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The document outlines a computing course designed for Key Stage 3, focusing on essential skills such as computational thinking, digital literacy, and software usage. It includes a progression framework mapped to the National Curriculum and features various chapters with lessons, projects, and activities to enhance understanding. Additionally, it covers topics like file management, cloud computing, and internet safety, emphasizing the importance of using technology responsibly and effectively.
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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
74 viewsProgressInComputing _KS3
The document outlines a computing course designed for Key Stage 3, focusing on essential skills such as computational thinking, digital literacy, and software usage. It includes a progression framework mapped to the National Curriculum and features various chapters with lessons, projects, and activities to enhance understanding. Additionally, it covers topics like file management, cloud computing, and internet safety, emphasizing the importance of using technology responsibly and effectively.
Uploaded by
mminnsoeCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 235
Progress: in
Computing
Ben Barnes # Mark Clarkson # Graham Hastings
Tristan Kirkpatrick # Lorne Pearcey # George Rouse
sia / GHORRER
Boost EDUC, O
LEARN MORE Sammie alae
P gress in
Comme puting
Ben Barnes # Mark Clarkson + Graham Hastings #
Tristan Kirkpatrick # Lorne Pearcey + George Rouse
Editors: Lorne Pearcey, George Rouse
oo 8s, d HODDER
Bee EDUCATION
LEARN MORE Every effort nas been made to trace all copyright holders, but f any have been inadvertently
‘overlooked the Pubiishers wil bo pleased to make the necessary ertangements ct ye fret apart
‘Although every effort has been mode to ensure thet wobsite adcresses ae correct at time of going to
press, Hocker Education cannot be held responsible forte content of ony website mentioned in ths
‘book itis sometimes possible to find a relocated web page by typing in tne adress oF the home pegs
fora webste Inthe URL window of your browser
Hachette UK's policy is to use poners that are natural, renewable and recyclable products end mode
from woad grown in well-managed forests and other controlled sources: The logging and menufacturing
processes are expected te conform to the environmental regultions ofthe eounty of origi
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COxforeshire, OXH 7HM. Telephone: +4 (0/235 827627, Email educcttonethachette-cowk. Lines
‘re open from 9.am.to § pm, Monday to Friday, You can lee order through our website www
hddoreducetion co uk
ISBN: 978 13982 2345 2
{© Hodder & Stougiton Limted 2021
Fst published in 2021 by
Hocker Esueeton
‘An Hachette UK Company
Corelite House
50 Victor Emonleent
London ECAY 0D2
wrehoddereclicction co.uk
Imoressionrumber 1098765432
Year 2025 2024 2023 2022
-Allrights reserved, Apart from ery use permitted under UK copyright law, no part of tis publication
‘may be reproduces or transmitted in any ferm or by ony means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying and recording, or held within eny Information stocoge ond retrieval system, without
‘Bermission in wnting ftom the publsher or under licence from the Copuright Licensing Agency Limited
Further details of such icenees for reprogrephic reproduction) moy be obteined fram the Copyright
Licensing Agency Limited, ww.ca.co.uk
Cover ilustaton © olegbaresrev —stockadebe.com
“Typeset in Inala by Aptaxe
Produced by DZS Grofk, Printed n Bosnia & Herzegovina
‘catalogue recor for this thie evalable from the Bish Library,
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responsible sources
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to check-in questions
igements 226 Introduction
Why study computing?
‘Computers and the internet are integral aspects of
modem life. From governments and multi-national
businesses to local enterprises and individuals,
we rely on computer networks and software to
keep the global economy running. Studying computing
will enable you to develop a range of knowledge and
skills necessary for success in the modem world.
This course combines key concepts related to.
computational thinking, information technology
‘and digital literacy to provide you with skills and
knowledge ocross the main elements of computer
science. At its core is computational thinking, the
problem solving and logical thinking skills used
‘Dy computer scientists and programmers to solve
complex problems, which can also be applied
‘to real world issues in many other subjects and
disciplines. Writing programs allows you to put
these skills to the test and to develop your ability to
work through problems and find solutions.
While you may not pursue a career as a
programmer, you will almost certainly use a variety
of software applications in your everyday lives.
