UNIT

1
Differential
Linear Differential Equations
of Second Order with
Equations
Constant Coefficients
The linear
ditteretial equation has
TRODUCTION
a
anches of
Engneering sach as vibrations of paramount importance in all the
wstes t s also mechanical, electrical and acouste
etnavely used in the
sthis chapter we wll stady the theory of beams Civil in

comstant coetticients linear diferential equation of secondEngineering

order with

: . DEFINITION
A
linear djeretal cquation ahich the
in
aicets occur only m thefirst degree and are dependent
not
sariable and its differential
atet coeficients is knoos as linear multiplied together, also which has
coetticients. differential equation with constant
Note :
f the order of this cquation is second then the differential
2nd order linear
differential equation with constantequation is known as
general form of this equation is coefficients. The

Where P and Qare constants and Ris a function of x or constant

An
1.1. DIFFERENTIAL OPERATOR D AND 1(D)
The symbol D stands for the operation of differentiation ie

I t t be
D- or
Dy-Dy
carefully noted that D s not a
quantity but an operator when placed
re a
function indicates that the function is to be
differentiated.
An12 OPERATOR I(D)

Gow
=R can be writen sn the
operator form

Diy PDyQy-R
 SECONDoONGRA
RLNEAR DrrERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF
(D-D-Qy-R

whee FD)D-rD+0 denotes the linear differential opey

R i s not an algebraic expression multiply1ng y but isA s y

e eperations ef diterentiation to be performed on y mbol

AM1A
INVERSE OPERATOROR D
The pe land beforethe function indicates the
Ph
integratiTh nds for the ogperation of integration twice
Aa COMPLETE SOLUTION OF LINEAR
EQUATION
DIFFERENTIAL
Le s
er a lnesr dierential equation of the Ist order

sfo
flo
and C is an arbitrary c
tal Now
difeeetiating u wt
Pe --Pu orPu-0
orCo)-P(C-
which dhows that
ysCu is the general solution
of

tb) Difermntiating
Py 0

v lod wrtx
 B) LNEAR DIFFEREN
rIAL EOUAToNs OF
sEcOMD OROE
dv
d-Py9
Or
dy Q
which shows that y v
is the solutionof
Solution of
Py9
the differential equation ()
and v Cu Is is (il)
consiting of two parte 1eCu
the solution of the
differential equation
f

known whose RH h e
constantascompiementary
Function.
Second part of (ij is
and s known
as v, free fron any attat7
particular Integral
Thus complete solution=
Complementary lunction Farticular Integal
Results a CFOPT
)
fy=y, is a solution
Cis a constant, of the
differential equation f(D) y- 0 then y-CY, where
is also its
(i) solution
ty Y, and yy, are the solutions,of the
y=Cy1+ywhereCyC, being conitants, is differential
Thse results can be
also its stolttion
equation, h r
easily verifhed by direct substitution of value
equation of y in the
Note: 1f the
differential
complete solution
equation is
given in the form fD)y=0, then the
this differential
of
complementary function i.e. there is no equation is only the
need to find Farticular lntegral,
Ant 3 METHOD FOR FINDING THE
When RHS. of the
COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION
given equation is replaced by zero f
ie (D)0
An
3.1. AUXILIARY EQUATION
Let us consider the equation
(D-PD Q)y=0
Let y e
=
be a
solution of (). Then
substituting e,
D'y me =
in (i). we get
y =
Dy me
(m+Pm+Q)e s0
m Pm+Q 0
as e 0
Equation (ii) is known as
the Auxiliary equation (A.E) of
may be observed that the equation (u) G) I
gves same values ol m as the
D+PD +Q=0-(ii) gives for D. equation
Therefore in general practice, the
operator D is not
A.E. but the replaced by m to form
equation (iii) ie. f(D) = 0 is taken as the
A.E. In either case, we
get the roots of the quadratic equation.
Soving the A.E, the
arise s- following cases

Case 1: Roots, Real and Different-f m, &e m, the roots of

are
A. 1E then CE i

y-CemCem
 DIFFERENTIAL
EOUA
both t h e oots of A
Eare m
LMEAR roo
14 ie
my
Fquals-m
Case 11Moots, Real
CFH
are
at iß then C.F is
roots of A.E
s If the y= Aela 5+Bela-1x
Case 11l Roots ginary
e Aed Be-1

e [A (cos fx+
i sin f) B
y cospesC sin Del (cos
+B) cos Bx Bx-isint
+i
-[(A (A-B)s
x+ C sin B x n
e (C, cos
will be the same as
the
Note -The number of the arbitrary cons
the differential equation.
ordes
TABLEI
to be used
Standard Results

