SCIENCE Q3 TESTES - Produces sperm and testosterone (Sex hormones ng

The Human Reproductive System mga lalaki that is essential for the production and maintenance of
It is a set of organs and structures that work together to ensure the sperm) that affect the way bodies develop. There are two testes,
survival of the species by producing offspring. It is a specialized typically housed in the scrotum, a pouch of skin located outside
set of organs and structures responsible for producing, the body. The cooler temperature in the scrotum is ideal for sperm
transporting and facilitating the union of male and female production.
reproductive cells, ultimately creating offspring.
SCROTUM - The external pouch of skin that houses and protects
• In males it includes organs like testes which produces
the testes. It helps regulate the temperature of the testes by
sperm, and in females it includes organ like ovaries which
moving them closer to or farther from the body. The scrotum
produces eggs.
contains a layer of smooth muscle that contracts or relaxes to
• It is essential for creating life, maintaining health, and
adjust the position of the testes, keeping them at a temperature
supporting the growth of families and societies.
slightly lower than the body’s internal temperature, which is
The Human Reproductive System’s 4 functions
essential for sperm production.
• To produce gametes (egg and sperm cells)
• Each gametes contains 23 chromosomes wherein it is very significant EPIDIDYMIS - A coiled tube located at the back of each testis. It VULVA - The collective term for the external genitalia. The external
in creating offspring. part of the female reproductive system and plays several
serves as a storage site for sperm and is where sperm mature and
• To store and transport these reproductive cells important roles in sexual and reproductive health. It acts as a
gain the ability to swim. Sperm are transported from the testes to
• This process ensures that reproductive cells remains viable during protective barrier for the internal reproductive organs
the epididymis, where they stay until ejaculation.
both storage and transport, making assisted reproduction or genetic
conservation possible even long after collection. MONS PUBIS - A mound of fatty tissue covered by pubic hair,
VAS DEFERENS - Are muscular tubes that transport sperm from
• To nurture offspring as it develops located above the pubic bone. It is a mound of fatty because the
the epididymis to urethra in preparation for ejaculation. Carries
• Particularly in the context of assisted reproduction, na kung saan effects of estrogen and other hormones on the body, especially
sperm from the testes to the urethra during ejaculation. There is
nagpo-provide ng suitable environment for the offspring to grow and during puberty. It is an important part of the female anatomy
one vas deferens for each testicle. These tubes pass through the
to thrive. contributing to protection. Ang role niya is to shield internal
• To produce hormones inguinal canal and travel into the abdominal cavity, looping
organs, signaling sexual maturity.
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS around the bladder to connect to the ejaculatory ducts.
LABIA MAJORA - The outer, fleshy folds of skin that protect the
URETHRA - The tubes that carries urine from the bladder to the
internal reproductive organs. The term labia majora translates to
outside of the body and semen during ejaculation. In males, the
"larger lips” or “outer lips” The purpose or the function of this is to
urethra runs through the penis and serves a dual purpose: it is
enclose and protect the other external genital organs.
involved in the excretion of urine and in the expulsion of semen
during ejaculation. LABIA MINORA - The inner, smaller folds of skin inside the labia
majora that surround the vaginal opening. The term labia minora
PROSTATE GLAND - Produces a fluid that is part of semen. This
translates to “inner lips” Labia can be short or long, wrinkled or
fluid is slightly alkaline and helps to nourish sperm and neutralize
smooth. Often one lip is longer than the other.
the acidic conditions of the urethra. The prostate surrounds the
PENIS - The external organ involved in sexual intercourse and the urethra just below the bladder and contributes to the composition CLITORIS - A small, highly sensitive organ located at the top of the
expulsion of semen. It allows sperm to be deposited into the of semen. It also plays a role in muscle contractions during vulva, responsible for the sexual pleasure. The clitoris plays a
female reproductive tract. The penis consists of three columns of ejaculation. crucial role in sexual pleasure. It is very sensitive to touch and
erectile tissue that fill with blood during sexual arousal, leading to contains more nerve endings than any other part of the vulva
an erection. During sexual arousal, yung blood flow sa clitoris ay nag increase
Female Reproductive Organs which leads to swelling and extra sensitivity.
3 PARTS OF PENIS:
GLANS - covered by the foreskin (unless removed by VAGINA - A muscular tube that connects the external genitalia
circumcision). (vulva) to the uterus.
BODY – base of the penis
SHAFT – part attached to the legs
THE VAGINA HAS 3 MAIN FUNCTIONS. naman ang hormones released by the female are made. These energy. The follicular phase is responsible for the
• It is where the penis is inserted during sex. hormones play an important role in female traits, such as breast development of follicles.