Learning how to use software correctly and adeptly
— to produce effective presentations, documents.
or spreadsheets to convey information — is an
portant skill for many careers. Alongside this
comes the ability to develop and edit audio and
visual media.
Understanding the development of computing,
how computers and the internet work, how to
evaluate digital content and the ethical issues
‘surrounding the use of computers help us put the
technology into context. Whatever technology we
use, it is Important we know how to use it safely
and respectfully so that we can make the most of
opportunities in our future lives.
About the book
Progress in Computing Is a complete Key Stage 3
course. It has been designed around a progression
framework, to help you to track your progress
throughout Key Stage 3, and has been mapped to
Key Stage 2 and Key Stage 3 Computing National
Curriculums. The progression framework and
National Curriculum map can be downloaded at
waww.hoddereducation.co.uk/ProgressinComputing.
The Student Book is made up of 16 chapters, or
modules, and each of these chapters includes six
lessons or double-page spreads. The Student Book
finishes with three extended six-week-long projects,
both to showcase the computing skills you have
‘acquired at Key Stage 3 and to prepare you for one
of the many Key Stage 4 options on offer, including
GCSEs, Cambridge Nationals and BTECs.
Features
Each chapter begins by introducing you to the topic,
explaining why it is relevant.
Before you can use a
computer system, you
need to know how to
access it correctly and this
chapter will help you set
yourself up on your school
computer system and think
about what you should
use it for. You will learn
how to save and organise
files and the key principles
of internet research and
digital wellbeing. You will
also learn basic image
editing skills.
A Reading the text and looking at the images will help
you grasp the theory. Key words, which you can
{00k up in the glossary at the back of the book, are
in blue bold,
Cloud computing
Cloud computing is where dota Is stored online and
software is used via an internet browser, rather than
being stored locally on a computer's hard drive.
The dote and software files are saved on a server.
Server forms are located all around the worid so
you do not know where your data is physically
Working through the activities provides you with an
‘opportunity to check your understanding and apply
the theory you have learnt.
Ge Reka ke
Write a program to output the following
Information about people and their pets:
Jobn cat
Liz Dog
Mariya Hamster
You should store the three names in three
variables. The three pets will also need to be
stored in three different variables, 50 you will
need six variables in total. Your program should
then print out the values of these variables using
the correct escape characters to format them as
shown above.
Occasionally, you will see this icon in an activity
box. it means you need to download an additional
resource in order to complete the activity. These
resources can be downloaded at
wwwihoddereducation.co.uk/ProgressinComputing.
Checking in questions appear throughout the book.
These are short-onswer questions designed to test
your knowledge and understanding of what you
hove just learnt. Answers to these questions can be
found at the back of the book.
(fen
@ Why do we need to log into a computer
system?
@ Whot is an acceptable use policy?
© Explain what is meant by a strong password, Before you can use a
computer system, you
need to know how to
access it correctly and this
chapter will help you set
Yourself up on your school
computer system and think
about what you should
use it for. You will Learn
how to save and organise
files and the key principles
of internet research and
digital wellbeing. You wilt
also learn basic image
editing skills
ae
Your school computer network
A computer network is a
collection of computers and
other digital devices that are
connected together. Your
school’s computer network
probably includes desktop
computers, laptops, tablets,
printers, scanners and servers.
ADE eae ae mata Colt
Find out:
where the rooms containing computers you can use are located in
your school
when you can use school computers outside of lesson time
where the printers are located
what you need to do to gain access to the network
if there are any restrictions on where and when you can use your
‘own digital devices in school.
Using computer equipment safely
When you are using school computers, you must remember these rules
for ensuring computer equipment is used sofely,
Do not
or drink near computers.
Keep bags out of the way of computers.
Do not unplug or swap any equipment, including keyboards and mice.
Sit sensibly, with your monitor, keyboard and mouse directly in front
of you.
‘Tur off monitors and keep hands av
when asked
You must also follow your school's acceptable use policy, These are the
ules that govern how a network should be used, Here is an example of
a school’s acceptable use policy
y from keyboards and mice
Systems must only be used for educational use
Usernames and passwords must not be disclosed to anyone else.
‘You must not use another person's username and password
You must not access, copy or delete anyone else's files.
Users may not attempt to install programs of any type > All communications will be monitored.
> Personal email addresses must not be used to
correspond on school matters.
