GEN CHEM 1STEM F

FIRST QUARTER

CHAPTER 1:
THE PROPERTIES OF MATTER AND ITS FORMS

PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Property Properties of Matter
• Characteristics •The observable
• Traits characteristics, traits or
• Qualities qualities of
matter.
1. Physical Property
• Intensive Physical Property
• Extensive Physical Property
2. Chemical Property

PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Physical Property
• The characteristic or trait of matter that can be observed or
perceived with our senses easily without changing its chemical
composition.

1. Intensive Physical Property

• The characteristic or trait of matter that does not depend
on the amount.
- Ductility
• The ability of substance to be stretched into wire. CONSUMER PRODUCTS
- Malleability • The final goods which are bought by individuals or
• The ability of substance to be hammered or households for personal use.
transformed into thin sheet. • Goods that are bought for consumption by the average
- Diffusion consumer.
• The ability of matter to be scattered or spread out.
2. Extensive Physical Property Factors in Manufacturing Consumer Products
1. Science
• The characteristic or trait of matter which is dependent • A field of study
on the amount or quantity. • The knowledge in creating a product designed for a purpose
- Size
- Mass 2. Technology
- Volume • The application of Science
- Density • The process and the equipment used in producing a
3. Chemical Property consumer product
• The characteristic or trait of matter that can be observed
when a matter reacts to another substance. 3. Community
• The target market of consumer products
- Flammability • The end user of the products based on their use
- Oxidation
MIXTURE SEPERATION METHODS
COMMON SUBSTANCES CHEMICAL FORMULA Important Concepts
CHEMICAL FORMULA ➢ Method
- Chemical refers to a compound or substance • Described as procedure, process, way or technique.
- Formula refers to the symbolic expression ➢ Separate
• A symbolic expression of a compound or substance. • Means to move, segregate or keep apart.
• Described as a shorthand of expressing the types and the ➢ Component
• Means constituent, section or a part of a larger whole.
number of atoms in a substance. ➢ Mixture
MEANING OF A CHEMICAL FORMULA • A substance produced when two or more pure substances
are put together in any proportion without a chemical union.
CO2
Carbon dioxide Method of Separating Components of Mixtures
• A procedure or process of segregating or moving the
Types and number of atoms constituent or part of a substance which is made up of two or
• Carbon, C – 1 atom more pure substances.
• Oxygen, O – 2 atoms 1. Filtration
• The process of separating the insoluble solid from the liquid
substance by allowing the liquid to pass through a porous
COMMON SUBSTANCES material called filtering agent.
1. Salt 4. Sucrose • The solid particles which are retained in the filter paper is
NaCl C12H22O11 called residue, and the clear liquid which passes through a
• Sodium, Na – 1 atom • Carbon, C – 12 atoms filtering agent such as filter paper is called the filtrate.
• Chlorine, Cl – 1 atom • Hydrogen, H – 22 atoms 2. Decantation
2. Ammonia • Oxygen, O – 11 atoms • Method used to separate the liquid layer known as
NH3 supernatant and a heavy insoluble solid known as precipitate
• Nitrogen, N – 1 atom 5. Methane by allowing the said solid to settle at the bottom of the container
• Hydrogen, H – 3 atoms CH4 then the liquid above the solid is poured off carefully into
another container.
3. Acetone • Carbon, C – 1 atom 3. Mechanical Separation
C3H6O • Hydrogen, H – 4 atoms • Involves the use of forceps, sieves, magnets and other
• Carbon, C – 3 atoms similar tools to separate the components of mixtures.
• Hydrogen, H – 6 atoms • The involved substances are mostly solids that can be
• Oxygen, O – 1 atom separated manually.
 4. Centrifugation Z = atomic number or number of protons
• The process that uses a motor device known as centrifuge N = number of neutrons
that speeds up the settling of the precipitate using centrifugal
or rotating motion.
• As the mixture inside the test tube of the centrifuge is
subjected to centrifugal force, the heavier component
settles at the bottom and the less dense component settles at
the upper portion.
5. Distillation
• A process that involves the evaporation and condensation
of a liquid solvent from a mixture or solution.
• This method uses the difference in boiling points of the
components of a mixture.
• The more volatile liquid in the mixture boils first, evaporates,
then condenses.
• The distillate is the liquid formed from the condensation of
the vapor. Content of the container should always be checked
to avoid drying up of the said container. TWO CATEGORIES OF ISOTOPES
6. Chromatography 1. Unstable – isotopes that continuously and spontaneously
• Uses the difference in the degrees to which substances are break down/decay in other lower atomic weight isotopes
absorbed on the surface of an inert substance such as a filter • Radioisotopes – produce radiation during breaking
paper. down process
• A drop of ink or extract will be separated into different 2. Stable – isotopes that do not naturally decay but can
components if it is placed at the end of a filter paper and the exist in natural materials in differing proportions
tip of the paper is allowed to barely touch the solvent.
Separate bands of colors, representing the different
components will appear on the paper. In doing this process,
the filter paper should ensure the touching of the solvent.
7. Electrolysis
• A chemical decomposition or breakdown produced by
passing an electric current through a liquid or solution
containing ions.