• It holds sperm until they pass into the uterus. development, body shape, and body hair. They are also involved 3. Ovulation Phase - When a mature egg is released from
• It provides a passageway for childbirth in the menstrual cycle, fertility, and pregnancy. the ovary and is ready for potential fertilization. It is known
as ovulation. This mature egg is dadaan sa fallopian tube
The Journey of the Sperm Cell
CERVIX - The lower part of the uterus, which opens into the papunta sa uterus and attach itself sa may outer lining ng
Sperm cells pass through different parts before reaching an egg
vagina. The cervix allows fluids, such as menstrual blood to pass uterus. If the mature egg is nagging successful, it will lead
cell to fertilize.
from the uterus into the vagina. It also widens during the birth of a to pregnany but if this fertilized egg is nagging
• Testes - Produce sperm
baby. Kasi si cervix during childbirths, it will soften and dilates to unsuccessful yung endometrium is magsheds and
• Epididymis - Allows sperm to mature
allow the baby to pass through. During the pregnancy, our cervix mapupunta na tayo sa last phase ng menstrual cycle.
• Vas deferens
remains closed to keep the growing fetus in the uterus and 4. Luteal Phase - Empty ovarian follicle becomes the corpus
• Urethra - Where mixing of fluids occur
prevent vaginal microorganisms from entering. luteum, producing hormones that prepare the uterus for
• Ejaculation
possible embryo implantation. Final phase of the
UTERUS - A hollow, pear-shaped organ where fertilized egg • Vagina
menstrual cycle. It is crucial because hinahanda ang
implants and develops during pregnancy. It's where a fertilized • Cervix
katawan ng babae for a potential pregnancy. If pregnancy
egg implants during pregnancy and where your baby develops • Uterus
does not occur, this phase ends with the start of
until birth. It's also responsible for your menstrual cycle. The uterus • Oviducts
menstruation. After ma release ang egg during ovulation,
receives a fertilized egg and protects the fetus (baby) while it Menstrual Cycle - It is a natural, recurring process in the female
the dominant follicle tha released the egg ay
grows and develops. reproductive system, lasting about 28 days on average. It involves
magtatranform into a structure na tinatawag natin corpus
body preparations for potential pregnancy. is the monthly process
PARTS OF THE UTERUS luteum. And corpus luteum secretes the hormones
through which a woman’s body prepares for pregnancy. It involves
progesterone.
• ENDOMETRIUM - The inner lining of the uterus, which thickens a series of natural changes in hormone levels and the reproductive
and sheds during the menstrual cycle. The endometrium organs, particularly the ovaries and uterus. although it can range WHAT HAPPENS IF PREGNANCY OCCUR?
prepares the uterus to receive an embryo and supports its from 21 to 35 days, depending on the individual. If the egg is fertilized and successfully implants in the uterine
implantation. The endometrium is receptive to implantation lining, the corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone for
STAGES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
only during a brief window when the embryo and the duration of pregnancy, preventing the shedding of the uterine
endometrium are in sync. 1. Menstruation - Lining of the uterus is shed, resulting in lining
• MYOMETRIUM - The muscular layer of the uterus that the release of blood and tissue from the body through the WHAT HAPPEN IF PREGNANCY DOES NOT OCCUR?
contracts during labor. Muscular middle layer. Ito yung nag vagina. Also known as the menstrual phase is the first If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum begins to break down
expands during pregnancy and contracts to push the baby phase of the menstrual cycle. The menstrual phase begins after about 10–14 days, leading to a drop in progesterone levels.
out. when the endometrium sheds because there is no IMPLANTATION – process of implanting
• PERIMETRIUM - The outer layer of the uterus. It helps to fertilized egg to implant. This shedding is what causes
maintain the structural integrity of the uterus by providing vaginal bleeding or the period. The bleeding lasts for THE ROLE OF HORMONES IN THE HUMAN BODY
support and protection. about 3 to 7 days in most women. During the menstrual Hormones - are chemical molecules that are released into the
phase, estrogen and progesterone levels are at their bloodstream by glands – which affects the activity of cells and
FALLOPIAN TUBES (OVIDUCTS) - Two narrow tubes that extend tissues in our body.
lowest.
from either side of the uterus. Your fallopian tubes are an
2. Follicular Phase - When the pituitary gland releases
important passageway for an egg and a sperm to meet and for a 3 KINDS OF HORMONES
hormones that stimulate the growth and development of
fertilized egg (embryo) to make its way to your uterus. The health Peptide Hormones – insulin, growth hormones
ovarian follicles. Follicular phase begins on the first day of
of your fallopian tubes impacts your fertility. Blocked or damaged Steroid Hormones – cortisol, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone
menstruation period and last until ovulation. Nagtatagal
fallopian tubes can make it difficult for individuals and couples to Amino-Acid Hormones – adrenaline
ito around 14 days pero depende pa rin, especially in
become pregnant.
