TWEBSITE: Wi. FREEILM.COM] WANT TO GET ALL SUBJECT NOTES: UW. FREEILM. COM] EXERCISE 3 QI Solve the following systems of linear equations by Cramer’s rule. @ x +242 =3 3x -2y -22 = 1 Sx+y -32 52 (Board 2016,21) 2 2 1 Sol: Here A =|3 -2 - 4 1-3. a 2 F 4 & IAL. -2 +2) Se 1-3 Expanding from Ry 3-2) [3 -2 5-3 «| | {= 2 x (— 3) - (—2) x 1}-2{3 x (- 3) -(- 2) x 5} +1{3 x 14-2) x 5} {6+2}-2{-9+10}+1{3 +10} 7 = 16-2413 = 2 Ln, AL -|i <9) | DY Re) wena => IA)! ={1 -2 -2| 2 1 -3 Eipehng fom Ry i) lel, 73 -3 +f) | beicoxt 3)-2)x 1} -2 (1xC3)-C2)x 2} #11 x1 2)«2) =3(6+2)-2{-344) +1 (144) =24-24+5=27 23 1 Ayes 183 5 2 -3, aa 1 = Ade 3 1-2 5 2-3 Expanding from Ry 3-2 $1 a2 og 3 -3[3 31*1 | a =2{1x(3)- (ane =3(3%@3) -C2)x5}4 1(3X2-1%5)}2 (-344)-3 [-94 10) + (6-5) 2-34+1=0 [23 3:-2 2. = IAs I= Ay 1 Smeal 23 3°-2 1 sit 22 Expanding from Ry -21 3.1], /3 -2 =2| 1 al-2(3 33 [5 | =2(-2x2-1x1}-2(3x2-1x5} +3 (3x14-2)x5) =2{- 4=1}-2 {6-5} +3{3 +10) =-10-24+39=27 2 ss = {(1,0,1)} (ii) 2x, - x) + x} 4x, + 2x, + 3x3 3x, - 4x. -"x3 Sol: 2-1 2 a4: 2d, “a 4 2 3 3-4-1 Expanding from R, 23 42 |7_ }x-ol 3 +15 il = 2(2x(- 1)-3x(- 4)} + 14 x (- 1) -3 x 3} + 1{4x (~4)—2x3} =2{-2 +12}+(-4-9}+{-16-6} = 20-13--22= -15 Here A = [: 3 => IAl= S11 Ar = [8 2 4| 324-1 $-1 1 =>iAl = [8 2 3 3-4 -I 25 (2x 1)-3xC4)} + (8xXCD- 3x 3)}+ 18 X (-4)- 2x3} {-2 +12) + (-8-9} +1 (-32-6} = 50-17-38=-5 25.1 neff 3 33-1 275+ 1 lal = [4 8 3 303-1 Expanding from Ry 8 3 a .3 48 =2|5 - |-5|3 -il+i[3 51 =2(8x(-1)-3x3}-5 {4xCD- 3x3} +1{4x3-8x3} =2 {-8-9}-5 (-4-9) + (12-24) =-34 465-12 =19 ae : 2 dl 3-4 3. 2-1 5 4 2.8 3 =4 3 Expanding from Ri 2 OS ale 4 2 alt sels $l+5|3 41 =2{2x3- 8x (—4)} +1 {4x3-8x3} +5 {4x (-4)-2x3) =2 (6 +32} +1 (12-24) +5 {- 16-6} =76-12- 110=76-122=-46 Now As = 1g! 1 -19 46 (ax) =(h2. 48 (ii)2x) —xy +#x3. = 8 M+ 2x2 + 2x3 =6 M7 2-x3 =1 Sol: Now, given system is 3) (Board 2021,22)2X1 = +43 =8 X1 + 2x3 4 2x X12 == 1 The matrix form of the system is 7 GE weft Yd mae el, i 2 1 NowlAls| 1 1 1 1 2 2 -1 2 2 2 2 1 a i. =l5 aboot _ lai = 2{2(-1) -2(-2)} + (1-1) -2)} +1{1€2) -2()} 244) + (-1-2) + (2-2) 2) + (-3) +(4)=4-3-4= jam eee Expanding from R, 2 2G ol gina) 4 alo} = ei]? 