Structure,Foundation

Prepared By : SHAD , DANYAR

SECOND STAGE

2023-2024 1
 What is structure ?
• A structure is something
of many parts that is put
together. A structure can
be a skyscraper, an
outhouse, your body, or
a sentence.

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 • Load-bearing structure

Types of
• Framed Structure
Structure
• Composite Structure

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 Load Bearing Structure

Load bearing structures are those

structures in which the walls of the
structure carry the weight of the entire
structure in addition to its self-weight.
Interior and exterior walls of the
structure that support trusses and
other systems in the structure are
known as load-bearing walls.

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 Advantages of Load Bearing Structure
1. Cost-effective materials – Load bearing
structures often use materials like bricks and
stones that are more affordable compared to
steel or concrete. This makes building homes
less expensive.
2. Thermal mass benefits – Thick walls in these
structures absorb heat during the day and
release it slowly, helping to keep inside
temperatures steady and comfortable.
3. Simple construction techniques – Building
these types of structures is straightforward
because it involves stacking blocks directly on
top of one another, which doesn’t require
specialized skills.
4. Durability and longevity – These structures
are known for lasting a long time because the
materials used, like stone and brick, are strong
and resist wear and tear well.
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 Disadvantages of Load Bearing Structure
• Limited building height – Load
bearing structures can’t go very high
which makes them unsuitable for
skyscrapers or high-rise buildings.
• Poor seismic performance – During
earthquakes, these structures might
not handle shaking well because
walls can crack or crumble under
the stress.
• Restricted design flexibility –
Changing the building’s design after
construction is hard because the
walls can’t be moved without
affecting the structure’s strength.
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Framed Structure

• Light Frame Structure

• Timber Structure

• R.C.C. Frame Structure

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Light Frame Structure
• A light framed structure is a type of
construction in which the structural
elements are made primarily of
lightweight materials such as wood
or steel. These structures typically
consist of a framework of vertical
and horizontal members, often
called studs and joists, respectively,
which are interconnected to form
the skeleton of the building. Light
framed structures are commonly
used in residential, commercial,
and industrial buildings due to their
versatility, cost-effectiveness, and
ease of construction.
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• Timber Structure
• A timber structure refers to any
type of structure or building
where timber, or wood, is the
primary material used for
support, framing, and
construction. Timber
structures have been used for
centuries and can encompass
a wide range of architectural
styles and applications.

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•R.C.C. Frame Structure
• A Reinforced Concrete (R.C.C.)
frame structure is a type of
construction where reinforced
concrete is primarily used for the
structural frame of the building.
In this type of structure, vertical
and horizontal members made
of reinforced concrete are
interconnected to form a
skeleton that supports the
building's load.
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Advantages Framed Structure
1.Compared to other construction
methods frame structures are cost-
effective.
2.The walls used are comparatively
of thinner sizes as they provide
more floor area.
3.They are constructed more quickly.
4.They are more resistant to seismic-
prone areas because the vertical
and horizontal members act
monolithically and can withstand
earthquake and wind pressure.
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Disadvantages of Frame Structure
1.They are complex to design and
construct as compared to other
building methods. This requires
high expertise and skilled labor.

2.They have high initial costs.

3.If not constructed and designed

properly they cannot withstand
seismic activities.

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Composite Structure
• copmopsite structure is a
combination of load-bearing
strusture and frame structure.
• exterior walls may be load-
bearing structure.
• while column and beam
structures may be provided
internally.
• the most common type of
composite construction is the use
of steel and concrete to from
steel-concrete composite
structure.
Advantages of Composite structure
• high resistance to heat
and electricity.
• these types of strutures
are flexible.
• lighter weight than
traditional materials , so
it is easy to carry and
install.
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Disadvantages of composite structure
There is a need for
skilled labor for
construction.
It is more
economically
expensive.

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Types of soil.

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 structure

Substrcture
• It is the basic element
that indicates the
foundation and ensures
stability and stillness of
the building structure. It
includes everything
underground and
ensures the stability of
construction.
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Super structure
• It is the superficial part
of the building that is
located above the
ground (substructure)
and includes all the
elements that are
located above the
foundation
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Foundation

•foundation is to
transfer the
stracture
loades from a
building safly
the ground.
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Foundation
• Shallow Foundation:shallow or
spread foundation are employed
whenstable soil of adequate bearing
capacity occurs rilativelymear to the
ground surface.

• Deep Foundation:deep foundation

are empolyed when the soil
underlying a foundation is unstable
or of inadequate bearing.

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Shallow Foundation
•Raft Foundation
•Strip Foundation
•Combined Foundation
•Strap Foundation
•Isolated foundation
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Raft Foundation
This type of foundation is thick
concrete
slab reinforced with still and usually
covering an area equal or greater than
base of building . This used when the
soil have poor bearing capacity. The
design and construction of foundation
depend on various factor.