CHAPTER 2:
PARTICLES OF MATTER

Atoms and Its Structure

Atom
• Basic building block of matter
• Single neutral particle Important Isotopes
• Composed of sub-particles 1. Sodium-24 6. Cesium-137
✓ Electron • Injected into limb to detect • Use to kill bacteria
✓ Proton blood clot 7. Fluorine-18
✓ Neutron 2. Cobalt-60 • Use for diagnosis and
Molecule • Detect and treat cancer/ use treatment of diseases
• Neutral particles made of two or more atoms bonded to kill bacteria 8. Gallium-67
together 3. Iodine-131 • Use for diagnosis and
• Two atoms of the same kind combined exist as diatomic • Detect functions of thyroid treatment of diseases
molecule – H2 and O2. gland 9. Carbon-14
• Atoms of different elements combined can form a 4. Phosphorous-32 • Carbon dating process
molecule of compound – H2O • Added to fertilizer to study
Ions plant processes
• Particles that lose or gain electrons. 5. Nitrogen-15
• Charged particles • Added to fertilizer to study
✓ Cations – positively charged, LOSES electron plant processes
✓ Anions – negatively charged, GAIN electron
CHEMICAL FORMULAS
Two Regions of an Atom Molecular Formula
1. Atomic Nucleus • gives the actual number of atoms of each element in a
✓ Center of atom molecule of the compound.
✓ Generally made of neutrons and protons Benzene 𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟔
✓ Contains most of an atom's mass Butane 𝑪𝟒 𝑯𝟏𝟎
2. Electron Cloud Empirical Formula
✓ Area surrounding nucleus that ontains most of the • the simplest form of expressing the relative number & the kind
space in the atom of atoms in a compound.
✓ Electron resides outside of the nucleus in this Benzene 𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟔 𝑪𝑯
electron cloud Butane 𝑪𝟒 𝑯𝟏𝟎 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟓
Structural Formula
• This shows the type of bonds that are involved in the
compounds.
Benzene 𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟔 𝑪𝑯
Butane 𝑪𝟒 𝑯𝟏𝟎 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟓
ISOTOPES
Atomic Number, Z
• Atomic number is the number of protons (p+) in the nucleus Binary Compounds
of the atom of an element. 1. Ionic Compounds
• The number of protons (p+) is equal to the number of • Composed of positive and negative ions.
electrons (e-). 2. Covalent Compounds
𝒁 + 𝒑+ = 𝒆 − • Formed by covalent bonds with shared pair of
Mass Number, A electrons.
• The total number of protons (p+) and neutrons (n0) in the
nucleus of an atom.
𝑨 = 𝒑 + + 𝒏𝟎 = 𝒁 + 𝑵
𝑵=𝑨−𝒁
Where:
A = mass number
 WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULAS WRITING AND BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATION
Binary Ionic Compounds
1. The symbol of the ion with positive oxidation number is Chemical Equation
written first followed by the symbol of ions with negative • Describes a chemical change.
oxidation number. • A representation of a chemical reaction.
• The formula of the reactants are connected by an arrow with
Ionic compound: Aluminum sulfide the formulas of the products.
Ionic symbol: Al3+ S2-
2. Balance the charges. The criss-cross method can help. Parts of a Chemical Equation
The oxidation number of the positive ion becomes the • Reactants – the starting substances in a chemical reaction.
subscript of the negative ion. • Reaction – the actual process.
• Products – the substances produced in a chemical reaction.
Ionic compound: Aluminum sulfide
Ionic symbol: Al3+ S2- Symbols Used in a Chemical Equation
Chemical Formula: Al2S3 Symbol Description
3. If the oxidation numbers or charges of the positive and the + Separates two reactants or two products
negative ions are equal, these are cancelled. → “Yields”, separates reactants from from
products
Ionic compound: Calcium sulfide
= Alternative to →
Ionic symbol: Ca2+ S2-
Chemical Formula: CaS ⇋ Used in place of an → for reversible
4. All subscripts should be simplified or reduced to the lowest reactions
ratio. (s), (l), (g), Designates a reactant or product in the solid,
(aq) liquid, gaseous states or aqueous solution
Ionic compound: Lead (IV) oxide →→ Indicates that heat is supplied to the reaction
Ionic symbol: Pb4+ O2- ∆ heat
Chemical Formula: Pb2O4 → Indicates that a catalyst is used
PbO2 Pt

Binary Covalent Compounds Balancing Chemical Equation

Prefixes Prefixes • A balanced equation has the same number of atoms for
1 mono 6 hexa each element in each side.
2 di 7 hepta
3 tri 8 octa
4 tetra 9 nona
5 penta 10 deca
Dinitrogen pentasulfide