4 = 8(2(-1) -2C-2)} + 146-1) -20)} +1{6-2) -2(1)} (244) + (6-2) } + (-12-2] (2)+(-8)+(-14)=16-8-14 = 2-1 -1 2) Expanding from Ry 2 ~2| and Ay 2 -1 6 1 A= -1 28 1 andAz=[1 6 2 Dot a 2 8 1 =lAg=|1 6 [Expanding form R i ae 2H 6 4 oft azo =|} “4 It -1 aft i = 2(6(41) -21)} - 8(1E1) -20)} +1(1(1) - 6(1)) =2{-6~2) ~8 (1-2) + (1-6) = 2(-8) -8(-3) + (-5) =~ 16+24-5=3 2 -1 8 2 6 "4 -1 8 2 ‘| Expanding form Ry 21 Lg ol; ts|; 2 (=2)} + 1{1(1) -6(1)} +8 (1-2) -2(1)} =2(2+412} + { 1-6} +8 {-2-2} (14) + (-5) + 8-4) = 28 - 5-32 5 Add TAL Now x1 Ad = lal IAs| atAd © x= Tay = Thus’ (x1, x2 , %3) = XL 2 or | xz x31 Q2_ Use matrices to solve the following systems @ x-2ytz=-41 Sxty-2=4 y-2=1 Sol: Now, given system is (Board 2022) The matrix form of the system is 1-2 11x] [-a 31-2 ]ly }=] 4 o1-idle 1 1 <1 LetA=} 3 1-2 |,x4y | Bo 4 z 1 Then system is AX =B => X=A"'B x i 0 1-1 So first we will find A-1 | 1-2 se? “{-tht lt -1 | {1x 1)=(-2) x1) =(-14+2)=13-2 0-1 An =(-1)' 1 i ~2x(-2)-1x1} {2-1}=-1 An =(- 1)? axe -1-0 An =(-1)3 {1x 1-(-2)x0} Ay = (1341 An =(-1)9*! =(1){-2x(@2)-1x1} =(4-1)=3 11 ro een |", | {1x(=2)-1x3} {-2-3)=5 rps |! | ~? Nae ) {1x 1-(-2) x3} ={1+6}=7 1-2 1 3 1-2 0 1-1 Expanding by Ry -142}+2(-3-0)+ 1(3- 0) =1-6+3=-270 Aur Aaj Asi Ap An Ax Ais Ags Ags am Ass x 1 y |=|1 Joxeby=iz=0 Zz 0 Gi) 2x1 +x243x3 =3 xi tx2— 2x3 —3x1 x2 + 2x3=- 4 Sol: Now, given system is 2x) + x2 + 3x3=3 X1 + Xz -2x3 =0 3x) -X2 + 2x3 =-4 The matrix form of the system is 2s 3 fixe) [i 1 2lr- 0 3° 0-1 24Lxs 4. PAUL €) 3 tat at x4 t]o- 0 3 -1 2) lel L-4. Then system is AX=B => X=A'B So First we will find A” wa | b--2 An=Cp |) 5 =(-1¥ {1Q)-@y-D)} = + (2-2) =0 Wy An=Ch'? |, 4 = C1? (12)-2)-3)) == (2-6) =4 an=cy|4 |} = (-1)' (1C1) -1-3)} =(D{-143} 2%, Ag = (CD! et | =(C1Y' {12)-3-1)} =-{2 +3) =-5 [REPORT ANY MISTAKE AT: [email protected]]Anscn| 3 3 =" (2@)-3¢-3)) =+ (449) =13 eye] 2 <1 Assy | Si} CH 2-1) -1-3)} $-(-243)=1 acco | 3] = (1 (1C2)-3()} =+ (-2-3} =-5 mac 3 = (A)? (2-2) -3()} =- (443) 57 asecye|t f = (“1° (2(1) - 1} =(1)(2-D=1. Matrix of cofactors = An Ap *] Aa An Aga 31 Asa Ass. 0.4.2 =/-5 13-1 a os 4 Now IAI = an Aun + ar Ai + a3 Ais = 2(0) + 1(4) 432) =04+446 1 fo 5 -5 Adj. A=[Aj]sa=]4- 13 7 2 ,fo 3s sTP3 Sox=75/4 13 7/0 2° 4 1 Sh. i is +(-5)(0) +-5)(-4) | 10 4(3) + 13 (0) +7 (-4) 2(3) + 1(0) + 1(-4) " ak a $e Bs " sk Lp 58 oy i I tape utioo 3 Par mS " ' tp 109 1 OF (X1, X2, X3) = di) x+y =2 mx-2z =1 2y- 3z=-1 Sol: "Now, given system is Ox + 2y ~3: ‘The matrix form of the system is wai | Ox 2 Wy yep 2 o 2 -3°Jbz J b-1 171 0 LetA=| 2 0 -1 |, 0 2-3 oe Then system is AX=B => X= AB So first we will find A” mee fet as wore [Eto An=en | 5 2 [4 Ans (141 hed “3 Anz |b oo | --3 REET14 Ags (- 1243 =) secon || anceo [bt =e |, 1, % dseene? [2° | at 11 Ay =(- 1343 =-2 een || fl 1 | lal=b o-1 j0 2-3 Expanding by Ri |A| = 10042) -1(- 6-0) + 0(4-0) 24+6=840 AC qi Au Aa Ast “Tal An An Ax As Ax Ass ie? 2 -ck =3] 6-31 4-2 -2 md or y f=} 1 | >xsLyalz=1 zJ Li Q3 Solve the following systems by reducing their augmented metrics to the echelon form and the reduced echelon forms. Sol: The augmented matrix of the given system is 1-2 2: el @. 