1

Transportation Engineering
As per Syllabus of KU
Chapter1
Introduction to Transportation Planning and
Engineering
15 August
2023

Raju BHELE
 15 August 2023

INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

2

Vehicular traffic and pedestrian flow Mean of road transport Mean of air transport

Mean of railway transport Mean of ropeway transport Mean of waterways

Fixed facilities Flow entities Control components Geographical Coverage

 Transportation Engineering
1. INTRODUCTION
3

 Transportation:
 Movement of goods and people

 Covering some geographical space

 Engineering: The application of science and math to solve problems

 Transportation engineering is the application of technology and scientific

principle to the planning, design, construction, operation and management of
facility for any mode of transportation in order to provide safe, rapid,
comfortable, convenient, economical and environmentally compatible
movement of people and goods. 15 August 2023
 Transportation system
4

 A transportation system is an infrastructure that serves to move

goods and people from one geographical location to another efficiently.
(Efficiently: safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, environmentally compatible)

 The transportation system consists of fixed facilities, flow entities and a

control components.
Fixed facilities: roadway, bridges
Flow entities: vehicles, trains, planes
Control components: traffic sign and signal
15 August 2023
 2. Transportation planning
5

Planning is
 The activity or process that identify potential future actions to guide current situation or
system towards a desired direction or goals.
 A process of looking ahead and set a course of action to satisfy future needs

15 August 2023
 Transportation planning
6

Transportation Planning Process

15 August 2023
7

15 August 2023
Transportation Planning Goals
 Transportation Planning Goals
8

Provide for transportation Support transportation system

Access to system connections to areas of Congestion improvements that address
Employment employment density and key Mitigation existing and expected future
activity centers, traffic congestion.

connections to facilitate Environment Provide for project alternatives

Freight goods movement into, & Air that protect and enhance the
Mobility within and out of the region Quality region’s natural resources.

improve accessibility and

Safety & increase safety and Multimodal interconnectivity of various
Security security for system users. Connectivity transportation modes for all
systems users.

implement technologies and Ensure that existing

Preservation
System programs to improve travel transportation infrastructure
&
Reliability times and support the ease of and facilities achieve a
Maintenance
travel constant state of good repair
15 August 2023
 Contributors to the Transportation Planning Process
9

Contributors to the Transportation Planning Process 15 August 2023

 Approach to Transportation planning
10

Safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient

Approach to Transportation
Future development and anticipated

planning
traffic needs

Financing system

People's participation in planning and

decision making.

15 August 2023
11

The objectives of transportation planning are

 Planning a highway network for safe, efficient and fast movement of people and

goods.
 Keeping the overall cost of construction and maintenance of the roads in the
network to a minimum.
 Planning for future development and anticipated traffic needs for a specific
design period.
 To work out the financing system.

15 August 2023
 3. Modes of Transportation/classification of transportation system
12

Transportation
system classification

Primary Secondary
mode mode

Land Air Water Pipeline Belt

Rope ways Canals
Transportation Transportation Transportation Transportation conveyors

The basis for classification are

 Medium/means on which the flow elements are supported.
 Nature of transport
15 August 2023
 Geographical space coverage
 Land transportation
13

 Modes of transport: Road ways, railway tracks

 Means of transport:
 Road : buses, cars, container, trucks etc.
 Railway: wagon, trains, etc
 Janakpur to Jaynagar railway
 Other railways projects is under feasibility study.
 Mass transit

15 August 2023
 Road Network in Nepal

14

15 August 2023
Source: DOR, 2018/2019
http://ssrn.dor.gov.np/ssrn_map/map
 Road Network in Nepal

15

15 August 2023
http://ssrn.dor.gov.np/ssrn_map/map Source: DOR, 2020/2021
 Road Network in Nepal

16

15 August 2023
http://ssrn.dor.gov.np/ssrn_map/map Source: DOR, 2020/2021
17

15 August 2023
 18

15 August 2023
Source: Department of Transport Management, 2019
19

SRN = >13500 km
LRN = >51000 km
15 August 2023

Department of Road: SRN: Highway and feeder roads

Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads (DoLIDAR), District road and village roads
20

