A TYPICAL SEX CHROMOSOME  Psychological and emotional challenges

 95% cannot get pregnant naturally

Chromosome
Treatment Options for Swyer Syndrome
 A thread-like structure in the nucleus of a cell that contains
DNA and proteins.  Hormone replacement therapy to induce puberty and
 Chromosomes are passed from parents to offspring. feminization
 Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, or 46 total  Surgery to remove streak gonads and prevent complications
chromosomes.  Psychological support to address emotional and
 Each pair contains one chromosome from each parent. psychological challenges
 The number of chromosomes varies between species
Recommendations to manage their condition:
 Chromosomes determine an individual's sex.
 Females typically have two X chromosomes (XX), while  Regular doctor Visits
males have one X and Y chromosome (XY).  Psychological counseling
 The presence of the Y chromosome triggers male  Regular Exercise
development during fetal development.  Balanced Diet
 Health planning and Life style.
SWYER SYNDROME
KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME
What is Swyer Syndrome?
 Klinefelter’s Syndrome is a genetic condition that affects
 Swyer Syndrome is a rare condition caused by a genetic
males, occurring when they are born with an extra X
mutation on the Y chromosome. It results in the failure of
chromosome (XXY instead of the typical XY). This syndrome
testes development and the formation of ovaries in
is named after Dr. Harry Klinefelter, who first described it in
individuals with a Y chromosome.
1942. It is one of the most common chromosomal disorders
Two types of chromosomes in males, affecting approximately 1 in 600 newborn boys.
Individuals with Klinefelter’s Syndrome may have physical,
1. X Chromosome: Females have two X chromosomes (XX),
cognitive, and reproductive differences compared to typical
while males have one X chromosome (XY).
males. Understanding this syndrome is crucial for early
2. Y Chromosome: Males have one Y chromosome (XY), while
diagnosis and effective management.
females do not have a Y chromosome (XX).
Causes and Genetic Background
Swyer Syndrome is genetic disorder
 Klinefelter’s Syndrome is caused by a random genetic error
 Delayed or absent puberty
during the formation of sperm or egg cells, leading to an
 Short stature
extra X chromosome. This results in a total of 47
 Increased risk of certain Cancer
chromosomes (47,XXY) instead of the typical 46. The
 condition is not inherited but occurs by chance, affecting  Estrogen- Primarily produced in females, influences the
testosterone production and male development. development of female genitalia and contributes to the
feminization of the brain.
Common Symptoms
Impact on Gender Identity
 Boys and men with Klinefelter’s Syndrome may have taller
height, reduced muscle mass, and less facial and body hair.  While hormones significantly influence physical
They might experience breast enlargement (gynecomastia) development, their role in gender identity is complex and not
and smaller testes, often leading to infertility. Learning fully understood.
difficulties, delayed speech, and social challenges are also  Some studies suggest that prenatal testosterone exposure
common. might influence gender-typed behaviors like toy preferences
and spatial abilities.
Diagnosis & Treatment
 However, the impact on gender identity itself is thought to be
 Diagnosis is confirmed through a chromosomal analysis minimal.
called karyotyping. Hormone tests may also show low
Puberty and Hormonal Changes
testosterone levels. Treatment includes testosterone
replacement therapy to support physical development.  During puberty, a surge in hormones further influences
Educational support, speech therapy, and counseling help gender development.
with learning and social skills. With proper care, individuals  Testosterone in males triggers the development of
can lead healthy and productive lives. secondary sexual characteristics like facial hair, deepening
of the voice, and muscle growth.
THE ROLE OF HORMONES IN GENDER DEVELOPMENT
 Estrogen in females triggers the development of breasts,
 Hormones play a critical role in gender development, widening of hips, and menstrual cycles.
influencing both physical and psychological characteristics.
Social and Environmental Factors
Prenatal Hormone Influence
 It's important to note that gender development is a complex
 During prenatal development, sex hormones like interplay of biological and social factors.
testosterone and estrogen are crucial for the development of  Socialization, family dynamics, cultural influences, and
sex organs and the brain. personal experiences all contribute to shaping an
 Testosterone- Primarily produced in males, influences the individual's understanding of gender.
development of male genitalia and contributes to the
masculinization of the brain.
