next time you’re enjoying a stroll through the streets of Manila and you hear

lumapit!, you’ll know what to do. Learn more about Tagalog in Task D, on page
89.

Study Questions
1 How many morphemes are there in the word terrorists? threecterrortistts

2 What kind of morpheme is the suffix in slowly? derivational

clychang slow fromaj.toverb
3 What are the functional morphemes in the following sentence?
When she walked into the room, the doctor asked me if I had a sore throat
or an annoying cough.
l.proniii she I me 2preposiiioninto3article ii the a an4conjiiiions
4
less.ly er
(i) List the bound morphemes in these words: fearlessly, happier,
misleads, previewer, shortening, unreconstructed
mis pre er re ed
(ii) Which of these words _ing un stem:
has a bound consist, deceive, introduce,
repeat? deceive ceive is bound

5 Which of these words contains an allomorph of the morpheme “past

tense”? None gehem
are, have, must, sitting, waits
were
6 Which word(s) in the following sentence would you put in a closed class?
hndonlypnnncansesatwaicte A.to
Bob brought hot donuts to class.
簪
pronous
7 Which word(s) in the following sentence would you put in an open class? I
verbsasiadr
nouns
put it on the shelf near you and him. A put shelfnear innyontene

8 How many regular inflectional morphemes are there in English?

l 5 2 ed 3 ing 4 en 5 er 6 test7 s8 5
9 What are the inflectional morphemes in these expressions?
 (a) Have you eaten yet?
e
(b) Do you know how long I’ve been waiting?
in
(c) She’s younger than me and always dresses in the latest style.
er.es es
(d) We looked through my grandmother’s old photo albums. ed s s
(e) My parents’ parents were all from Scotland. s
5
10 What is the difference between the -er morphemes in the words smaller
and singer? 1Smallerer isaninflectionalmorphemeccomparsion
iisa
derivationalmorphemecnountromǔerb
2 singer
11 What are the allomorphs of the morpheme “plural” in the following set of
English words? s dogs judges
Irregular oxen stimuli
Zeromorpheme deer creteria
criteria, dogs, oxen, deer, judges, stimuli

12 In Indonesian, the singular form translating “child” is anak and the plural
form (“children”) is anakanak. What is the technical term used to describe
this relationship?
A Redupdiuntioncanak anaknak
13 When she heard some exciting news, one British English speaker
exclaimed, “Fanflamingtastic!” What is the morphological process involved
here?
A Infixation fannitaming
14 Provide equivalent forms, in the languages listed, for the English
translations shown on the right below.
abadongo

kuman

Tasks
 A What is “suppletion”? Were there any examples of English suppletive
forms described in this chapter?
Suppletionrefertothetwowordwitht.no
inflectional
morphology.Ago7went be_ isyuas
B What are enclitics and proclitics? Does English have both? What are some
typical English examples? Why aren’t they just called affixes?
EX Enclitiis scit'sPro
clitics tc'tis They asaffixesbecnncetgn
considered
aren't andikeahixcs
words
independent 在root
aremoy
which nord's

C The regular past tense suffix (-ed) has three different pronunciations that
illustrate a connection between the morphology and phonology of English,
an area of investigation described as “morphophonology.”

meaning lt
(i) Can you complete Table 6.4 (similar to Table 6.3, on page 84), listing
the following verbs in the past tense as examples of each of the three
pronunciations?
cherish, detest, flirt, hug, kiss, like, loathe, love, offend

(ii) Can you state the phonological conditions that determine how the past
tense morpheme is pronounced?Aftervoicelesssound ldl
Attervoicedsound
TABLE 6.4 Past tense allomorphs adiAfeerltortdl

iii 雄ii.no 㸑 i啙
D Using what you learned about Tagalog, plus information from the set of
examples here, create appropriate forms of these verbs for (1)–(10) below.

basag (“break”), bili (“buy”), hanap (“look for”), kain (“eat”)

bǎ
binǎqap
戀nnng
管
hiiinnhnǎn
humanhannp
E Look over the following examples from Hungarian (based on Frommer
and Finegan, 2015) and try to answer the questions that follow.

(i) Complete example (10).

(ii) Which are the five free (adjective) morphemes in the data?

(iii) Which are the four pronouns? Are these lexical or functional
morphemes?