15 August 2023
21

15 August 2023
 Railway transport

22

Railway track

15 August 2023
 Nepal Janakpur - Jainagar Railwa

23

Existing Railway
Planned Railway
Raxaul-Sirsiya,: • East –west Railway: 945.244 km
• 6 km from Raxaul, India to dry port near Birgunj • Anbu Khaireni-Bharatpur:
Jainagar-Janakpur • Jainagar-Janakpur-Bijayalpura-Bardibas
• 28 km from Jainagar , India to Janakpur, Nepal • Kerung-Kathmandu
• Lumbini-Pokhara_Kathmandu
• Raxaul-Birgunj-Kathmandu
• New Jalpaiguri (India)-Biratnagar
• Bathnaha (India)-Jogbani (India)-Biratnagar
• Nautanwa (India)-Bhairahawa
• Rupaidiha (India)-Nepalgunj
Department of Railway, Nepal 15 August 2023
24

15 August 2023
 Railway in Nepal: Future plan in Kathmandu Valley
25

Metro train and local train??????

• A metro trains have separate track which is
not shared with other trains while the local
trains have to share their route with other
trains like freight trains and other passenger
trains
• Metro trains can be underground and
elevated but all local trains are running on
the ground only.
• The distance covered by the local trains is
more than the metro trains

15 August 2023
26

15 August 2023
 Gautam Buddha International airport
Air transportation
27

 Primary mode of transport

 Mode of transport: airways
 Mean of transport: planes, helicopter, satellite Pokhara regional international airport
 In context of Nepal
 Domestic

 International

 TIA, Gautambuddha, Pokhara International

Tribhuvan International airport
 Nijgadha, Pokhara (Under progress)
 Planes, helicopter

Proposed plan

15 August 2023
 Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal (CAAN)
28
SN Airport SN Airport
1 Tribhuwan International Airport 18 Manamaya Rai Khanidanda Airport
2 Gautam Buddha International Airport 19 Lamidanda Airport
3 Biratnagar Airport 20 Rumjatar Airport
4 Nepalgunj Airport 21 Phaplu Airport
5 Pokhara Airport 22 Tenzing Hillary (Lukla) Airport
6 Chandragadhi Airport 23 Ramechhap Airport
7 Rajbiraj Airport 24 Jomsom Airport
8 Janakpur Airport 25 Jumla Airport
9 Simara Airport 26 Rara Airport
10 Bharatpur Airport 27 Rukum Salle Airport
11 Dhangadi Airport 28 Simikot Airport
12 Surkhet Airport 29 Sanfebagar Airport
13 Dang Airport 30 Bajhang Airport
14 Taplejung Airport 31 Baitadi Airport
15 Tumlingtar Airport 32 Bajura Airport
16 Bhojpur Airport 33 Doti Airport
17 Thamkharka Airport 34 Dolpa 15
Airport
August 2023
29

Fig: Domestic airway routes in Nepal

15 August 2023
30

Means of air transport

15 August 2023
31

Fig: International airways route

15 August 2023
 Water transportation
32

 Inland: Transportation within domestic territory using rivers or canals

or lakes.
 Coastal: along the coast for transportation of goods and people.
 Ocean: Between the coasts for transportation of goods and people for
different purposes.
 There is no possibility of coastal and ocean transportation in the
context of Nepal and inland transportation is limited to cross rivers
channel where river crossing option is limited.
 Boats, ships etc. Water ways on Koshi, Gandaki and Karnali rivers (Proposed)

15 August 2023
33

Inland transport coastal transport Boats

Ocean Transport Ocean transport Motor Boats

Water Transportation
15 August 2023
 Pipeline transportation
34

 Transportation of water, gases, sewer for one geographical region to

other geographical region either within a country or between the
countries.