TESTOSTERONE testosterone, seeking medical evaluation is important for
proper diagnosis and treatment.
Testosterone is a hormone primarily produced in men's testicles
and, to a lesser extent, in women's ovaries and adrenal glands. ESTROGEN
Here's a breakdown of its role, significance, and conclusion:
What is Estrogen?
 Male Sexual Development: Testosterone is crucial for the
 Estrogens are female hormones. They are produced by the
development of male sexual characteristics during puberty,
body and are necessary for the normal sexual development
including muscle mass, facial hair, and a deeper voice. It
of the female and for the regulation of the menstrual cycle
also plays a role in sperm production.
during the childbearing years.
 Muscle Growth and Strength: Testosterone promotes muscle
growth and strength, contributing to physical performance How Estrogen Affects The Body?
and overall body composition.
 Bone Health: Testosterone helps maintain bone density and  Reproductive system: Estrogen helps develop secondary
strength, reducing the risk of osteoporosis. sex characteristics, like breasts and hips, and prepares the
 Mood and Cognition: Testosterone is linked to mood body for pregnancy
regulation, motivation, and cognitive function.  Menstrual cycle: Estrogen regulates the menstrual cycle
 Brain: Estrogen may help protect the brain from dementia by
Significance: - reducing inflammation and amyloid beta levels
 Overall Health: Testosterone plays a significant role in Symptoms Of High Estrogen
various bodily functions, impacting physical, mental, and
sexual well-being.  Menstrual irregularities: Heavy or irregular periods, or no
 Age-Related Decline: Testosterone levels naturally decline periods
with age, potentially contributing to conditions like low libido,  Breast changes: Breast swelling, tenderness, or dense
fatigue, and muscle loss. breast tissue
 Medical Conditions: Low testosterone, known as  Mood changes: Irritability, depression, or mood swings
hypogonadism, can be caused by various medical  Weight gain: Weight gain that can't be explained by diet or
conditions and can lead to a range of symptoms. exercise changes

Conclusion Symptoms Of Low Estrogen

 Testosterone is a vital hormone with diverse roles in the  Dry skin.

body, impacting various aspects of male health. Maintaining  Tender breasts.
healthy testosterone levels is crucial for overall well-being,  Weak or brittle bones.
particularly as men age. If experiencing symptoms of low  Trouble concentrating.
 Moodiness and irritability.
INTERPERSONAL INFLUENCES be both) in the early phases of development wherein some
part of a person's libido was stuck at a particular phase.
Gender development is an important topic within the
Freud claimed that caregivers, such as the parent, who
academic discipline of psychology. Psychologists focus on hoe
cannot meet the child's needs, would create
individual traits interact with the social environment to produce
 frustration. On the other hand, over-satisfying the child's
behavior. Psychology is often interested on how biological and
needs would hinder the child from moving to the next phase
mental processes produce or affect behavior.
and thus creating over-indulgence. Fixations could attribute
Psychodynamic theory for a person's odd behavior later in life. (Thornton, 2019)

 Psychodynamic theory explains that human behavior is the Freud's phrases of psychosexual development:
result of a person's unconscious psychological processes,
The chief component of Freud's psychosexual development was for
and that the adult personality is crucially shaped by
the child to identify with the same-sex parent-the boy identifies with
childhood experiences (Thornton, 2019). Psychodynamic
his father and the girl identifies with her mother. However, other
theory is closely associated to Austrian psychoanalyst
early psychologists who tested Freud's theories were unable to find
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and his psychoanalytic
support for his claims. Nevertheless, Freud's psychosexual theory is
approach. Several psychoanalysts built on, and at the same
still very significant as it was his studies that moved more research
time challenged, Freud's views.
and founded other theories on processes by which a person
 Generally, libido means "sexual drive" or "sexual activity".
identifies as male or female.