8sMa 5 4 3: 1 We will reduce the above matrix to echelon form, by applying elementary row operations only. By Rp-2R > Rx, Rs — SRi ORs i 20° 2: -1 Blo.7°°s 3 0 6 1 2 2 E 1 2 6°67 1-2 2 Bl Orel 2: 0 0 19 1-2-2 R20) ey 2 Ole OF A The equivalent system in the (row) echelon form is X1-2x-2n=-1 —> (i) X27 2x3=-3 — wi) ~=i9 — iii) Using eq, (iii) in eq. (ii), we have : 19 19 Using eq. (iii) and eq, (iv) in eq. (i), we have 24 9) 4 (24 x1-2(- a)-2 19 18 48 m+ ]9~19 =! @ x - Ixy -2xy=-1 uz +81 2x) +3 + G= 1 8x -4x; -3n= 1 n= ‘[HEBSITE® Will, FREETLM.COM] [REPORT ANY MISTAKE AT: [email protected]]= 37448 se i 41519 Thus the solution is eplh a Me 24 N=t]g M=-]5, =a Now we reduce the matrix 1-2 -2:; -1 0 1-2: -3 24 oo 1 1 to reduced (row) echelon from 10 -6 :.-T R] 01 -2: -3 By 24 |Ri+2R2 9 Ri 19. oo 1:3 100: 3 searey R 010: Fy] RRR, R.+2R; 9K oom Ae The equivalent system is in the reduced (row) echelon form Hence 9 9° which is the solution of given system. 1 24 X= Ip > X2= %3= 79 (ii). x+2y+z = 2 — Goard 2018) 2x+ y+2z=-1 2x+3y-z2 = 9 Sol: The. augmented matrix of the given %, system is, 1 * 2). ly 222 [: 12-3 | Biss <8! eth igi 9 reduced (row) echelon form ie. We reduce the above matrix by applying elementary-row operation i.e, 121: 2 1: 2). 04g; 2 5 i 1 2: -1 On Dare 2° Booed 9, 20 001:% 12 toy 2 By oe ef 3 0: | Ry 2Ri Ra 0 -t 3 + 5) RoR sR, ‘[HEBSITE® Will, FREETLM.COM] [REPORT ANY MISTAKE AT: [email protected]] 12132 By BR 5 1 ’ 01 0:3) 7 ROR 0-1-3: 5 121:2 Blo o: 3/By R3 +R, R3 oo 3; 2 3 12) La 2 By Rg 5 1 ‘ Ol Oe rae —ZRs Rs o01;-% 9 The equivalent system in the (row) echelon form is ‘Substituting eq. (ii) & (iii) in eq. (i), we get 5 x423] = =2 =-10 20, -30+20418 xe +5 425= 5boas et 3 Blo. S| ByRr2Rr Ri & ‘ oor: -2 9 100 3 B B : Mg O10: > R-ROR, oo1: -% 9 The equivalent system is in the reduced 5 (row) echelon form, hence x = 9, y= 3,2= 20 —"- which is the solution of the given system. (ii) x1 + 4x2 + 2x 2x + x= 2x. 3x; + 2x2 — 2x3 = 12 Sol: The augmented matrix of the given system is 1 ATR . a2 2 1 Rie £9 3 2 2°32 We reduce the above matrix by applying elementary row operations, i.e:, 14 2 21 9 s.2 12 14 2:2 By Blo -7 -6 : 5|R-2R9R 0-10 -8 + OR, aR R 1 4 2:3°2 Blo 1 2: 3 0-10 8: 6 By -3R) + 2R3—> Ry By ow Sor onan ons The equivalent system in the (row) echelon form is Xp + 4x2 +249 =2 (ii) ii) in eg. (ii), we get (iv) xe ‘Thus the solution is x=2, x Now we reduce the matrix 1 4 2 2 0 1 2 + -3} toreduced (row) 0 0 i. "22 echelon form. 14° 248.2 2 1.2: 0 0 1: ~ 10 6: 14 , Blo 1 2: -3|ByR4R.