15 August 2023
 Secondary Modes
35

Ropeways
 During Rana period ropeway from Matatirtha
to Dhorsing (Makwanpur) of 22 km
 Manakamana Cable car: 3.1 km from Kurintar
to Manakamana Temple
 Chandragiri Cable car
 Cable car at Kalinchok and many other cable
car under feasibility study

15 August 2023
36

Status of cable car in Nepal

15 August 2023
37

Canal
 Used at hydropower and irrigation

Belt conveyor
 Transportation of goods within the

industrial complexes
 Used for specialized passenger
transportation system such as moving
belts

15 August 2023
3. Constraint on the development of various modes of transportation in
Nepal
38

Roads
 Difficult geographical conditions (hilly and mountainous region with steep

gradients)
 Poor geological condition

 Lack of financial resources

 Hydrological condition

 Number of river crossing and runoff of different flow velocity and discharge

15 August 2023
39

Railways Waterways
 Initial investment is high  Nepal is land lock country

 Geographical, geological and  River has high current

hydrological conditions  Water level fluctuation

 Technical manpower

 Technological development.
Airways
 High initial investment
 Geographical condition
 Lack of manpower
 Lack of technology
 High transportation cost
15 August 2023
 4. Road Transportation
40

Advantages of Road Transport

 Road transportation requires small investment for government/local authorities

 Design, construction and maintenance of road is cheaper than other modes of

transportation.
 For short distance travel, road transportation saves time.

 Roadways have wide application in transportation. Such as road is used by

pedestrians, cars, buses, trucks, etc. But railway track is used by only train;
waterways are used by ships and boats.
 The flexibility of changing location, direction, speed and timing of travel, each
available on this mode of travel.

15 August 2023
 No.of Serious Normal
S.N. Fiscal Year Fatality
Accident Accident Accident
1 049/50 1945 42 156 833
2. 050/51 1987 83 145 851
Disadvantages of Road Transportation 3. 051/52 2055 85 203 1028
4. 052/53 2272 104 237 1052
41 5. 053/54 2396 72 230 1120
6. 054/55 2081 82 206 945
7. 055/56 2197 98 264 1448
 It occupies greater area therefore it destroys 8. 056/57 1875 75 132 1042
9. 057/58 2055 124 294 1294
agricultural road. 10. 058/59 2180 75 190 1330
11. 059/60 2225 180 144 1908
 Road transport has been one of the major 12. 060/61 3652 86 471 1894
13. 061/62 3709 127 626 1697
causes of environmental pollution. 14. 062/63 1989 83 459 1673
15 063/064 2097 93 491 2179
 One of the serious disadvantages of road 16 064/065 2211 120 611 2163
17 065/066 2765 137 720 2448
transport is its poor record of safety. 18 066/067 4104 146 748 3116
19 067/068 4914 171 553 3632
 It consumes large fuel which shall be 20 068/069 5096 148 396 3317
important. 21 069/070 4770 147 246 3431
22 070/071 4672 143 229 3481
 In road transport, parking is already a big 23 071/072 4999 133 233 3643
24. 072/073 5568 166 275 3901
problem. 25. 073/074 5530 182 201 3914
26 074/075 6381 194 219 4333
 Traffic congestion 27 15 August 2023
075/076 8511 254 317 5890
Source: Nepal Police
28 076/077 10030 153 240 6684
 5. Historical Development of Road
Roman Road
42
The Construction Procedure is As Follows:
 A trench of width equal to that of carriage way was

dug along a straight path by removing loose soil.

The trench was cut till hand surface was reached.
 Usually one or two large foundation stones in lime

mortar were placed at the bottom upto depth of 10-

20cm thickness.
 A broken stone in lime mortar upto 25-45cm

thickness was placed above large stone foundation.

 Another layer of lime concrete upto 24-40cm
thickness was placed above broken layers.
 The surface course was provided with large stone
slab in lime mortar upto thickness of 10-15cm. 15 August 2023
 During regime of Nepolian
Developed by Tresauget in 1764 AD
Tresauget Construction
43

 A sub-grade was prepared by providing a

large layer of foundation stone. At two
edge, a kerb stone was provided.
 The broken stone were laid above a layer
of large foundation stone upto the thickness
of 8cm.
 The topmost layer was made up smaller
stone compacted to the thickness of 5cm
and provided with a cross-slope of 1 in 45
for the purpose of surface drainage.
 The shoulder was made with certain
percentage of cross-slope, so as to drain
15 August 2023
surface water to side drain.
 • Believed in providing heavy foundation above subgrade
Telford Road • Insisted in providing definite cross slope for top course by
(Thomas Telford: 1757-1834AD) providing varying foundation stone
44

 A horizontal subgrade was prepared to design width of 9m.