Roots of AE Corresponding C.E

Real & different say m, & ma Cem+C2em2x
Real &e equal say m, m C+Cx) eme
Imaginary or complex say a tiß e(C, cos Bx C, sin B
+
 INEAR DIFFEREN TIAL EQUATIONS OF SECOND ORDER
TABLE I
Standard Results to be used

RH.S. of Particular Integral (PL)

Differential Equation
eprovided f(o) 0.

xe f(a) =0, 1f'(a) 0

Playwhen

f'(a), r'(a) 0
Fa)when f(a) =0=
fD)x expand [f(D)F in ascending
11) powers of D upto D and operate
ech
)e term of the expansion o n x

f - a S i nax or
f-a)
(11) Sin ax or cos ax provided f (-a) *0

x sin ax or COs when f(-a) =0,

-a) f(afr(-a)0 and
s0 (
(1v) o(x) f(D+a)°(

cular xo(0) f(D)fD)°

eyh
sin ax Imaginary part of f(D)

-ex
x" cos a Real part of
f(D)
Factorise f (D) into linear factors say
PlL (vi) General method for
f(D) =
(D-a) (D-6) then resolve
any function o ()
fractions s
nto partial
f(D)
1F(D) D - a D - then

Pl= A e Jeolx) dx +A,e Je ho(x) d

the above table which is very
advised to go through
The students are
the differential equation.
Vital in solving
 OLiNEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF SEcOND ORDER
Example b: Solve (D+ 2D 1 y = 2e
Solution s AE of the given equation 1s

D+2D-10
(D-1-0 D--1,-1
CE =(CC e

D-2D D2D1
Here the denominoator becomes zero, if D is replaced
case of failure
by -1. Hence it 1s a

ulplying numerator by x and differentiating the denominator w.rt. Dp

PL=2D-2
Here again we see that the denominator becomes zero if D is replaced by
1 Hence again case of failure Again, Multiplying numerator by x and
differentiating the denominator wrt. D.

PL-2 e x e
Hence the complete solution is
0. In
y =CE+PL
nator =(Cg + C x ) e + x e
y (C+Cx+x)e
- Ans.

itis Example 7: Sol y-3+e" +Sel

bove
The given in symbolic form is
Solution : equation
(D--1y -3-et+ 5el
Its AE. is
D + 1 -0 D-1
D=ti

CE-C, cos x-C,sin x

D13-e"+ 5es
D+1-3e D D1
(in case of constant function, represent it in the form e")
-U
=3.0 (-11

-3
-3+ e
solution is y = C.E +PL
Thecomplete
3. IAns.)
y -C, cos x+ CG,sin x +
 RULE TO FIND PA FOR CASE I
A4

Fpand DII by bseomal the i ding poes f Du

each lerm of e p a r a l s
n i e ned not etain tem
P e adperate 0-0 n d so om
br - e t c becsue Dl t
take the degee term lowee in AD
Warking Rule -In solving problems, of the So1+9001
then shift the remaising expeeenion
as comon and the nunerator a indes. ln in e 9 0
with mesatie
1 0 n
Now expand it in ascemding powes of D vgep
ing
will be helptol engending
The follewing expansione
P o e of D

, Hoe-1ts-3)
(00 ( - -1-nx n
(D ( - x ) 1 + x e x e v t
(w ( 1 ) 1 - x + x - x e x -

(v)0-x)12s 3 e
(vi) (dxe1-2x 3e-d
LLUSTRAIYLDZS

Eumple&Solve
y
r e w r i t i e n as
can be
Selution The given equation
(D-30 23y x

D-30-2 0
s AE D-2
(D-1)( 0 - - 0 D
CE C C p h
 DEON
T1OS OF
EQUA
D I F F E R E N T I A L

LINEAR
2)

complete y =C.F+18PL
solution
Hence the

Ans.
co-cp
= e' + *
9: Solve (D+4) y
Example
13
Solution: The A.E of given equation
D+4=0

D=4

D=t2
2x
CF
=C, cos 2x C, sin
PL D ' -*)- p?," 'D4

(Retaining terms upto D)

Hence the complete solution is

y= C.E+ PL

=C, cos
2x+C sin 2x + [Ans
 LLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

Example 5: Solve 4 -q
Solution: The given equation in the symbolic form is
(4D-4D-3)y = e
Its A.E. is

4D-4D-
4D-4D-3 = 0

S
D l6
8
-45 - 2
CE =Ce-Czea

PL 4D-4D-3
4(2-4(2)-3
is
Hence the complete solution
y =C.EPL

or
y
-
CeCze 21
lAns)
 D LiNEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF SEcOND ORDE
sin ax. Now
replace D by -a in denominator and in numerator
term onSn ax. In case of failure i.e. if fl-a) = 0, multiply the numerato y opep
and diterenttate the denominator wEL D and apply the above rule
prov
f e a 7 0 and so on.