>Ri 0 0 41: ~ 0 0: 1.0: o 1: By R1+6R;Ri, R2-2R; Ro The equivalent system is in the reduced (row) echelon form, hence Xp=2;x2= 1,x%3=-2 which is the solution of the given system. Q4 Solve the following systems of homogeneous linear equations. @ x+2y—22=0 2x+ y+5z=0 Sx+4y+82=0 Sol: Now, given system is x+2y-22=0 x+y +5250 Sx+4y+82=0 The matrix form of the system is, Bt et der Bf LetA=|2 1 5 5 4+ +8, 12 2 NowlAl=|2 15 [Expanding from Ry : ae | 8 aly ales shea | = 1 {1(8) -5(4)} ~2 {2(8) -5(5)}-2(2(4) -1(5)} = 1 {8-20} -2{16 - 25} -2 (8-5) ‘Thus system has a non-trivial solution. Multiplying equation (i) by 2 and. then subtracting equation (ii), we get @ = 2x+4y-42=0 (> Rxty+5z=0 3y-9=0 > 3y=% > y=3z liv) and Multiplying equation (i) by 2 and subtract from equation (i), we get @= x+2y-2=0 (=> t4x4 2vt102=0 —3x-12z2=0 => 3x -12z fre) Substitute equation (iv) and (v) in equation (iii), we have (v= 5-42) +4Gz) +82=0 = 202 + 122482 =0 => 0=0 (satisfied). Which shows that the equation (i), (ii) and iii) are satisfied by x=-4t, y=3tand z=t for any real value of t Thus the system consisting of (i), (ii) and (ii has infinitely many solutions. (ii) x1 +4x2 + 2x = 0 2x,+ %2-3x2=.0 3x1 + 2x2 - 4x3 = 0 Sol: Now, given system is X1 + 4x2 + 2x3 = 2x) + Xo ~ 3x2 3x1 + 2x2- 4x3 =0 The matrix form of the system is 1 4 2[x] fo 21 3 f=} 32 4 Lal Lo. 1 4 2 Let A i 1.5 302 ~ ind 2 = lAle|2 1-3] Expanding form R, 302. +4 i 3 2 -3 i i “il; al a4] +213 - 2] = 1 (1-4) -3)(2)} -4{2(-4) 4-3)3)} +2{2(2)- 13)} = [-4+6)-4(-8+9) +2(4-3} =2-4(1) +2(1)=2-44+2=0 => IAI=0 ‘Thus system has a non-trivial solution. Multiplying equation (i) by 2 and the subtract equation (ii), we get (> 2x1 +8x2+4x3=0 (i> 22m 2x43 =0 Tx. + Tx =0 > =-% soissesllV) and multiplying equation (ji): by 4 and the subtract from equation (i),we get @> x1 +4x.