 A large foundation stone were laid in foundation in such a way
that a stone having size 17cm is placed at the edge and stone of
increasing thickness were laid toward the Centre. At the center a
large thickness of stone having 22cm thick so as to achieved
designated cross-slope.
 The interstices between the foundation stone were filled with
smaller stone and chipping and beaten properly.
 Then the central portion was provided with two layers of angular
broken stone compacted to the thickness of 10 and 5cm.
 A certain width of pavement toward the edge was constructed
with compacted broken stone in lime mortar.
 A sloping wearing course made of gravel was provided at the
topmost layer with a cross-slope of 1 in 45 upto the depth of
4cm.
15 August 2023
 • Forwarded entirely new method of road construction
Macadam Construction • Subgrade drainage, subgrade was constructed with slope of 1 in 36
(John Macadam: 1756-1836AD) • No need of heavy foundation
• Load distribution through different layer so reducing the thickness of pavement
• Surface course was provide cross slope of 1 in 36
45

 The subgrade is compacted and constructed

with cross-slope of 1 in 36 upto desired
width about 9m.
 The broken stone passing through 5cm sieve
size were compacted upto thickness of
10cm.
 Another layer of broken stone passing
through 3.75cm sieve size was compacted
upto the thickness of 10cm.
 The topmost layer is constructed with a
stone passing through less than 2cm sieve
size upto thickness of 5cm and finished the
surface with a cross slope of 1 in 36. 15 August 2023
 Modern Road
46

15 August 2023
 Load distribution pattern in flexible pavement
47

15 August 2023
 Load distributionpattern in rigid pavement
48

15 August 2023
 6. Road Construction in Nepal
49

 Most of the road have been developed during Malla’s period

 By mid 1970’s eastern section of East-West highway
 By 1985, In East-West highway, east of Nepalgunj was completed
 Similarly the remaining portion of East-West highway was constructed by 1985
to 1995 and also North-South road in hilly areas.
 In 1970, A road connecting Chinese boarder to Kathmandu and Tribhuvan
Rajpath to Indian boarders to Raxaul was constructed

15 August 2023
 Node Feature
S.N. Rd. Ref. No. Name of Highway Length (km) Remarks
Start Point End Point

Gadda chowki East to West of

1 H01 Mahendra Highway 1027.67 Mechi Bridge, Jhapa Border
Border, Kanchanpur Country
50
Sirsiya Bridge, Connects biggest
2 H02 Tribhuvan Highway 159.66 Tribhuvan Statue, Tripureshwor
Birgunj Border Customs to Capital

Friendship Bridge, Connects Chinese

3 H03 Arniko Highway 112.83 Maitighar Junction, KTM
Kodari Border border to Capital

Prithvi Chowk, Connects Province 3

4 H04 Prithvi Highway 173.43 Naubise (TRP)
Pokhara to Province 4

Narayanghat - Mugling Naryanghat to

5 H05 36.16 Pulchowk, Naryanghat (PRM) Mugling
Highway Mugling

135.94 Km.
Dhulikhel Sindhuli completed, Major
6 H06 198 Bhittamod border, Jaleshwor Dhulikhel (ARM)
Bhittamod Highway route to eastern part
of Country

7 H07 Mechi Highway 268.06 Kechana Border, Bhadrapur Taplejung

8 H08 Koshi Highway 111.46 Rani Border, Biratnagar Hile

15 August 2023
Solusalleri Solukh
9 H09 Sagarmatha Highway 265 Kadmaha, Saptari (MRM) 53.97 km. completed
umbu
 Node Feature
S.N. Rd. Ref. No. Name of Highway Length (km) Remarks
Start Point End Point
10 H010 Siddhartha Highway 181.22 Sunauli Border Prithvi Chowk, Pokhara
5111 168.54 km
H011 Rapti Highway 196 Ameliya, Dang (MRM) Musikot, Rukum
Completed
12 H012 Ratna Highway 113.08 Jamuniya Border, Nepalgunj Bangesimal, Surkhet