However, even though the term is from Freud'sa theories,
libido is actually more than sexual drive or sexual activity, In Stage Ages Focus of Major Adult
Freud's phases of psychosexual development, he used the Libido Development Fixation
term libido to mean as "energy that comes from drives or Example
instincts that direct behavior" (Exploring Your Mind, 2018). A Oral 0 to 1 Mouth, Weaning off of Smoking,
drive is an instinctual need that compels the person to act or tongue, breast feeding overeating
behave in a certain way. Freud further differentiated two lips or formula
kinds of drives: the life drive and the death drive. The life Anal 1 to 3 Anus Toilet trainingOrderliness,
messmess
drive refers to feelings of love or affection. These are
Phallic 3 to 6 Genitals Resolving Deviancy,
impulses that drive us to connect to other people. On the
Oedipus/electra aexual,
other hand, the death drive controls risky behaviors such as
complex dysfunction
aggression. Latency 6 to 12 None Developing None
 Thus, the hashtag YOLO (You Only Live Once), which is a defense
call to live life to the extreme at great risk, is an example of mechanisms
Freud's death instinct (Schmidt Hellerau, 2001). Genital 12+ Genitals Reaching full If all stages
 Another crucial term in Freud's theory is fixation. Fixation is sexual were successfully
a result of either frustration or over-indulgence (it could also maturity completed
 then the 1. The child can identify the self as well as other people as a
person girl or a boy (mama is a girl and papa is a boy).
should be 2. However, gender is based on physical appearance and not
sexually seen as constant. Thus, a girl sporting a barber cut could be
matured identified as a boy.
and
mentally Stage 2 Gender stability (starting at five years old)
healthy
1. The child can somewhat identify that gender stays as the
person grows older (boys would become daddies and girls
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY would become mommies).
2. The child still does not fully appreciate that gender is
 The cognitive developmental approach to gender
constant even when physical appearances change.
development was first proposed by American psychologist
Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987). Kohlberg is also heralded Stage 3 Gender consistency (at around six or seven years old)
as the first to theorize that a child's gender development is
driven by their cognitive understanding of gender. 1. The child now has full appreciation that gender is constant
 The theory stressed that a child develops an understanding through time and appearances, and across situations.
of gender as he or she actively seeks information from his or
her environment and organizes gathered information based
still on his or her cognitive understanding of gender groups KOHLBERG’S THEORY OF GENDER DEVELOPMENT
(Martin, et al., 2002).
Introduction
 Kohlberg maintained that this method of processing gender-
related information impacts the child's behavior and beliefs Children cannot distinguish between appearance and reality.
about appropriate behavior for boys versus girls and men Kohlberg Argued that changes in gender thinking about because of
versus women. the natural stages of a child' s cognitive development He proposed
 Cognitive developmental theory influenced subsequent a set of gradual stages:
cognitive theories under a common theme that the
foundation of gender development is primarily the child's Stages of Gender Development
understanding on gender. Gender 2-3.5 years Label gender-but
Labelling/Identity only based on
Kohlberg's stages of gender development appearance
Gender Stability 3.5-4.5 years Gender is
Stage 1 Gender labelling/gender identity (starting at three consistent over
years old) time but cant
generalise this to
others.
 Appearance is still socialization. Children learn to behave in ways that will benefit
a factor a factor them. For example, a child receives positive feedback (in forms like
Gender 6 years Gender is constant parental approval or the child getting what he or she wants) from
Constancy/Consistency across time and parents when conforming to expected masculine or feminine
situations. Gender behavior. These sources of gender norms in children also contribute
appropriate to the child's negative view of self when these sources react
behavior. negatively to the child's behavior that does not conform to gender
norms.
Socialization Theory Social Cognitive Theory
Another theory that attempted to explain gender development is the Social-cognitive theory explains human behavior as a three-way,
Socialization theory. This theory posits that socialization is dynamic, give and-take model. This theory describes three factors
responsible for gender development, and not biological influences that play important roles in gender development. These are
(Boivin & Martin, 2014) For example, American psychologist Sandra personal, behavioral, and environmental. The theory claims that all
Bem's gender schema children learn about male and female roles three factors continually interact with each other which keep
from the culture that they are part of, and that children align their development, and in this instance, gender development, going
behavior with their culture's gender norms right at the earliest (Bussey & Bandura, 1999). For example, children observe their
stages of their development (Bem, 1981). Indeed, evidence in surroundings and form personal beliefs based on their
research found children as young as two years old displaying observations. They then act out these beliefs in their environment.