women with irregular cycles. It is extremely important for
overall reproductive health dahil hinahanda nito ang 4 HORMONES:
OVARIES - Paired organs that are located on either side of the
katawan ng isang babae for ovulation and potential ADRENALINE - also known as epinephrine. It is a hormone
uterus. These two female glands both important. One of a pair of
released by the adrenal gland into the bloodstream. This targets
female glands is dito nagfoform yung egg. Another one is dito
vital organs and allows the body to respond quickly in critical
situations. Adrenal glands are located in the epigastrium at the top LOW PROGESTERONE CAN CAUSE: Feedback Mechanisms - It is a regulatory system that either
of the kidney. It is also known as the fight or flight response to irregular menstrual cycles returns the body to a normal internal state (homeostasis) or, less
stressful situations. Nakakatulong na magreact ang ating body infertility commonly, brings an internal system further away
quickly to danger. Kapag sinabi natin na fight or flight response ito heavy menstrual bleeding from homeostasis.
yung natural reaction ng ating body to a perceive threat, whether mood changes 1. Tinutulungan tayo na maintain yung stability, the balance,
real or imagined. low libido and the function in various system.
2. Tinutulungan tayo na ibalik ang ating katawan into normal
Scenario: Encountering a bear in the woods
ESTROGEN - Estrogen is a hormone produced by the female sex state despite the changes that we experience and that
FIGHT- if na corner kana at kailangan mo idepend ang sarili mo, your
body is primed to fight. Mararamdaman mo na you are much stronger gland called the ovary. It controls the developmental changes in process is called homeostasis
and more focused giving you the ability to protect yourself at all cost. females, such as breast development and the release of egg cells, Homeostasis - It is a mechanism that maintains a stable internal
FLIGHT- if the bear seems too powerful, your body is ready to take off which marks the beginning of menstruation. Also known as the environment despite the changes present in the external
running. Yung energy and yung oxygenated blood sa muscles mo gives female sex hormone. Plays a role in mood and cognitive functions. environment.
you the strength and stamina na kalangan mo para tumakbo as fast as 1. Binabalik tayo into our normal state.
possible to safety. TYPES OF ESTROGEN: ESTRADIOL, ESTRONE, ESTRIOL 2. Very essential siya when it comes to temperature of our
Once the danger has passed (either you’ve escaped or the threat is gone), body.
your body gradually returns to normal.
HIGH ESTROGEN CAN CAUSE: 3. Like for example, ang ating katawan ay nakakaramdam
heavy or irregular menstruation siya ng init, malalaman ng utak natin na naiinitan tayo kaya
HIGH ADRENALINE CAN CAUSE:
breast tenderness papalabasin niya ang ating pawis
increased heart rate
weight gain 4. At kapag naman nilalamig, ano mararamdaman mo?
sweating
Giginawin ka diba that is also homeostasis
anxiety
LOW ESTROGEN CAN CAUSE: Receptor (Sensor)
heightened alertness as part of the body's fight-or-flight response
missed menstruation cycle - siya yung makaka detect ng changes in the internal or
mood swings external environment.
LOW ADRENALINE CAN CAUSE:
hot flashes and night sweats - Nag act siya as sensor to monitor the condition and
fatigue
isesend ang information sa ating utak and si control centre
low blood pressure, weakness
TESTOSTERONE - Testosterone is a hormone produced by the ang magdedecide kung anong gagawin.
difficulty in responding to stressful situations due to insufficient
male sex gland called the testes. It controls the developmental Control Centre (Integrator)
activation of the fight-or-flight response
changes in males such as deeper voice, facial and pubic hair and - Siya naman yung magpoporocess ng information sent by
growth in muscle and bone strength. It is responsible for the the receptor and determines the appropriate response.
