MSIT-Acad 111 – AdvancedOperatinf System

and Networking

1. Make a list of five IT organizations and Conduct research on the operating systems they
employ.

1. Microsoft Corporation - The Windows Operating System has been around since the
1980s and has had several versions and updates (including Windows 95, Windows Vista,
Windows 7/8/10, etc.) Microsoft Windows is one of the popular operating system types and
is preloaded on most new PC hardware. With each new Windows update or release,
Microsoft continues to work on improving their users’ experience, hardware, and software,
making Windows more accessible and easier to use. Microsoft Windows contains a control
panel, a desktop and desktop assistant, disk cleanup, event viewer, and more. Many users
prefer Microsoft Windows because they say it’s compatible with many other kinds of
software. Many kinds of computer programs run best on Microsoft Windows because
they’re developed by Microsoft.

Microsoft Corporation is a technology company that develops and sells a variety of

software and hardware products. Some of the most widely used operating systems
developed by Microsoft are:

Windows 10: Windows 10 is the latest version of Microsoft's flagship operating system. It is
designed for personal computers, tablets, and other devices and includes features such as
Cortana (virtual assistant), Microsoft Edge (web browser), and the Windows Store.

Windows 8.1: Windows 8.1 is the predecessor to Windows 10 and was released in 2013. It
introduced a new interface, known as the "Metro" or "Modern" UI, and included features
such as live tiles, improved touch support, and a revamped Start screen.

Windows 7: Windows 7 was released in 2009 and quickly became one of Microsoft's most
popular operating systems. It introduced significant improvements over its predecessor,
Windows Vista, including a more streamlined interface, improved performance, and
enhanced security features.

Windows Vista: Windows Vista was released in 2006 and aimed to provide a more secure
and visually appealing operating system compared to Windows XP. However, it received
mixed reviews and was eventually overshadowed by the success of Windows 7.

Windows XP: Windows XP was released in 2001 and became one of Microsoft's most widely
used operating systems. It offered significant improvements over its predecessors, Windows
98 and Windows ME, and remained popular even after the release of newer versions.

Windows Server: In addition to desktop operating systems, Microsoft also develops server
operating systems, such as Windows Server 2019 and Windows Server 2016. These
operating systems are designed for use in data centers and enterprise environments.

These are some of the main operating systems developed by Microsoft Corporation.
However, it's worth noting that the company has also developed specialized operating
systems for specific devices, such as Windows Mobile for smartphones and Windows
Embedded for industrial devices.
 2. Apple Inc. - Apple macOS /IOSHead-to-head in the competition with Microsoft
Windows is Apple’s macOS. macOS and Windows are both examples of proprietary
operating systems, meaning that the company conceptualized, designed, developed, and
now sells their own OS. They’re designed and sold by the companies and aren’t meant to be
tampered with or tweaked by users. Apple and Macintosh computers run on the proprietary
macOS and OS X system, the first of which launched 20 years ago. There are also previous
versions or updates which include:

Kodiak (OS X 10 Beta)

Lion (OS X 10.7)
Mountain Lion (OS X 10.8)
Mavericks (OS X 10.9)
Yosemite (OS X 10.10)
El Capitan (OS X 10.11)
Sierra (macOS 10.12)
High Sierra (macOS 10.13)
Mojave (macOS 10.14)
Catalina (macOS 10.15)
Big Sur (macOS 11)

The macOS and Apple/Mac products are also known and beloved by their users for
ease of use and continually improving user experience. Fast processing speeds, a simple
desktop interface, and a wide variety of helpful resources make users excited about macOS.
Many users relish the instant connection with their computers and mobile phone hardware,
and enjoy the lack of bugs and hackers that Apple systems are known for.

3. Google LLC: - Operating System: Android

Google developed the Android operating system primarily for mobile devices such as
smartphones and tablets. However, it is also used in other smart devices like smart TVs and
wearables.

Google's Android OS.

The OS that companies including Google use to run its Android mobile smartphones
and tablets is based on Linux distribution and other open source software. Android OS is the
primary OS for Google mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. Android has gained
increasing popularity since its release as an alternative to Apple’s iOS for smartphone users
and is continuing to increase in popularity with new updates and exciting features.

4. IBM Corporation:
- Operating System: IBM AIX, IBM i
IBM offers its own operating systems like AIX, which is a variant of Unix, and IBM i, an
operating system capable of running on AS/400 and IBM Power Systems.

5. Oracle Corporation:
- Operating System: Oracle Solaris, Oracle Linux
Oracle provides operating systems such as Oracle Solaris, which is a Unix-based OS with a
focus on scalability, reliability, and security. Additionally, Oracle offers Oracle Linux, an open-
source operating system based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

REFERENCES:https://www.wgu.edu/blog/5-most-popular-operating-
systems1910.html#close
2. Why is the operating system required before the application?

The system is a fundamental software component that manages the hardware

resources of a computer system and provides a platform for other software, including
applications, to run on. Here are a few reasons why the operating system is required before
applications can be installed and executed:

1. System Management: The operating system handles various essential functions such as
process management, memory management, file system management, device drivers, and
network communication. It ensures proper allocation of resources, manages software
interactions, and provides a stable and secure environment for applications to run.

2. Hardware Interaction: The operating system acts as an intermediary between the

hardware and software layers. It provides a consistent interface for applications to interact
with different hardware components like the processor, memory, storage, and peripherals.
Without a compatible operating system, applications may not be able to utilize the hardware
effectively or at all.

3. Abstraction Layer: The operating system provides a layer of abstraction for applications,
shielding them from the complexities of the underlying hardware. It presents a standardized
set of APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) that allow developers to write software
without having to worry about low-level hardware details. This abstraction makes
application development easier and enables software portability across different systems
running the same operating system.

4. Security and Stability: Operating systems incorporate security mechanisms, authentication

protocols, and access controls to protect the system and user data from unauthorized access
or malicious activities. They also perform error handling, exception handling, and crash
recovery, ensuring stability and reliability for applications. Without a robust operating
system, applications would be more vulnerable to security threats, crashes, and instability.

5. Application Compatibility: Different operating systems have different software

frameworks, libraries, and runtime environments. Applications are often developed and
optimized to work specifically with one or a few operating systems. Thus, having the
appropriate operating system installed is necessary to ensure compatibility and proper
functioning of the applications.

Overall, the operating system forms the foundation of a computer system, providing crucial
services and resources that enable applications to run efficiently, securely, and reliably.