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Basic English Grammar

The document provides a comprehensive overview of grammar, including the definition of grammar, the eight parts of speech, and rules for capitalization. It details types of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections, along with sentence structures and punctuation rules. This foundational knowledge aids in enhancing speaking and writing skills.

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Dina Nicasio
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views

Basic English Grammar

The document provides a comprehensive overview of grammar, including the definition of grammar, the eight parts of speech, and rules for capitalization. It details types of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections, along with sentence structures and punctuation rules. This foundational knowledge aids in enhancing speaking and writing skills.

Uploaded by

Dina Nicasio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Introduction to Grammar
What is Grammar?

●​ Grammar is the system of rules that governs how words are structured and sentences
are formed.
●​ The study of grammar helps improve speaking and writing skills.
●​ The sentence was first divided into subject and verb by Plato, a Greek philosopher,
about 2,400 years ago.

The Eight Parts of Speech

1.​ Nouns – Names of people, places, things, or ideas.


2.​ Pronouns – Words that replace nouns (e.g., he, she, it, they).
3.​ Verbs – Action or state of being words (e.g., run, jump, is, are).
4.​ Adjectives – Words that describe nouns (e.g., beautiful, tall, happy).
5.​ Adverbs – Words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., quickly, very,
well).
6.​ Prepositions – Words that show relationships between nouns (e.g., in, on, at, under).
7.​ Conjunctions – Words that connect words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., and, but,
because).
8.​ Interjections – Words that express strong emotions (e.g., wow!, ouch!).

2. Capitalization Rules
●​ Use capital letters for:
○​ The first word in a sentence (e.g., The cat is sleeping.)
○​ The pronoun I (e.g., I am happy.)
○​ Names of people (e.g., Alice, Tom, James)
○​ Names of places (e.g., London, National Museum)
○​ Days of the week and months (e.g., Monday, January)
○​ Holidays and festivals (e.g., Christmas, New Year’s Day)

3. Nouns
Types of Nouns
1.​ Common Nouns – General names (e.g., dog, table, city).
2.​ Proper Nouns – Specific names, always capitalized (e.g., John, Paris, Google).
3.​ Singular & Plural Nouns:
○​ Regular: add -s (e.g., dog → dogs).
○​ Add -es for nouns ending in ch, sh, s, x (e.g., box → boxes).
○​ Change y to i and add -es (e.g., baby → babies).
○​ Irregular plural nouns (e.g., man → men, child → children).
4.​ Collective Nouns – Words for groups (e.g., team, flock, family).
5.​ Gender-Specific Nouns:
○​ Masculine: boy, king, lion.
○​ Feminine: girl, queen, lioness.
○​ Neuter (objects): table, tree, book.
○​ Common-gender: teacher, artist, doctor.

4. Pronouns
Types of Pronouns

1.​ Personal Pronouns:


○​ Subject: I, you, he, she, it, we, they.
○​ Object: me, you, him, her, it, us, them.
2.​ Reflexive Pronouns – End in -self or -selves (e.g., myself, themselves).
3.​ Interrogative Pronouns – Used to ask questions (e.g., who, whom, whose, what,
which).
4.​ Demonstrative Pronouns – Point to things (e.g., this, that, these, those).

5. Adjectives
●​ Describe nouns (e.g., tall building, old book).
●​ Types:
○​ Descriptive (e.g., beautiful, large).
○​ Quantitative (e.g., few, many, several).
○​ Possessive (e.g., my, his, their).
○​ Demonstrative (e.g., this, those).
○​ Interrogative (e.g., which, what).
●​ Comparison of Adjectives:
○​ Positive: tall
○​ Comparative: taller (for two things)
○​ Superlative: tallest (for three or more things)
6. Verbs and Tenses
Types of Verbs

●​ Action Verbs – Show actions (e.g., run, jump, write).


●​ Helping Verbs – Help the main verb (e.g., is, was, have, do).
●​ Linking Verbs – Show states of being (e.g., is, are, was).

Verb Tenses

1.​ Simple Present – I eat, she walks.


2.​ Present Progressive – I am eating.
3.​ Simple Past – I ate.
4.​ Past Progressive – I was eating.
5.​ Present Perfect – I have eaten.
6.​ Future Tense – I will eat.

7. Subject-Verb Agreement
●​ Singular subjects take singular verbs (e.g., She is happy).
●​ Plural subjects take plural verbs (e.g., They are happy).
●​ Collective nouns can be singular or plural depending on meaning (e.g., The team is
winning vs. The team are arguing).

8. Adverbs
●​ Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
●​ Answer: how, when, where, to what extent.
●​ Types:
○​ Manner (quickly, carefully).
○​ Place (here, everywhere).
○​ Time (yesterday, soon).
○​ Frequency (always, never).
9. Prepositions
●​ Show relationships (e.g., in, on, under, between).
●​ Common Prepositions:
○​ Time: before, after, during.
○​ Place: in, at, on.
○​ Direction: to, into, onto.

10. Conjunctions
●​ Coordinating (and, but, or, so).
●​ Subordinating (because, although, while).

11. Interjections
●​ Words that express strong emotions (e.g., Wow! Oh no!).

12. Sentences & Structure


●​ Types:
○​ Declarative (I like pizza.)
○​ Interrogative (Do you like pizza?)
○​ Imperative (Close the door.)
○​ Exclamatory (What a beautiful day!)

13. Punctuation Rules


●​ Period (.) – End of a statement.
●​ Comma (,) – Separates clauses or items.
●​ Exclamation Point (!) – Expresses strong emotion.
●​ Question Mark (?) – Ends a question.
●​ Apostrophe (’) – Shows possession or contractions.

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