PROGESTERONE - Progesterone is a steroid hormone that plays a
development of male sexual characteristics during puberty. Effector
key role in the female reproductive system. It is primarily
Testosterone is crucial for the reproduction of sperm - Responsible naman siya for implementing the changes
produced by the ovaries, specifically the corpus luteum, after
(spermatogenesis) Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm cell decide by the control centre.
ovulation. essential for regulating the menstrual cycle.
production Tumataas ang level ng testosterone during puberty in
vital hormone in regulating and supporting pregnancy, and
males around 9 tp 14 years old and ang pinaka peak nito is late
promoting breast development. After ovulation, the hormone
teens to early 20s.
helps prepare the uterine lining (endometrium) for the possible
implantation of a fertilized egg. If pregnancy does not occur, HIGH TESTOSTERONE CAN CAUSE:
progesterone levels drop, leading to the shedding of the uterine acne
lining (menstruation). increased muscle mass
low sperm count
HIGH PROGESTERONE CAN CAUSE: prostate enlargement (can cause difficulty when urinating)
menstrual irregularities
mood swings and emotional symptoms LOW TESTOSTERONE CAN CAUSE:
fatigue less body and facial hair
digestive issues less muscle mass
headache hot flashes, brittle bones
TWO TYPES OF FEEDBACK MECHANISMS PROCESS OF FERTILIZATION
1. Sperm activation and attraction
Positive Feedback
2. Acrosome reaction
This is a pathway that causes an effect that exceeds far beyond the 3. Egg-sperm binding
state of homeostasis. In positive feedback mechanisms, the 4. Sperm penetration
original stimulus is promoted rather than neglected. 5. Membrane fusion

1. It amplifies a process or change, driving the system further 3. Sperm Penetration - The acrosome enables the sperm to
from its starting point until a specific goal is achieved. penetrate the ovum. Nakapasok na sa egg cell yung sperm
this time.
2. Hindi katulad ni negative feedback, ang trabaho niya is to
4. Membrane Fusion - the fusion of the male and female
maintain equilibrium, si positive feedback accelerates
gamete. this fusion to give rise to zygote.
process kumabaga kailangan niya mag decide agad.
If the fertilization is successful…
3. For example, giving childbirth where the release of
FERTILIZATION ✓ the cell starts to divide and multiply within 24 hours in the
oxytocin intensifies contractions
- Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with the female egg fallopian tube - zygote.
Negative Feedback during intercourse and further forms an embryo that gets ✓ after 3-4 days it travels to the uterus - embryo.
implanted in uterus of the female. -it is when a woman's egg
This is a vital control mechanism for the body's homeostasis. Cleavage and Blastula Stage - The development of multi-cellular
joins with a man's sperm following an intercourse, or any sort.
Negative feedback occurs when a system's output acts to reduce organisms begins from a single-celled zygote, which undergoes
- Fertilization is the natural life process, which is carried out by
or dampen the processes that lead to the output of that system, rapid cell division to form the blastula.
the fusion of both male and female gametes, which results in
resulting in less output.
the formation of a zygote.
Cleavage - The rapid, multiple rounds of cell division are termed
1. Promoting stability and maintaining equilibrium. Ito yung - In humans, the process of fertilization takes place in the
cleavage
feedback na nakabilang si homeostasis. fallopian tube.
- The sperms move towards the uterus and reach the opening Blastula - The blastula is usually a spherical layer of cells (the
of the fallopian tube. only a few sperms will succeed in blastoderm) surrounding a fluid-filled or yolk-filled cavity (the
reaching the opening of the fallopian tube. blastocoel).

STAGES OF FERTILIZATION Gastrulation Stage - The next stage in embryonic development is

1. Sperm Preparation/Acrosome Preparation - acrosome the formation of the body plan. Each of these layers is called a
has enzymes (lysins) that breaks down the barrier of egg germ layer and each germ layer differentiates into different organ
cell and vagina’s acidic fluid for it to make fertilization systems. The cells in the blastula rearrange themselves spatially to
happen. Due to the acrosomal reactions, the fluid of the form three layers of cells. During gastrulation, the blastula folds
vagina up to the cervix and the sperm are fused together upon itself to form the three layers of cells.
so that the contents of the sperms can enter. ENDODERM (internal layer) – Lung cells or alveolar cells, thyroid
2. Sperm-Egg Recognition and Binding - As the sperm cells, digestive cells or pancreatic cells
approach the egg, they bind to the zona pellucida (outer
layer of the egg cell that allows sperm to enter the egg. MESODERM (middle layer that develops muscles and skeletal
FERTILIZATION AND EARLY EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT Automatically closes once it senses that a sperm entered system) – cardiac muscle cells, skeletal muscles cells, tubule cells
into the egg.) in a process known as sperm binding. This of the kidney, red blood cells, smooth muscle cells in the gut.
triggers the acrosome reaction, in which the enzymes of
ECTODERM (external layer) – skin cells of epididymis, neuron of
the acrosome are freed. These enzymes then begin to
the brain, pigment cells
digest the zona pellucida and allow the sperm to
tunnel/enter toward the egg. ZONA PELLUCIDA - outer layer of the egg cell that allows the
sperm to attach.