israel 30.9 12.4% -16.39 pp 0.26% 0.00 87 -31

119 Albania 30.7 6.0% -2.40 pp 0.00% 0.11 103 -16

120 Nigeria 30.1 1.9% 0.45 pp 0.00% 0.01 98 -22

121 The Gambia 29.5 6.6% 2.10 pp 0.00% 0.00 176 55

122 Bahamas 28.7 5.4% 2.29 pp 0.00% 0.00 134 12

123 Timor-Leste 28.6 5.1% 2.56 pp 0.00% 0.00 137 14

124 France 28.4 2.5% 0.05 pp 0.10% 0.00 116 -8

125 Burundi 26.5 52.9% -0.76 pp 0.00% 0.00 65 -60

126 Malawi 26.4 0.5% 0.34 pp 0.00% 0.00 119 -7

127 Malaysia 26.1 3.7% -0.45 pp 0.03% 0.00 74 -53

128 Ethiopia 26.1 5.2% -8.70 pp 0.00% 0.04 102 -26

129 Singapore 25.8 5.7% 0.84 pp 0.00% 0.00 120 -9

130 Croatia 25.4 4.9% 1.17 pp 0.00% 0.00 136 6

131 Luxembourg 25.1 6.7% 0.41 pp 0.00% 0.00 139 8

132 Cameroon 25.0 5.6% -1.69 pp 0.00% 0.00 60 -72

133 Slovakia 24.9 1.9% -0.28 pp 0.00% 0.01 112 -21

134 Kuwait 24.3 0.9% 0.27 pp 0.01% 0.00 143 9

135 Netherlands 23.5 2.5% -0.52 pp 0.04% 0.00 132 -3

136 Estonia 22.4 3.4% 0.87 pp 0.00% 0.00 131 -5

137 Switzerland 22.1 25.1% -2.43 pp 0.00% 0.00 154 17

138 Turkmenistan 21.6 0.7% -0.12 pp 0.03% 0.00 123 -15

139 Samoa 21.3 2.0% 1.40 pp 0.00% 0.00 177 38

140 Lithuania 21.0 2.5% 0.91 pp 0.00% 0.00 147 7

141 Czechia 20.9 1.6% -0.47 pp 0.02% 0.00 155 14

142 Tonga 20.4 2.8% 0.66 pp 0.00% 0.00 174 32

143 Barbados 20.2 2.4% 0.76 pp 0.00% 0.00 142 -1

144 Hong Kong SAR, China 19.5 11.9% -1.54 pp 0.00% 0.00 140 -4

145 Haiti 18.9 2.3% 0.59 pp 0.00% 0.00 167 22

146 Dominica 17.8 6.8% -0.73 pp 0.00% 0.00 114 -32

147 Belgium 17.8 8.0% -1.45 pp 0.00% 0.00 129 -18

ICMM Mining Contribution Index (MCI) 14

 Metallic
Metallic Change mineral
mineral, in min. and coal Difference
6th metals and exp. contr. production Mineral in rank
6th edition coal export 2015-20 value 2020 rent 5th between
edition MCI contribution (perc. (as % of (as % of edition 6th and 5th
rank Country score 2020 points) GDP) GDP) rank editions

148 Belarus 17.6 1.9% 0.49 pp 0.00% 0.00 159 11

149 Maldives 17.1 1.9% 0.37 pp 0.00% 0.00 166 17

150 Mauritius 16.9 5.2% -0.35 pp 0.00% 0.00 113 -37

151 Eswatini 16.8 1.8% -0.10 pp 0.00% - 181 30

152 Malta 16.4 1.2% 0.60 pp 0.00% 0.00 162 10

153 Tunisia 15.9 1.7% 0.28 pp 0.00% 0.00 88 -65

154 Brunei 14.6 0.3% 0.09 pp 0.00% - 153 -1

155 Moldova 14.5 1.5% 0.11 pp 0.00% 0.00 178 23

156 Costa Rica 14.2 1.3% 0.14 pp 0.00% 0.00 110 -46

157 Denmark 13.9 1.5% 0.08 pp 0.00% 0.00 158 1

158 Latvia 13.8 3.4% -0.51 pp 0.00% 0.00 157 -1

159 St. Lucia 13.7 4.6% -1.89 pp 0.00% 0.00 96 -63

160 Nepal 13.7 1.9% -0.07 pp 0.00% 0.00 175 15

161 St. Kitts and Nevis 13.5 0.7% 0.27 pp 0.00% 0.00 149 -12

162 Equatorial Guinea 12.4 0.3% 0.24 pp 0.00% 0.00 150 -12

163 Slovenia 12.4 3.1% -0.68 pp 0.00% 0.00 152 -11

164 Bangladesh 11.9 0.3% 0.12 pp 0.00% 0.00 171 7

165 Greenland 11.8 0.3% 0.13 pp 0.00% 0.00 183 18

166 Hungary 11.5 1.3% -0.12 pp 0.00% 0.00 141 -25

167 Micronesia, Fed. Sts 11.3 0.0% -0.03 pp - 0.00 163 -4

168 Trinidad and Tobago 11.2 1.7% -0.24 pp 0.00% 0.00 135 -33

169 Macao SAR, China 10.5 3.7% -7.16 pp 0.00% 0.00 164 -5

170 Guinea-Bissau 10.2 0.3% -0.01 pp 0.00% 0.00 124 -46

171 Sri Lanka 10.2 2.0% -0.69 pp 0.00% 0.00 146 -25

172 Vanuatu 10.0 0.2% 0.01 pp 0.00% 0.00 106 -66

173 Belize 9.6 0.6% -0.13 pp 0.00% 0.00 89 -84

174 Chad 9.3 0.1% -0.01 pp 0.00% 0.00 61 -113

175 Paraguay 9.2 1.0% -0.31 pp 0.00% 0.00 169 -6

176 Marshall Islands 9.0 0.1% -0.03 pp 0.00% 0.00 144 -32

177 Grenada 8.7 2.6% -6.39 pp 0.00% 0.00 160 -17

178 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 8.6 0.4% -0.20 pp 0.00% 0.00 180 2

179 El Salvador 8.2 0.9% -0.51 pp 0.00% 0.00 161 -18

180 Seychelles 7.7 0.2% -0.19 pp 0.00% 0.00 165 -15

181 Kiribati 7.5 0.1% -0.14 pp 0.00% 0.00 168 -13

182 Comoros 6.8 1.4% -2.63 pp 0.00% 0.00 172 -10

183 Tuvalu 4.0 0.0% -1.19 pp 0.00% 0.00 182 -1

Mining Contribution Index (MCI) 6th Edition Mining Contribution Index (MCI) 15
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