Example 11: Solve

(D-5D
LLUSTRATIVE EAMPLEs
+6)y =
sin 2x.
Solution : lts A.E is

D-5D+6-0 (D-2) (D-3)-0

D-2.3
C.E-CeCel
Now Pl
D-5D .6sin 2x
- 2 - 5 D +6 sn 2x 2-5D a

2+Dsin
4-25D
2x 2+5D sin 2x
4-25-2
T04 2sin 2x 5D sin 2)

104 Csin 2x- 10 cos 2x) s i n 2x-5 cos 2x)

Hence complete solution is y wCE PL
y -Ceh- Ceh sin 2x-5 cos 2 Ans
Example 12: Solve (D +9) y = cos 3x.
Solution :
Its A.E. is D-9=0
D-9
D-3i
CF-C,oos 3xC, sin 3x
PL7D-9 cos 3x
If we
replace D by-3, the denominator becomes zero. Hence it is case o
tailure

stands for intergation

sin 3x
 13) LINEAR DIFFEREN TIAL EQUATIONS OF SECOND ORDER
Example 10: Solve D'y -6Dy 9y 2x- x+3
-

Solution: AE of given equation is

D-6D+9 -0 (D-3-0
D -3,3
CE-(C +C0e
PLD- D -x-3) a-xe3)
-x+3)

-9-
- --v)
(Retaining terms upto D)

x3)-pe-x3)p (-x-3)
-x3-1-5
Hence the complete solution is
y=CE -PL

(CCx)e [Ans.]
DER
09 LEA DIFFERENTIAL EQUAToNS OF SECcoND ORDE
tAs RULE TO FIND PI, FOR CASE IV-

Working Rale s- Brimg e to the lef frm the sight of and veplane D
by Daand then operate on xi depending wpom the natune af the
funct

Eample 14 Solve
2 ins e h 20e
solution he
given equation n eymibolic lorm is
D20y Aesin x
ts AE a

sin D-2D 0
DD-2-0
D-D--2
CE-C-Ceh-C,-Cp

-D-27-2(D- -20
-1
s1.DD D

- 20-1
4-P-x
- :2Dsinx-in
-2comxsin)
(Retaining terms ugto
 DIFFEREN TIAL EOUATIONS OF SECONo
OF SECOND ORDER
LINEAR
120]

- o s i n)
Hence the complete solution is y- C.E +P

Example 15: Solve 2y- xel +e cos x

Delh,
Solutiona The given equation can be rewritten a

(D+2)y=xxee cos
Ts AE. 1s
D+2-0
D -2
D-2i
CE-C,cos V2x Csin 2x
D-2*eDecosx

D-32(D-1+2
- ep6D+11 +e D-2D+3
= e 1116D+D 12D. cos

+e 2D+2cOSX

6D-D 6D+D
11 11 2(D+1)
6D D36D coSx
-
D
(Retaining terms upto

cosx

-cOs )
 121) LINEAR DIFFEREN TIAL EQUATIONS OF SECOND ORDER
12x 50e
11 121 sinx cos
x)U
12x50 (sin x+ cosx)
11

Hence the complete solution is

y =C.E + RI

y-Ccos -C,sin x +
x sinx+cosx)
[Ans.]
 OEcoN

D P F E R E w

TIAL EOUAT
LINEAR

81
luti

Hence complete P1 Ans

yGo x C ain 3s
(D-40 3y
sin
2xena
Example 13 Solve
Solution t lDA- 4 0 - 3 s0
(D-1) (0-3)-0
DL3
CE - C e C e
PD-40D-3 n2xcosx

D-D 2xCOSx
Je + sin x)
(n
p-4D. 3 Aos B-sin (A
B)+ sin (A
sin 3x D-4D+3 sin e

D-3 n -1-4D-3
l k3-4inx
Sin x
40-2D) Sk 4(1-2D)
3-20sin
9-4D)
3x 1+2D
401-4D) nx

-20 sin Jx + 1+20 sin x

-4-3 1-4-13
s i n k-2Dsin 3x)+(oin x+ 2Dsin x)

-sin 3x+2 cos 3x + 3 sin x + 6 cos x

Hence complete solution is
yCF-P
y -Ce-CP sin 3x + 2 cos 3x
+3 sin x
TAnsl
+6 cos x