knowledge of gender categories as influenced by the toys their Their environment in turn either accepts or rejects their behavior. If
parents gave them to play as well as the stereotypical the behavior was accepted by the environment, the child' s formed
categorizations that the parents used in describing the toddlers' toys personal belief would be confirmed; but if the behavior was
dolls are for girls and trucks are for boys (Zosuis et al., 2011). The rejected, then it meant the formed personal belief was negated.
repeated gender categorization by the people in the child's
environment formed the child's thinking and behavior as he or she Overview
tries to remain consistent with the gender norms taught to them.
Lawrence Kohlberg ' s theory of gender development proposes that
The four potential sources of gender development in children as a children ' s understanding of gender progresses through three
result from socialization are: 1. Parents. The primary role models of stages: gender labeling, gender stability, and gender constancy.
their child's growing years. 2. Peers. Children conform to what their This theory emphasizes the cognitive development of children as
peers expect them to behave to avoid negative reaction. 3. the primary driver of their gender identity formation.
Institutions. Religious organizations, school, and the workplace are
Straight Hair
examples of places where gender stereotyping is propagated
further as gender labels are emphasized, especially when these McConaghy (1979): This study found that 3-5-year-old children in
institutions react negatively to non conforming behavior. 4. Self- the gender stability stage relied heavily on external appearances,
such as clothing, to determine gender, even when a doll' s genitals Kohlberg ' s theory attempts to provide a holistic explanation of
were visible. This supports Kohlberg ' s argument that children in gender development by combining cognitive, social, and biological
this stage still rely on external cues. - Halim et al. (2013): This factors. However, its limitations in addressing social influences and
cross-cultural research found that children aged 3-6 who diverse gender identities highlight the need for more comprehensive
understood that gender was constant were more likely to dress and inclusive models
rigidly according to their gender. This suggests a link between
SOCIALIZATION THEORY
cognitive understanding of gender and behavioral conformity.
Another theory that attempted to explain gender development is the
Strengths of Kohlberg's Theory
Socialization theory. This theory posits that socialization is
 Active Role of the Child: Kohlberg's theory recognizes that responsible for gender development, and not biological influences
children actively participate in their own gender (Boivin & Martin, 2014)
development, suggesting an element of choice and free will.
Background
 Cross-Cultural Support: Research like McConaghy and
Halim et al. provides evidence for the universality of For example, American psychologist Sandra Ben's gender schema
Kohlberg's stages, suggesting a biological predisposition for children learn about male and female roles from the culture that
gender development they are part of, and that children align their behavior with their
culture's gender norms right at the earliest stages of their
Weaknesses of Kohlberg's Theory
development (Bem, 1981),
 Limited Social Influence: Kohlberg ' s theory primarily
Indeed, evidence in research found children as young as two years
focuses on cognitive factors and neglects the influence of
old displaying knowledge of gender categories as influenced by the
parents, peers, and social interactions on gender
toys their parents gave them to play as well as the stereotypical
development.
categorizations that the parents used in describing the toddlers' toys
 Lack of Inclusivity: The theory does not account for
- dolls are for girls and trucks are for boys (Zosuls et al., 2011).
individuals who identify as nonbinary, transgender, or gender
fluid, limiting its applicability to diverse gender experiences. The repeated gender categorization by the people in the child's
environment formed the child's thinking and behavior as he or she
Determinism vs. Free
tries to remain consistent with the gender norms taught to them.
Kohlberg ' s theory suggests a degree of determinism in gender The four potential sources of gender development in children as a
development, as cognitive maturation leads to a fixed result from socialization are:
understanding of gender. However, the theory also acknowledges
Potential Sources
the active role of the child in identifying with their own gender,
suggesting an element of free will. 1. Parents. The primary role models of their child's growing
years.
