My Concept Sheet

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CLASS-10
Maths
 Index
Real Numbers 1
Polynomials 3
Pair of Linear Equations 6
in Two Variables
Quadratic Equations 8
Arithmetic Progression 10
Triangles 11
Co-ordinate Geometry 13
Introduction to Trigonometry 14
Circles 16
Areas Related to Circles 18
Surface Areas and Volumes 19
Statistics 20
Probability 22
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Class 10 Maths Concept Sheet
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Real Numbers
Type of Numbers
Natural Numbers: Whole number:
N = {1,2,3,4,5……….} W= {0,1,2,3,4,5……..}
It is the counting numbers It is the counting numbers + zero
Integers: Positive integers:
Z={…-7,-6,-5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5,6…} Z+= {1,2,3,4,5……..}
Negative integers:
Z-={…-7,-6,-5,-4,-3,-2,-1}

Rational Number: A number is called rational if it can be expressed in the form p/q where
p and q are integers ( q =/ 0).
Example : ½ , 4/3 ,5/7 ,1 etc.
Irrational Number: A number is called irrational if it cannot be expressed in the form p/q where
p and q are integers ( q =/ 0).
Example : √3,√2, √5, � etc
Real Numbers: All rational and all irrational number makes the collection of real number.
It is denoted by the letter R.
Prime number has only two distinct factors : “1”and number itself. Eg-2,17 etc
Co Prime Number Two numbers that have only 1 as the common factor. eg - 2 and 3
Composite Number - A number that have more than 2 factors. Eg- 4, 15
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HCF (Highest common factor):
HCF of two positive integers can be find using the Euclid’s Division Lemma algorithm
We know that for any two integers a, b. we can write
following expression
a=bq + r , 0 ≤ r < b
If r=0 ,then
HCF( a, b) =b
If r≠0 , then
HCF ( a, b) = HCF ( b,r)
Again expressing the integer b,r in Euclid’s Division Lemma, we get
b=pr + r1
HCF ( b,r)=HCF ( r,r1)
Similarly successive Euclid ‘s division can be written until we get the remainder zero, the
divisor at that point is called the HCF of the a and b.
HCF ( a,b) = 1 Then a and b are co primes.
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic: Composite number = Product of primes
HCF and LCM by prime factorization method:
HCF = Product of the smallest power of each
common factor in the numbers
LCM = Product of the greatest power of each prime
factor involved in the number
Important Formula: HCF (a,b) X LCM (a,b) =a X b
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Class 10 Maths Concept Sheet
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Polynomials
Basic Concepts
• Zeroes of a polynomial. k is said to be zero of a polynomial p(x) if p(k) = 0
• Graph of polynomial.
(ii) Graph of a linear polynomial ax + b is a straight line.
(ii) Graph of a quadratic polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c is a parabola open upwards like , if a > 0.
(iii) Graph of a quadratic polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c is a parabola open downwards like , if a < 0.
(iv) In general a polynomial p(x) of degree ‘n’ crosses the x-axis at atmost ‘n’ points.

• Relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients of a Polynomial.

(i) If α, β are zeroes / roots of p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, then

(ii) If α, β and γ are zeroes / roots of p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

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(iii) If α, β are roots of a quadratic polynomial p(x), then p(x) = x2 – (α + β) x + αβ
p(x) = x2 – (sum of roots) x + product of roots

1. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial and verify the relationship between the zeroes and
coefficient of polynomial p(x) = x2 + 7x + 12.
Sol. p(x) = x2 + 7x + 12
p(x) = (x + 3)(x + 4)
p(x) = 0 if x + 3 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
x = – 3 or x = – 4
– 3 and – 4 are zeros of the p(x).
Now,

2. Find the zeroes of 4x2 – 7 and verify the relationship between the zeroes and its coefficients.
Sol. Let p(x) = 4x2 – 7
Here coefficient of x2 = 4,
Coefficient of x = 0 and constant term = –7.
4x²
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3. Find a quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are

Sol. Let α, β are zeroes of quadratic polynomial p(x).
x²

4. Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum of whose zeroes is 0 and one zero is 5.
Sol. Let zeroes are α and β.
α + β = Sum of zeroes
α + β = 0 5 + β = 0 β = –5
Now product of zeroes = αβ = 5 × (–5) = –25
Let polynomial p(x) = ax2 + bx + c
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Class 10 Maths Concept Sheet
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Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables

Basic Concepts with Examples
• Linear Equation in Two Variables
An equation which can be put in the form
ax + by + c = 0
where a, b and c are real numbers {a, b ≠ 0) is called a linear equation in two variables ‘x’ and ‘y’

• General Form of a Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables

General form of a linear pair of equations in two variables is:
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and
a2x + b2 y + c2 = 0
where a1, b1, c1, a2, b2, c2 are real numbers such that
a12 + b12 =/ 0 and a22 + b22 =/ 0

• Solution of a Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables

The solution of a linear equation in two variables ‘x’ and ‘y’ is a pair of values (one for ‘x’ and other for ‘y’)
which makes the two sides of the equation equal.
There are two methods to solve a pair of linear equations:
(i) algebraic method
(ii) graphical method.

• Algebraic Method
We have already studied (i) Substitution method and (ii) Elimination method. Here, we will study
cross-multiplication method also.
If a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
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form a pair of linear equations, then the following three situations can arise:
(i) If then the system is consistent.

(ii) If then the system is inconsistent.

(ii) If then the system is dependent and consistent.

• Graphical Method of Solution of a Pair of Linear Equations

(i) If the graphs of two equations of a system intersect at a point, the system is said to have a unique
solution, i.e., the system is consistent.
(ii) If the graphs of two equations of a system are two parallel lines, the system is said to have no solution,
i.e., the system is inconsistent.
(iii) When the graphs of two equations of a system are two coincident lines, the system is said to have
infinitely many solutions, i.e., the system is consistent and dependent.
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Class 10 Maths Concept Sheet
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Quadratic Equations
A Polynomial of the form p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a =/ 0 and a, b, c are real numbers and x is a real variable
is called a quadratic polynomial.
An equation p(x) = 0, where p(x) is a quadratic polynomial is called a quadratic equation
i.e. ax2 + bx + c = 0, a =/ 0
Zeros of Quadratic Equations
Those values of x for which ax2 + bx + c = 0 is satisfied are called zeros of quadratic equation.
Quadratic equation is classified into two categories
• Pure quadratic equation of type
ax2 + c = 0
by putting b = 0 in ax2 + bx + c = 0
• Affected quadratic equation of type ax2 + bx + c = 0, b =/ 0.
Roots of Quadratic Equations
If α, β are the zeros of the polynomial ax2 + bx + c. Then α, β are called roots of corresponding equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0
p(α) = p(β) = 0
i.e. aα2 + bα + c = 0
and aβ2 + bβ + c = 0
Pure quadratic ax2 + c = 0 can be solved by any one of the following methods:
• By Taking square root
• By factorisation
Affected quadratic equation can be solved by any one of the following method:
• By splitting middle term
• By method of completing the square
D = b2 – 4ac, is called the discriminant which decides the nature of roots.
• If D > 0, Roots are real and unequal.
• If D = 0, Roots are real and equal.
• If D < 0, No Real roots are possible.
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The quadratic formula or Sridharacharya’s formula to find the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 is
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Class 10 Maths th Concept Sheet
Arithmetic Progression
A group of numbers connected by a definite law is known as sequence.

Arithmetic Progression (A.P.)

A Sequence in which each term is obtained from the preceeding term by adding a constant quantity to it.
A sequence is called a series if its terms are connected by the sign of addition or subtraction.
nth term of an Arithmetic Progression.
an = a + (n - 1) d = l
where ‘a’ is first term and ‘d’ is common difference ‘l’ is last term.

Selection of terms of an A.P.

• When odd number of terms are required. Take middle term as ‘a’ and common difference as ‘d’.
• When even number of terms are required take a - d, a + d as two middle terms and ‘2d’ as
common difference.
The condition for three terms to be in an Arithmetic Progression is that common difference between
them must be same.
t3 ‐ t2 = t2 – t1
Sum of n terms of an A.P.
l is the last term
a is the first term
d is the common difference
nth term from the end is : l - (n - 1)d.
where l is last term, d is common difference.
The Standard form of an Arithmetic Progression is
a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + .... (l - d) + l
a is first term, l is last term, d is common difference

nth term of an Arithmetic Progression is the difference of the sum to first n terms and
the sum to first (n - 1) terms
an = Sn - Sn - 1
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Class 10 Maths Concept Sheet
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Triangles
Basic Concepts with Examples
• SIMILAR TRIANGLES. Two triangles are said to be similar if
(i) their corresponding angles are equal and
(ii) their corresponding sides are proportional.
• All congurent triangles are similar but the similar triangles need not be congruent.
• Two polygons of the same numbers of sides are similar, if
(i) their corresponding angles are equal and
(ii) their corresponding sides are in the same ratio.
• BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM. In a triangle, a line drawn parallel to one side,
to intersect the other sides in distinct points, divides the two sides in the same ratio.
• CONVERSE OF BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM. If a line divides any two sides of
a triangle in the same ratio, the line must be parallel to the third side.
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BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM

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Class 10 Maths Concept Sheet
Co-ordinate Geometry
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Class 10 Maths th Concept Sheet
Introduction to Trigonometry
Trigonometric ratios
•The certain ratios involving the sides of a right angled triangle are called Trigonometric ratios.
Suppose:
b is the base
h is the hypotenuse
p is perpendicular
then,
sin A = Perpendicular = p
hypotenuse h
cos A = Base = b
hypotenuse h
tan A = Perpendicular = p
Base b
Reciprocals of the ratios are:
Cosec A= 1/sin A= h/p
Sec A= 1/cos A= h/b
Cot A= 1/tan A= b/p
• Sin x is a single symbol and sin cannot be detached from ‘x’.
This remark is true for other ratios as well
Trigonometric /Ratios of some specific angles
The specific angles are 0°, 30°,45°, 60°, 90°. These are given in the following table
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The value of sin A increases from 0 to 1, as A increases from 0° to 90°

The value of cosA decreases from 1 to 0, as A increases from 0° to 90°
The value of tan A increases from 0 to infinity, as A increases 0° to 90°
√2 = 1.414 and √3 = 1.732
Trignometric identities
• sin2 A + Cos2 A = 1
• 1+tan2 A = sec2 A
• 1+Cot2 A = cosec2 A
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Class 10 Maths th Concept Sheet
Circles
Facts that Matter
•Tangent to a Circle
A tangent to a circle is a line that touches the circle at only one point.
Theorem 1
The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius, through the point of contact.
Proof: We have the centre O of the given circle and XY is the tangent to the circle at a point P
Let us take a point Q on Xy other than P, Join OQ.

Obviously, Q lies outside the circle.

i.e., OQ > OP
Since, all the points on XY, except P lies outside the circle.
i.e., OP is smaller than all the distance of the point O from XY.
i.e., OP is the smallest distance of O from XY.
i.e., OP XY
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Theorem 2
Lengths of two tangents drawn from an external
point to a circle are equal.

Given: AP and AQ are two tangents drawn from a point A to a circle C (0, r).
To prove: AP = AQ.
Construction: Join OP, OQ and OA.
Proof: In MOQ and APO
LOQP = LOPA [Tangent at any point of a circle is perp. to radius through the point of contact]
AO = AO [Common]
OQ = OP [Radius]
So by R.H.S. criterion of congruency AOQ ::: MOP .
AQ = AP. [By CPCT] Hence Proved
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Class 10 Maths Concept Sheet
Areas Related to Circles
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Class 10 Maths Concept Sheet
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Surface Areas and Volumes

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Class 10 Maths Concept Sheet
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Statistics
• Lets remember that the mean, mode and median are measures if central tendency ie numerical
representatives of the given data.
• Mean of the grouped data
1. Using direct method:
2. Using assumed mean method:
3. Using step deviation method:

EMPIRICAL FORMULA
MODE = 3 MEDIAN - 2 MEAN
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•The mode of the grouped data is
Mode: l + ( f1–f2/ 2f1–f0–f2)x h
Where, l= lower limit of the class
h= size of the class
f1= frequency of the modal class
f0= frequency of the preceding class
• The Cumulative Frequency of a class-interval is the sum of frequencies of that class and the classes which
precede (come before) it.
• Median if the grouped data

Median = l + ((N/2–cf)/f) X h
Where, l = lower limit of median class
N = number of observations
cf = cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class
f = frequency of median class
h = class size
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Class 10 Maths Concept Sheet
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Probability
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DECK OF CARDS (52)

RED BLACK
26 26
HEART DIAMOND CLUB SPADE
KING KING
FACE CARDS

KING KING
QUEEN QUEEN QUEEN QUEEN
JACK JACK JACK JACK
10 10 10 10
9 9 9 9
8 8 8 8
7 7 7 7
6 6 6 6
5 5 5 5
4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
ACE ACE ACE ACE