13 H013 Karnali Highway 220 Surkhet, Bangesimal Jumla, Kalikot 113 km Completed
Mohana Bridge, Dhangadhi 307.76 km
14 H014 Mahakali Highway 320 Darchula
Border Completed
Samuwagad - In Safe
15 H015 Seti Highway 65.96 Syaule, Dadeldhura Completed
Road
Alternative road to
H01, east to west in
16 H017 Postal Highway 1792 Kechana Kawal Dodhara
Terai, ongoing
project

KTM-Terai Fast Track Prioritized Mega

17 Nijgarh, Bara Khokana, Lalitpur
(Expressway) highway project

Alternative road to
H01, east to west in
18 H018 Pushpa Lal Highway 1,776 Chiyabhanjyang, Panchthar Jhulalghat, Baitadi
mid-hills, ongoing
15 August 2023
project
 7. Road classifications as per Nepal Road Standard 2070
52
Road Classification

Administrative classification Functional classification

A. Administrative classification
i)National Highways
ii)Feeder Roads
iii)District Roads
iv)Urban Roads
15 August 2023
53

1. National Highways 2. Feeder Roads

 It covers longer distance of travel.  Feeder roads connect important town,

 Main arterial roads passing through district and general headquarter to the
the length and breadth of country as a national highway
whole  They are designated by letter ‘F’

 Serve directly the greater portion of followed by three digit number.

longer distance travel
 They are designated by letter ‘H’

followed by two digit number.

 H01: Mahendra Highway

15 August 2023
54

3. District Roads  Department of Road (DOR) takes the responsibility

 District road gives access to of overall management of National highway and
one or more village to the feeder roads. These roads are collectively called
nearer market or to higher Strategic Road Network (SRN).
type of road.  District Road and urban road are managed by
4. Urban roads Department of Local Infrastructure Development and
 Urban roads are the road
Agricultural Roads (DOLIDAR). These roads are
within urban limit collectively called Local Road Network (LRN) roads.

15 August 2023
 B. Technical/Functional classification
55

SN TYPE ADT DESIGN SPEED, KMPH

1 Class I >20000 PCU 120

2 Class II 5000-20000 PCU 100

3 Class III 2000-5000 PCU 80

4 Class IV <2000 PCU 60

15 August 2023
 PCU: Passenger Car units
56

 Different types of vehicles have

different width, length and height
and sometimes they produce
inconvenience for other vehicles. So
for expressing highway capacity, a
unit is used called passenger car
units. One car is consider as one
unit.
 It is standard vehicle unit to convert
the other vehicle classes.
15 August 2023
 Urban Road Patterns
57

The major road pattern in modern road is as follows:

(i)Grid iron pattern
a)Rectangular or Block
b)Hexagonal

(ii) Radial pattern

a)Star and Block
b)Star and Circular
c)Star and Grid

15 August 2023
 Grid Iron Pattern
58

 the built up area is obtained in a grid i.e rectangular

shape or hexagonal shape
 Road network is develop around grid.
 It encourage to spread traffic over whole grid.
 If there is central business area in the middle of the
grid, it is relatively easy for the traffic to bypass it.
 Extra distance must be travelled when going through
diagonal direction.
 Distinct features: frequent intersections of road and any
and all streets are equally accessible to traffic, could be
chosen at will as alternative routes to a destination
 Increases the rate of accidents at intersection

15 August 2023
 Radial Pattern
59

 Radial or star and grid pattern

 Developed in the form of network of roads
connecting town center to town center
 This sort of pattern consists of several roads
radiating from its center to other towns or village
around it.
 The settlement first develops along the radials
and then fills the spaces in between them.
 It increases the efficiency of land usage
 High construction cost because of the need for
extra traffic signals, road marking and lighting
15 August 2023
60

Radial or star and circular pattern

 It is the pattern in which the main roads(radial roads)

radiates from the central point and are connected with

concentric roads (ring roads) that are also radiating
outwardly.
 Roundabouts present in this pattern improves the

efficiency of traffic flow.

 There is necessary of proper provision of the traffic
signal, road markings and lighting to alert the
drivers that they are approaching a roundabout

15 August 2023