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Strip Foundation
• A strip foundation, also known
as a continuous footing or strip
footing, is a type of shallow
foundation commonly used to
support load-bearing walls or
columns. It consists of a
continuous strip of concrete
that runs along the length of the
wall or column, distributing the
load evenly to the soil beneath.

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Combined Foundation
• A combined foundation, also
known as a combined footing, is
a type of foundation used to
support two or more adjacent
columns or loads that are so
close together that individual
footings would overlap or be
impractical. It is essentially a
single continuous footing that
supports multiple columns or
loads simultaneously.
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Strap footing
• A strap footing, also known as a
beam footing or a connecting
footing, is a type of combined
foundation used to support two or
more columns that are so close
together that their individual
footings would overlap or interfere
with each other. It consists of a
reinforced concrete beam or strap
that connects the individual
footings of adjacent columns,
distributing the load more evenly
and providing additional support.
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Isolated footing
• An isolated footing, also known
as a pad footing or spread
footing, is a type of shallow
foundation that supports a
single column, pillar, or
structural element. It is called
"isolated" because each
footing is independent and
supports only one column, as
opposed to combined footings
or raft foundations that
support multiple columns.

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Deep foundation

•Pile Foundation

•Pier Foundation

•Cassian Foundation

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Pile Foundation

• A pile foundation is a type of

deep foundation that transfers
the load of a structure to deeper
layers of soil or rock when the
shallow soils are insufficient to
support the structure. Pile
foundations are commonly used
in situations where the soil near
the surface is weak or where the
structure must be supported at a
significant depth
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Pier foundation
• It is type of deep foundation
which which consists of a
cylindrical column of large
diameter to support and
transfer large load. Its types
are ( masonry or concrete piers
and drilled ).also pier has a
footing and its inserted down
to the bedrock.

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Cassian Foundation
• It is used in construction to
support structures, such as
bridges, piers, and buildings, in
locations with deep or
waterlogged soil conditions.
Caissons are large, watertight
structures that are typically
cylindrical or box-shaped also
caisson doesn’t have footing.
They are often employed for
building structures over rivers,
lakes, or areas with unstable
soils where traditional shallow
foundations may not be suitable.

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THANKS FOR EVERY THING

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Service
• Electrical Systems. • ‫سیستەمی کارەبایی‬
• Plumbing Systems. • ‫سیستەمی لۆری‬
• HVAC Systems. • ‫سیستەمی‬HVAC
• Fire Protection Systems. • ‫سیستەمی پاراستن لە ئاگر‬
• Security Systems. • ‫سیستەمی ئاسایش‬
• Communication Systems. • ‫سیستەمی پەیوەندیکردن‬
• Elevators and Escalators. • :‫بەرزکەرەوە و ئێسکەلەیتەر‬

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Electrical Systems.

• Electrical systems are the

infrastructure within a building
or facility that enables the
distribution, control, and
utilization of electrical power.
These systems are essential
for providing electricity to
power various devices,
appliances, and equipment
necessary for daily activities,
operations, and comfort.
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Plumbing Systems.

• Plumbing systems are the

network of pipes, fixtures,
valves, and other components
designed to provide water
supply and wastewater
removal within a building or
facility. Plumbing systems are
crucial for maintaining
sanitation, hygiene, and
comfort in residential,
commercial, industrial, and
institutional settings

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HVAC Systems.

• HVAC stands for Heating,

Ventilation, and Air Conditioning.
HVAC systems are integral
components of buildings and are
designed to provide thermal comfort
and acceptable indoor air quality.
They control temperature, humidity,
air quality, and airflow within a
building to create a comfortable and
healthy environment for occupants.
Here's a breakdown of each
component

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Fire Protection Systems.

• Fire protection systems are

designed to detect, suppress,
and mitigate fires in buildings
and other structures, thereby
safeguarding lives, property,
and assets. These systems
include a variety of
components and technologies
aimed at preventing the spread
of fires, alerting occupants to
danger, and facilitating safe
evacuation.

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Security Systems.

• Security systems are designed to

protect buildings, properties, and
occupants from unauthorized
access, theft, vandalism, and
other security threats. These
systems employ a combination
of physical barriers, surveillance
technologies, access control
measures, and alarm systems to
deter intruders, monitor
activities, and respond to
security breaches

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Communication Systems.

• Communication systems
encompass the technologies and
infrastructure used to transmit,
receive, and exchange
information between individuals,
devices, or entities. These
systems facilitate the sharing of
data, messages, and signals over
short or long distances, enabling
seamless communication across
various platforms and mediums.

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Elevators and Escalators.

• Elevators and escalators are

mechanical systems used for
vertical transportation within
buildings and other structures.
They provide a means for
people and goods to move
between different floors or
levels efficiently and safely.

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