Holistic Approach
 2. Peers. Children conform to what their peers expect them to group the child sees as personally influential. If the child believes
behave to avoid negative reaction. that those who rejected the behavior are personally influential, then
3. Institutions. Religious organizations, school, and the he or she would change the behavior
workplace are examples of places where gender
Do the other hand, if the people who accepted the behavior aze
stereotyping is propagated further as gender labels are
personally influential, then the child would continue with his or her
emphasized, especially when these institutions react
ways. This dynamic relationship further creates complex systems
negatively to non conforming behavior.
that perpetuate gender development.
4. Self-socialization. Children learn to behave in ways that will
benefit them. For example, a child receives positive As Such, Behavior Relating To One's Gender Can Emerge
feedback (in forms like parental approval or the child getting Through:
what he or she wants) from parents when conforming to
expected masculine or feminine behavior. 1. Observing the environment
2. Experiences resulting from one's behavior
Result 3. Direct instructions from people who the child consider as
primary influences on how to behave
These sources of gender norms in children also contribute to the
child's negative view of self when these sources react negatively to Socialization Theory And Social-Cognitive Theory
the child's behavior that does not conform to gender norms.
Both assert that environment factors are highly influential in gender
Social-Cognitive Theory development. However, socialization theory views the environment
as the primary initiator of the child's development. Social-cognitive
Social-cognitive theory explains human behavior as a three-way,
theory, on the other hand, believes that internal motivation drives
dynamic, give and-take model. This theory describes three factors
the child's development.
that play important roles in gender development. These are
personal, behavioral, and environmental. FOUNDATIONAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES
For example, children observe their surroundings and form personal To talk about why the concept of gender exists in the first place, we
beliefs based on their observations. They then act out these beliefs need to go back to the three theories that are considered the
in their environment. Their environment in turn either accepts or foundation of sociology. All three theories have different
rejects their behavior. If the behavior was accepted by the perspectives on why gender exists.
environment, the child's formed personal belief would be confirmed;
but if the behavior was rejected, then it meant the formed personal Gender roles imply that men and women are expected to occupy
belief was negated. functions based on their sex. It is the product of the interactions
between individuals and their environments. Below are the common
Since environmental response differ (some people would accept the sociological perspectives which highlight logical explanations
behavior, others would rejert it), the child's formed personal belief regarding the gender-family connection
and the behavior that she or he displays would depend on which
Sociological Theories emotionally supportive roles) and men are socialized into
instrumental roles, i.e., task-oriented roles.
 Conflict Perspective. This theory explains that society is a
stage on which struggles for power and dominance are
acted out. This assumption can be applied to the family and,
Post Discussion Activity
by extension, to gender roles. Its continued domination by
males requires a belief system that supports gender At a time when behaviors that do not conform to gender norms
inequality, such as women are inferior outside the home, but were seen as a sign of poor mental health, Dr. Sandra Bern
they are more valuable inside the home (Collins, 1994). developed the Bern Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) to challenge this
 Structural-Functionalist Perspective. This theory argues that view.
society is made up of symbiotic parts, which contributes to
the functioning of the whole society. It asks how any given Dr. Bern asserted that it was possible to be both masculine and
element of social structure contributes to overall social feminine at the same time and that this was the healthiest
stability and balance (Thio, 2008) . psychological state. The BSRI measure traits of masculinity,
femininity, and androgyny (the combination of the feminine and
Preindustrial Society masculine traits in one's personality).
During this society, the equality between men and women was Take the BSRI to see whether you are feminine, masculine, or
maintained by giving them different tasks. The hunting gathering androgynous. An open source, modernized interactive measure can
and subsistence farming activities of most preindustrial societies, be found at Open-Source Psychometrics Project.
role specialization according to gender was considered a functional
necessity.
In their assigned hunting roles, men were frequently away from
home in prolonged periods and centered their lives on their
responsibility of bringing food to the family. Women's functional
roles are more limited to pregnancy, childbirth, and nursing.
Sometimes, women also acted as farmers and food gatherers, but
they were dependent on men for food hunting and protection.
Symbolic Interaction Perspective
It asserts that people do not respond directly to the world around
them, but to the meaning they bring to it (Stark, 2007). This
perspective also explains that gender roles are learned through
socialization process wherein women are socialized into expressive
roles (women are traditionally socialized, i.e., nurturing and