Rules in Balancing Chemical Equation

NAMING CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS 1. Determine the correct formulas for all reactants and
Binary Ionic Compounds products.
Type I: metal + non-metal (ending in “-ide”) 2. Write the formula for the reactants on the left and formulas
NaCl MgF2 for the products on the right with yields (→) sign in between. If
sodium + chlorine Magnesium + fluorine 2 or more reactants or products are involved, separate their
sodium + chloride magnesium + fluoride formulas with a plus (+) signs.
Sodium chloride Magnesium fluoride 3. Count the number of atoms of each element in the reactants
Type II: metal (with varied oxidation numbers) + non- metal and products. A polyatomic ion appearing uncharged on both
(ending in “-ide”) sides of the equation is counted as one.
1. Stock Method – English name of metal followed by the 4. Balance the elements one at a time by using coefficients.
oxidation number written in Roman numeral enclosed in When no coefficient is written, it is assumed to be 1. Begin by
parenthesis then the name of the non-metal ending – ide. balancing elements that appear only on each side of the
FeCl2 Fe2O equation. NEVER balance an equation by changing the
Iron (II) + chlorine Iron (III) + oxygen subscripts of the chemical formula.
Iron (II) chloride Iron (III) oxide 5. Check each atom/polyatomic ion to be sure that the number
2. Traditional Method – Latin name of the metal ending in is equal on both sides of the equation.
“-ic” (higher oxidation number) or “-ous” (lower oxidation 6. Make that all coefficients are in the lowest possible ratio.
number).
FeCl2 Fe2O Example 1
ferrum + chlorine ferrum + oxygen When hydrogen and oxygen react, the product is water.
Ferrous chloride Ferric oxide Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
Type III: metal + oxoanions (ending in “-ate” or “-ite”) ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 + 𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 → 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
3. Ternary Ionic Compounds – may consist of more than two 𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐻2𝑂(𝑙)
elements. They may contain oxoanions or negative ions which 𝐻2(𝑔) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 𝐻2𝑂(𝑙)
consist of the element oxygen with other nonmetals. They use 𝟐𝑯𝟐(𝒈) + 𝑶𝟐(𝒈) → 𝟐𝑯𝟐𝑶(𝒍)
suffixes “-ate” (greater oxygen atom) and “-ite” (fewer oxygen
atom). Example 2
K2SO4 K2SO3 𝑪𝟑𝑯𝟖 + 𝑶𝟐 → 𝟒𝑯𝟐𝑶 + 𝟑𝑪𝑶𝟐
potassium+ (sulfur +oxygen) potassium + (sulfur + oxygen) Reactants Products
Potassium sulfate Potassium sulfite C3 1(3) = 3
H8 2(4) = 8
Binary Covalent Compounds O 2(5)=10 1(4) = 4
Type IV: non-metal + most non-metallic (ending in “-ide”) 2(3) = 6
• Uses prefixes to denote the quantity of each element.
• If there is only one atom on the first element do not put mono. Example 3
• If the nonmetal starts with a vowel, drop the vowel from all 𝑨𝒍 + 𝑪𝒖𝑺𝑶𝟒 → 𝑨𝒍𝟐 (𝑺𝑶𝟒)𝟑 + 𝑪𝒖
prefixes except “di-” and “tri-”. Reactants Products
CO N2O3 Al 1(2)=2 2
carbon + monoxide Dinitrogen + trioxide Cu 1(3)=3 1(3)=3
Carbon monoxide Dinitrogen trioxide S 1(3)=3 3
O 4(3)=12 12
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
• Chemical reaction – the interaction of two or more chemicals
that produces one or more new chemical compounds or alters
the properties of the mixed chemicals.
• Catalysts – substances that speed up the reaction.
• Chemical change – a process that requires chemical
reactions to take place.
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 → 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 → 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡e

Types of Chemical Reactions

1. Combination Reaction (Synthesis)
• Two or more substances react to form a single substance.
𝐴 + 𝐵 → 𝐴𝐵
𝑆 + 𝑂2 → 𝑆𝑂2
2𝑁𝑎 + 𝐶𝑙2 → 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
2. Decomposition Reaction
• A single compound is broken down into two or more
products.
𝐴𝐵 → 𝐴 + 𝐵
2𝐻2𝑂 → 2𝐻2 + 𝑂2
2𝐻𝑔𝑂 → 2𝐻𝑔 + 𝑂2
3. Single-Replacement Reaction (Single-Displacement)
• Atoms of an element replace the atoms of second element in
a compound.
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐶 → 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐵
𝑍𝑛(𝑁𝑂3)2+ 𝑀𝑔 → 𝑀𝑔(𝑁𝑂3)2 + 𝑍𝑛
2𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 2𝑍𝑛 → 𝑍𝑛𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐻2
4. Double-Replacement Reaction (DoubleDisplacement)
• Involves an exchange of positive ions between two
compounds.
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐶𝐷 → 𝐴𝐷 + 𝐵𝐶
𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 + 𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂4 → 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
C𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 + 2𝐻2