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ETHICS

What is Ethics?

"ethos" tradition, habit, character, or attitude. Ethics or moral philosophy can be provisionally described as
the empirical study of moral decisions.

It is a systematic analysis of the nature of human actions. It is concerned about the correctness and
wrongness of the act. An act is deemed to be right or wrong, based on the intent, circumstances, or
character of the act itself

Normative and Meta

Normative ethics, by definition, examine whether a particular act should or should not be carried out.

There are two fields of normative ethics: moral philosophy and applied ethics on practical ethics.

Moral philosophy deals with moral ideas such as what human beings "must do or how human beings
should be." This also deals with our moral obligation, the meaning of the act, or the purpose of the act.

On the other hand, applied ethics is a philosophy that discusses strong and basic moral issues linked to
abortion.

Meta-ethics is a discipline that relies on meaning. It is a science that is seeking to address non-moral
questions about morality.

Importance of Ethic

 people can determine the difference between night wrong, good and bad
 people can sliminate actions that do not conform to what is right:
 people will be very careful to the actions and decisions to make:
 People will not be disturbed of the internal and external factors of not doing the right thing:
 Establish good habits of characters of a person:
 come up to rational decisions in facing an ethical dilemma:
 it makes a person responsible in the family, school and society
 a person becomes sensitive to the needs of others more than himself on herself: and
 Reminds a person to fully need conscience in decision making and a person can acknowledge
the actions made

Moral vs Non-Moral Standard

Countries and nations rich or poor, developed and underdeveloped have their own set of laws. policies,
cultures, traditions, customs, and beliefs. It may be acceptable to other countries but not acceptable to
others

People need to recognize the difference between moral principles and non-moral ones, to define the
basic ethical values that can direct our actions.

Moral standards normally promote the common good that is, the welfare and well-being of human beings,
animals, and the environment. Moral standards are a blending of norms and values. Therefore, norms
plus values pertain to moral standards. Norms as standards are basic guidelines regarding human acts.

Characteristics of Moral Standards

 Moral standards entail serious harm or benefit. Examples of this are the following: theft. the
murder of innocent people, respect others, a feeding program for the poor, etc.
 Moral standards are not determined by authority figures. Moral values should always be upheld,
even though they are at odds with self-interest. Cheating on examination is an example. It's not
because students are afraid of the teacher, instructor, or professor but the students know that is a
wrongful act.
 Moral standards should be adopted over other values, including self-interest. Moral standards
should always be retained even if they are at stake with self-interest.
 Moral standards are focused on objective considerations. The basis of considerations and
decisions must not be favorable only to a particular person or group. Anyone who commits
mistakes and wrongful acts then is punished accordingly
 Moral standards are perceived to be universal. Moral standards believed to be universal as it is
applicable anywhere and anytime. Telling the truth is a universal standard.
  Moral standards are correlated with different feelings and vocabulary. If anyone doesn't live up to
the norm or standards. he will feel guilty. bad, and wrong. The same is true when someone else
does not Live up to the expectations, norms, and standards, others may feel disgusted at this
person.

Non-Moral Standards

Non-moral standards, on the contrary. apply to Laws which are not related to social or Legal
considerations. Perhaps thess criteria are not inkerently related to morality or, by their very definition, lack
of ethical sense. Cxamples of non-moral standards are the following: etiquette, statutes, code of
professional ethics, etc.

How Moral Standards are Formed

 Morals are shaped by the beliefs af an individual

 Valves are the basis of the capacity of an individual to distinguish between Night and wrong.
 Morals build on this to farm concrete, context driven rules that regulate the actions of an
individual
 They ares formed from the expariance of a parson's life and are subject to spinion.

Factors How Moral Standards are Influenced

 the moral values or principles that we conform with, in our rearing:

 the character and manners that imbibad with us by means of birthright
 the religious values that our forefathers taught us:
 the values we learned from school:
 the moral conduct, ways and habits of those people around
 the direct and implied cultural norms:
 our Life experiences: and
 our critical thinking in these experiences.

LESSON 2. MORAL DILEMMA

What are Moral Dilemmas?

 The definitions characterized moral dilemma or ethical dilemma as:

 Making an option to one moral value over the other;
 A situation where moral values are equally significant;
 A scenario where a person has a strong moral reason in action, but not equally strong moral
reason in acting in another way;
 A state where a person should morally do one, two, or more and have difficulty in deciding any of
those conflicting choices.

Moral Dilemma

 Every human being, experience struggling to make a decision especially if there is an urgency to
make a choice.
 Weighing what is good and moral.
 Thinking which is the best between and among choices, and perhaps at stake or in a hot sit when
choosing.
 The choice may be favorable to some, however, not favorable to others.

It gets individual stress of judging as to whether the decision is good or not in travailing circumstances. A
moral dilemma or ethical dilemma applies to our personal life, in a job, in a profession, education, and
some others

Example: Discovering your best friend’s boyfriend cheating with another girl.

Three Levels of Moral Dilemma

Organizational Moral Dilemma

refers to a situation that causes an organization to respond negatively or positively to an ethical issue that
affects staff, shareholders, and society, as well as corporate ethics and customers.

It includes also the leaders' ethical actions in preserving financial reporting integrity.
Unrealistic and conflicting goals. A leader must have realistic and very clear goals so that his or her
subordinates understand what the organization is going through, hence, they can work together
thoroughly until they reach the goals of the organization.

2. Individual Moral Dilemma

pertains to a situation where individuals confront with several factors such as peer pressure, personal
financial position, an economic and social status which may influence all individual ethical standards.

due to peer pressure, an individual engages in a certain scenario in which may change their behavior and
attitude

3. Structural Moral Dilemma

The structural moral dilemma is that selecting a proper system of responsibilities and relationships, which
is a continuing universal challenge.

Concepts in Structural Moral Dilemma

Differentiation vs Integration

The conflict between the distribution of jobs and the organization of numerous activities generates a
classic dilemma. The more complicated a task structure, the more difficult it is to sustain a centered,
tightly coupled organization.

Gap vs Overlap

When the main tasks are not explicitly defined, the critical job will slip through gaps. In a similar manner,
functions and activities can overlap, causing conflict, wasting time, and unintended duplication of
responsibilities.

Lack of Clarity vs Lack of Creativity

When employees are not clear about what they are expected to do, they often adapt their tasks to
personal interests instead of system-wide goals that often lead to problems. Yet when people 's duties are
over defined, they comply with their positions and procedures in a bureaucratic manner. They specifically
follow job requirements as to how much the service or product fails.

Excessive Autonomy vs Excessive Interdependence

When individuals or groups are too independent, they are always isolated. On the other hand, if the units
and responsibilities are too closely connected, people are absentminded from work and waste time or
excessive coordination.

Solutions:

 Must have well-distributed jobs and the laws, policies, rules, and regulations must be balanced
through lateral approaches.
 Must have an implicitly defined job description, roles, and duties to evade from gaps and
overlaps.
 Must have a clear-cut expectation of the tasks in a wide range of goals
 Must have a well-balanced interdependence and coordination.