(iv) Which are the three verb suffixes? Are these derivational or
inflectional suffixes?

(v) Which are the two adjective suffixes? What do you think is the basis
for choosing one or the other?

F Using what you learned about Swahili and information provided in the set
of examples below, create appropriate forms as translations of the English
expressions (1)–(6) that follow.

G These examples are from Samoan, as reported in Yu (2007: 24), and based
on Mosel and Hovdhaugen (1992). (The consonant represented by ʔ is a
glottal stop, as described in Chapter 3.)
 (i) What is the morphological process involved here and where exactly
does it take place in the word form?

(ii) What would be the plural of avága (“elope”), má (“ashamed”),

maʔalíli (“cold”) and toʔúlu (“fall”)?

H Regular nouns in Tamasheq (spoken in north-west Africa) have different

forms when they are singular or plural, masculine or feminine.

(i) Using the general patterns in the examples listed here (based on
Sudlow, 2001), fill in the missing words to complete the chart.

(ii) Can you describe the general patterns found here relating singular to
plural forms of the same noun?

(iii) Are the affixes involved derivational or inflectional? Is there a special

term for affixes that have the structure illustrated in most of the plural
nouns here?
I The following examples are from Manambu, a language spoken in northern
Papua New Guinea, as reported in Aikhenvald (2008). (There is also a basic
description in Aikhenvald and Genetti, 2014.) They illustrate a derivational
process in which noun- like forms are created from verb stems. After
studying the first set of examples and the additional verb stems, can you add
appropriate forms to the sentences below?

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)
 (6)

(7)

(8)

J Singular and plural nouns take different forms in Setswana (or Tswana),
spoken in Botswana and South Africa. Think about how these words are
formed, based on Cole (1955), then try to complete the sentences that follow.

(1) _______________ barata ______________.

“(The) teachers like (the) school.”

(2) ____________ batshaba ______________.

“(The) girls fear (the) thing.”

(3) ____________ obatla ____________________.

“(The) man wants (a) pair of trousers.”
 (4) ______________ othusa ______________.
“(The) farmer helps (the) cooks.”

K Kuku Yalanji (or Guugu Yalandji) is an Aboriginal language spoken in

north Queensland in Australia. As in many languages, derivational prefixes
and suffixes are used to create words with related meanings.

(i) Using those connections in meaning and morphology, try to complete

the following set.

(ii) Which affix seems to convey the meaning “not having”?

(iii) Which affix seems to convey the meaning “a lot of”?

L Daga is spoken in the Central District of Papua New Guinea. The

following examples are based on Murane (1974), cited in Mithun (2014).
Try to work out how possession and location are marked by affixes in the
first set of examples, then complete (1)–(6) below.
M We can look at how some plural nouns are formed in Arabic to illustrate
non-concatenative morphology (i.e. not adding affixes to words). Think
about these examples, adapted from Yule and Overstreet (2017: 49), and try
to choose the appropriate plural forms from the list to fill the spaces.

’aflam ’aqlām ’arbā’ ’atfāl ’asbāb ’asdiqā

’ashjār ’ashur ’awlād ’awrāq ’ayādi✓ ’ayām✓

Discussion Topics/Projects
I In English, plural forms such as mice appear to be treated in a different
way from plurals such as rats. If you tell people that a place is infested with
mice or rats, they will accept the compounds mice-infested and rat-infested,
but not *rats-infested. This would suggest that the forms with the regular
plural affix (-s) follow a different rule in compounding than irregular plural
forms such as mice. Can you think of a way to state a rule (or sequence of
rules) that would accommodate all the examples given here? (The asterisk *
designates an unacceptable form.)

(For background reading, see chapter 6 of Pinker, 1999.)

II In Turkish, there is some variation in the plural inflection

(i) Can you provide the missing forms?

(ii) What are the two plural morphs exemplified here?

(iii) Treat the written forms of a and o as representing back vowels and e
and i as representing front vowels. Using this information, can you state
the conditions under which each of the plural morphs is used?

(iv) On the basis of the following phrases, how would you describe the
Turkish translation equivalents of your and the conditions for their use?

(v) While English usually marks location with prepositions (in a house or
at a place), Turkish has postpositions (house-in or place-at). After looking
at the following examples, try to identify the three versions of the
“location” suffix and the conditions for their use.