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Lecture 13

The document discusses the moment-curvature relationship in reinforced concrete (RC) sections, focusing on deflection calculations at service load levels using two main approaches: effective inertia and curvature. It details the curvature approach, which involves integrating moment-curvatures and accounting for tension stiffening in cracked concrete, as well as incorporating time-dependent effects like creep. Additionally, it highlights the importance of ductility in RC members under earthquake forces and provides methods for adjusting the elastic modulus of concrete due to creep.

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memarahmadkhalid
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3 views

Lecture 13

The document discusses the moment-curvature relationship in reinforced concrete (RC) sections, focusing on deflection calculations at service load levels using two main approaches: effective inertia and curvature. It details the curvature approach, which involves integrating moment-curvatures and accounting for tension stiffening in cracked concrete, as well as incorporating time-dependent effects like creep. Additionally, it highlights the importance of ductility in RC members under earthquake forces and provides methods for adjusting the elastic modulus of concrete due to creep.

Uploaded by

memarahmadkhalid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Moment-curvature relationship in RC sections

 General behavior of RC section in deflection can be understood from


the moment-curvature relationship
Deflection of RC beams
 To calculate deflection at service load levels there are two
approaches
 The effective inertia approach
Mservice < Mcr : Use transformed section Ig

Mservice > Mcr : Use effective Ie

 The curvature approach


Mservice < Mcr : Use transformed section Ig
Interpolate between cracked and non-
Mservice > Mcr :
cracked curvatures
Deflection: Curvature Approach
Deflection: Curvature Approach
Deflection: Curvature Approach
Deflection: Curvature Approach
 The curvature approach depends on the fact that the beam deflection can be
computed by integrating moment-curvatures

d =  M y dx
 The curvature at any section can be determined twice:
 First for uncracked section M
y =
1
E c Ig

 Second for cracked section


y2 = M
Ec I cr
 The two curvatures can be then interpolated while considering principles of
tension stiffening in concrete (Ghali et al. 2002)
Deflection: Curvature Approach
 Concrete carries some tension after being cracked: This phenomenon
is known as “tension stiffening”

Moment Uncracked (y1)

Uncracked/cracked (ym)

Cracked (y2)
Mcrack
Tension Stiffening
Curvature (y)
Deflection: Curvature Approach
 In this case we will interpolate between curvatures at two states of
cracking y1 and y2
y m = 1   y 1   y 2
2
M 
 = 1  b 1 b 2  cr   0.4
 M 
 b1 and b2 depends on bond and load sustainability levels
 b1 = 1.0 for high bond and 0.5 for plain bars
 b2 = 1.0 for first loading and 0.5 for sustained loads

 This method can provide consistent incorporation of the time-


dependent effect as the curvature can be linked directly to the time
dependent effects on inertia as well as on the modulus of elasticity
Deflection: Curvature Approach
 Now the curvature determined at different locations of the beam can be integrated
in a matrix format (See Ghali and Azarnijad 1999)
2 4
 If three sections parabolic variation
2
d =
l [y 1  10y 3  y 5 ]
96
 If five sections linear variation
1 3 5
2
d =
l [y 1  6y 2  10y 3  6y 4  y 5 ]
192
 The curvature at the end section will be zero for simple beams (except if there is
restrained shrinkage effect) and will be negative for continuous beams
Deflection: time-dependent effects
 As concrete creeps under sustained loads, time-dependent “creep”
effects will increase the deflection of sustained loads
 Two methods to incorporate the time-dependent creep effect
 If Branson’s equation – ACI approach is used
 If the curvature approach is used
 The ACI approach uses a multiplier, therefore it has a limited
accuracy.
 The curvature approach can use any classical or recent creep
prediction models. The predicted deflections using the curvature
approach with time-dependent effects are usually accurate.
Deflection - Curvature approach
𝜓𝑢
𝐶𝐷𝑅 =
𝜓𝑦
𝜖𝑐 = 0.003

c 𝜓 𝜓𝑦 𝜓𝑢

𝜖𝑦 𝜖𝑠 >
𝜖𝑦

𝜓𝑦 = 𝜖𝑦 /(d-c)

• CDR is a measure of cross sections ductility, its ability to deform (rotate) inelastically without failing.
• A CDR > 4 is desirable for RC members subjected to EQ forces Members deform significantly into the
inelastic region before the loss of flexural capacity. CDR>4 reduces the probability of total collapse of
structure in an EQ.
Deflection - Curvature approach

𝑓𝑐′ =3.6 ksi

𝑏 = 12 “
54.6
1
4.1 “ C= ∗fc*4.1*12 =71.1
2
fc = 2.22 ksi <3.6 ksi
d= 17 “
12.9 “ 𝜓𝑦 𝜖𝑦 = 0.00207
𝑓𝑦 = 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝐴𝑠 = 0.91 in2 54.6
𝑇 =As fy =71.1 kips
𝜓𝑦 = 0.00207/12.9 = 1.604e-4 rad/in
Creep effects: Curvature approach
• To account for the effect of creep, the elastic modulus of concrete will be
reduced due to creep.
• Creep coefficients f(t,t0) can be evaluated the ACI code (Committees 209 &
435) models or the CEB-FIP 1990 code .
• The time-dependent modulus of elasticity can be determined

Ec t0  Modulus of elasticity


Ec t ,t0  = at time of loading (t0)
1   f t ,t0 

Aging coefficient = 1.0 for constant Creep coefficient


load and 0.8 for time-increasing load between time of
(Trost and Bazant 1972 model) loading t0 and time t
Creep effects: Curvature approach
• The new elastic modulus is called (Age-adjusted modulus of elasticity)
• Considering the change of elastic modulus of concrete, we can
determine an age-adjusted transformed section properties by
considering an age-adjusted modular ratio

Es
n( t ,t0 ) = I ( t ,t 0 )
Ec ( t ,t0 )
M
y ( t ,t0 ) =
Ec ( t ,t0 ) I ( t ,t0 )

age-adjusted transformed moment


of inertia (gross or cracked)
Age- adjusted modulus of elasticity
Curvature approach - Deflections
Moment – Area Theorem

The change in slope between A


and B (θ) is equal to the area of
the φ diagram between A and B.

The deflection of B from the tangent


at A(Δ) is equal to the moment of the
φ diagram between A and B about B.
Curvature Approach for Deflection
Curvature Approach for Deflection
Curvature Approach for Deflection
Curvature Approach for Deflection

60

10.4

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