+2x3=0 (i> 48x +4x0F 123=0 ~Tx; + 14x; =0 2X1 = 2X3 (v) Substitute eq. (iv) and (v) in eq. (iii), we get 3(2x3) + 2(- x3) — 4x5 =0 6x3 — 2x3 — 4x3 = 0 => 0=0 (satisfied) Which shows that the eqs. (i), (ii) and (ii) are satisfied by x) = 2t, x» =—t and x3=t for any real value of t. Thus the system consisting of eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii) has infinitely many solutions. (i) x1-2x2- x3 =0 x1 + X2+ 5x3 =0 2x1 — X24 4x3=0 Sol: Now, given system is 1 —2x2=x3=0 xi +x2+5x3=0 2x1 ~ x2 +4x3 =0 The matrix form of the system is Eee >5] Expanding from R, 4 1 1 ‘ Jaco]; il = 1{1(4) -S(-1)} +2 (14) -5@2)} {1C1)-1@)} = (445) +2 (4-10) -1 (- 1-2} 9+2(-6)-13) 9-124+3=0 the system has non-trivial solution. Subtracting equation (i) from equation (ii), we get G)> xi tm +5520 @> x1 ¥2x2Fx3=0 3x2 + 6x2 =0 > 1 =-2x3 av) and Multiplying eq, (ii) by 2 and adding eq. (i), we get a> -2x-x3=0 (i) 2x) + 2x24 10x3=0 3x1 + 9x3=0 > x1 = 3x3 (¥) Substituting equation (iv) and (v) in equation (iii), we get (iii= 2(-3%s) = (-2xs) + 4x3 = 0 6x3 + 2x3 +4x3 = 0 0=0 (Satisfied) Which shows that the equation (i), (ii) and (iii) are satisfied by x1 =-3t, x2 =-2tand x3 = t for any real value of t. Thus the system consisting of (j), (fi) and (iii) has infinitely many solutions. Q.5 Find the value of A for which the following system has: non-trivial solution. Also solve the system for the value of A. @) x+ y+ 2=0 2x+ y-An=0 x+2y-22=0 Sol: Now, given system is x+2y-22=0 ii) ‘The matrix form of the system is ES SBME 11-1 LetA=|2 1° 12 2 Given system has a non-trivial solution if lal= roi 4 2 1 i 2 2 1 Al {2 -Af [20-0 1b ahh allt |=0 1 (1-2) -(-A)2)} -1(2- 2) —- MD} + 1{2(2) -1()} = (-242A) -{-4 4A} + (4-1) = =24+24+4-243=0 2+5=0 = 1=-5 ‘Now the given system becomes @ > xty+2=0 Gi) > 2x+y-C5)z=0 Gii)> x-+2y 22 =0 or > =0 Expanding from Ry xty+z= axty+5z= x+2y-22=0 (ii) This system has a non-trivial solution. Subtracting equation (i) from equation (iv), we (iv)=> 2x+y+5z=0 (Vv) Multiplying equation () by 2 and subiracting from equation (iv) W)> x+y +52=0 @=> £2x£2y+2%=0 ~y+3z=0 3 B82 eee (vi) Substitute equation (v) and (vi) in equation ii), we get (iii)=> - 42 + 232) -22 => -424 62-2; => 0=0 (satisfied)which shows that the equation (j), (ii) and (iii) are satisfied by x = — 4t, y =3t and 2 = t for any real value of t. Thus the system consisting of (j), (ii) and ii) has infinitely many solutions, (ii) x1 + 4x2 + Ax 2xi+ x2 -3x=50 3x1 + Ax — 4x3 =0 Sol: Now, given system is 1+ 410 + 23 =0 2x1 + x2 —3x3 3x1 + Ax: - 4x3=0 The matrix form of the system is 1 4 A)—m] fo 2 1 3] }m|=]o 3 -4Jexst LO. 1.42% LetA=}2 1 -3 3A. Given that the system has ,a non-trivial solution if [Al = 144 =|2 1 = OExpanding from Ry 304 wilt SLE hax dec Sl{l4)--3)))+ (26-4) -C 3)@)} +2 (20) -1@)} = => {-4+3A] 4 [-8+9} +2 (24-3) =0 => 44+34—-4(1) +20?