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3 Civics 8 Unit Test III Notes

The document outlines key concepts from the Renaissance, Age of Exploration, and Reformation, highlighting significant figures, events, and contributions. It emphasizes the revival of classical ideas, the impact of exploration on global trade, and the religious transformations during the Reformation. Additionally, it discusses the influence of these historical periods on modern Europe and the feudal system's role in governance.

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11 views

3 Civics 8 Unit Test III Notes

The document outlines key concepts from the Renaissance, Age of Exploration, and Reformation, highlighting significant figures, events, and contributions. It emphasizes the revival of classical ideas, the impact of exploration on global trade, and the religious transformations during the Reformation. Additionally, it discusses the influence of these historical periods on modern Europe and the feudal system's role in governance.

Uploaded by

christandergabrielmanalo2011
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Civics 8-unit test III Notes

Renaissance

Art Techniques:

o Sfumato: Technique used by Leonardo da Vinci for light and shadow effects.

Pre-Renaissance Event: The Black Death significantly reduced Italy's population.

Italy's Renaissance Advantage: Its geographical location facilitated trade and cultural exchange.

Famous Painting by Leonardo da Vinci: The Last Supper

Liberal Arts Focus: Painting, literature, and rhetoric

Catholic Church Role: Funded many artists and projects

Renaissance Contributions:

o Revival of Greek and Roman ideas

o Focus on human potential

o Secular and individual achievements

Meaning of Renaissance: Rebirth

Origin: Began in Italy

Birthplace City: Florence

Father of Humanism: Francesco Petrarch

Major Trading Hub: Venice

Author of The Prince: Niccolò Machiavelli

Age of Exploration

Ferdinand Magellan:

o Proved circumnavigation of the globe, inspiring further exploration.

Indirect Rule Advantage:

o Reduced need for military presence and controlled trade/resources easily.

Spanish Armada Defeat (1588):


o Led to the rise of England, the Netherlands, and France as imperial powers.

Americas as Cash Crop Source:

o Ideal climate and soil for crops like sugar and tobacco.

Transatlantic Slave Trade:

o Provided labor for colonial agriculture.

Birth of Globalization:

o Worldwide trading network connecting the Americas, Europe, and Asia.

Connection to Humanism: Encouraged curiosity for scientific knowledge and geographic


discovery.

Maritime Science Improvements: Enabled faster and further sea travel.

Christopher Columbus: Opened the Americas to European colonization.

Primary Economic Motivation: Search for new trading routes and valuable resources like spices
and gold.

Spain & Portugal's Exploration Leadership:

o Support from the Catholic Church

Mercantilism:

o Encouraged colonization for wealth through controlled trade.

Reformation & Religious Changes

Society of Jesus (Jesuits): Founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola for missionary and educational work.

Council of Trent: Reaffirmed Catholic doctrines in response to Protestant Reformation.

St. Teresa of Avila: Founded the Discalced Carmelites; wrote The Interior Castle.

Peace of Augsburg (1555): Allowed German princes to choose between Catholicism and
Lutheranism.

Protestant Reformation: Movement to reform the Catholic Church.

Martin Luther: Initiated the Reformation with the 95 Theses.

Indulgences: Selling forgiveness for sins, opposed by Luther.

Huldreich Zwingli: Swiss reformer opposing veneration of saints.

Predestination: Calvinist belief in predetermined salvation.


Henry VIII: Founded the Church of England.

Renaissance Influence on Modern Europe:

o Revival of arts, literature, humanism

o Emphasis on individual potential and secularism

Feudal System in the Early Middle Ages:

o Provided governance and security

o System of lords, vassals, and serfs

Christianity's Influence in the Byzantine Empire:

o Shaped values and norms

o Influences seen in art, law, and cultural traditions

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