-32=0 = 2N-8=0 >Ma4 = Vat Ford = 2, the given system becomes @> x1 +4x2+2x5= (=> 2x, +x2-3x3=0 Gi) 3x1 + 2x2 - 4x3 = This: system has a non-trivial solution. Multiplying equation (iv) by ‘2’ and the subtract equation (ii), we get (ivy 2x) + 8x2 + 4x3 = (i> 42x tx F 3n=0 Tx +73 =0 > m= (vi) Multiplying eq, (i) by “4” and then subtract eq. (iv), we get (ii=> 8x1 + 4x2 - 12x3 =0 v= txt 4x +2x5=0 Tx; - 14x3=0 => x22 Substitute eq. (vi) and (1 get 3(2xs) +2(-x3) ~4x3 = 0 => 6x3 — 2x3 — 4x3 = => 0=0 — (Satisfied) Which shows that the equation (iv), (ii) and (v) are satisfied by x1 = 2t, x2=—t and. x3= 1 for any real value of t. Thus the system consisting ‘of (iv), (ii) and (v) has infinitely many solutions. For =—2, the given system becomes @> x1 44x. - 2x: @> 2x1+x2-3xu=0 Gi) 3x1 - 2x) — 4x3 = i) in eq. (v), we Multiplying. eq. subtracting eq. (ix), we get (iii)=> 2x1 + 8x2- 4x3 = 0 (j= £2x,4x,F3x,=0 Tra=%3=0- => 127 KY enulai) Multiplying eq. (ix). by and then subtracting eq. (viii). We get (x)= 8x1 + 4x2 — 12x3 = 0 (iii) + it 4x F 2x3 =0 Tx - 10 > x= (xii) Substituting eq. (xi) and (xii) in eq. (x), we get (xi)=> 3 ) ~2xs ) ~415=0 0 2 = 7 3-5 x 4x50 30x; — 2x — 28x5 = : =0 => 0=0 (satisfied) Which shows that the equation (viii), (ix) and (x) are satisfied by x; Wheeazt and x3 = t for any real value of t. Thus the system consisting of (vi and (x) has infinitely many solutions.Q.6 Find the value of A for which the following system does not possess a unique solution. Also solve the system for the value of fk. Xi + 4x2 + Axy=2 2x1 + xX2— 2x3 = 11 3x1 + 2x2 ~ 2x3 = 16 Sol:, Now, given system is X1 + 4x9 + Ax3 =2 2x1 + x2 — 2x: 3x1 + 2x2 — 2x3 = 16 ) Sol: The augmented matrix of the given system is 1 4 A: 2 2" Ee 3 2 2 : 16 We reduce the above matrix to echelon form by applying elementary row operations only 1 .4 ah coed Rlo 7° 2m: 7 0 10 -2-3 » 10 By Rot (-2) Ri > Reand Rs + (-3) Ri 3 Ry ve Ze wy y R 2420, Bl o Woon: 0 -10 -2-3.: 5) Rk 14 Mg 2 2. 45h: Hl = o ape 61, . 00 Fr By Rs +10R) > Rs The system does not possess a unique solution if 120 orif 6-2=Oorif h=6 6 we have the echelon matrix e 6 2 0 12:0 “42. 2° 6 Rio 1 2: 41 ByRi+(4) RR ‘The system is reduced to equivalent system = 2x5 =6 me-2e-1 As xs is arbitrary, so we can find infinitely many values of x and y from equations (a) and (b) or the system is satisfied by =246,%=-2t-1, m=t for any real value of t. Thus the system of equations has infinitely many solutions.