> Any illegal, inappropriate or harmful material must
be reported immediately,
> Any damage or faults involving hardware or
software must be reported immediately.
Logging in to the school network
Almost all computer systems require the user to
enter their username and password in order to log
in, Logging in proves the identity
of the user so that they can be
given access to their own files and
programs. Some devices and systems.
use biometrics, such as fingerprints or
facial recognition, to enable a user to
prove their identity
Choosing a strong password
When you first log in you will need to choose a
new password. You should always choose a strong
password. There are three elements that help to
increase the strength of a password:
> length: longer passwords of at least eight
characters are more secure
> range of characters used: a password containing
a mixture of upper- and lower-case letters,
numbers and symbols is more secure
> randomness: passwords that do not contain words
people can guess ore more secure.
You should also make sure you choose a password
thot you will remember!
eT RU OR Uae g
Log in to the school network.
Email
It is important to be polite when you
‘email someone and the following
rules should be followed when
emailing your teachers.
> Always fill in the subject line,
> Greet the person you are writing to appropriately,
for example, ‘Dear Sit’ or ‘Hello Mrs Jones’
> Be polite. If you are requesting something, use
the word ‘please’.
> Use grammatically correct English. Do not use
‘acronyms or text speak.
> Provide enough detail, so that the recipient
does not need to write back and ask for more
information.
> Sign off with your full name and form. It is also
usual to have a closing salutation, such as ‘Kind
regards’ or ‘Yours sincerely’,
ee RU OR Care leesltg
Log in to your school email account.
~ Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs)
‘AVLE is an online system that stores learning
resources such as documents, presentations, and
video and audio files. VLEs can be used to set, hand
in and mark assignments and homework. Some
VLEs also include discussion threads, polls, quizzes
‘nd surveys, as well as a place where students
and teachers can message each other. VLEs can be
accessed from home by logging in.
TT eRe
Log in to your school VLE
fan
© Why do we need to log into a computer
system?
@ Whatis an acceptable use policy?
© Explain what is meant by a strong password. eee gt
2 File management, cloud computing and VLEs
Files and folders
All data stored on a computer is saved to a file.
A file that contains text is often referred to as a
document. This is because it is like a piece of paper
that has been written on,
A selection of files can be stored in a folder. A.
folder can also contain other folders, which are
technically then called sub-folders.
Itis important to organise files so that you can find
them quickly. It is good practice to use:
> relevant file names
> relevant folder names
> a sensible folder and sub-folder structure.
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‘Write a list of the different subjects that you
‘are studying at school.
Design a folder structure so that you can
‘organise the files you save for school. You
should include a separate folder for each
subject that you are likely to need to save files
for, for example:
Science
Biology
Chemistry
Phusics
Find out where to save files on your school
etwork and create the folder structure you
have designed.
A folder
inside the
‘Documents!
older.
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Inside the
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folder 2 File management, cloud computing and VLEs
File extensions
When we save a file, we give it a name, for
example: ‘History_Project’. The software then adds
file extension that tells the computer what type
of file it is. The file extension is usually three or four
characters tong. Some common file extensions are:
doc / docx / pat Document
[xs / xlsx Spreadsheet Z|
ng jpg Image
mp3 / wav ‘Auclo
mp .mov
The file extension enables the computer to use the
correct software to open the file when you double
click on it. File extensions can also be used to
search for files of a particular type if they have not,
been saved correctly.
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Saving work
The first time you save a piece of work, make
sure you give it a suitable name and save it to the
correct folder. You can then save changes to the
original file quickly and easily using shortcut keys:
> CTRL +S in Windows
> CMD +S in MacOS.
If you do not want to overwrite the original fle,
choose ‘Save As’ from the ‘File’ menu to save a
copy of your work. Give the new file a suitable
name and save it to the correct folder.
Cloud computing
Cloud computing is where data is stored online and
software is used via an internet browser, rather than
being stored locally on a computer's hard drive.
The data and software files are saved on a server.
Server farms are located all around the world so
you do not know where your data is physically
being saved when you store it in the cloud.
Examples of cloud storage are Google Drive,
Microsoft OneDrive*, Dropbox™ and your school
VLE. Examples of internet-based software are
Microsoft 365° and Google Docs,
Advantages of cloud computing
Data is backed up automatically.
> Documents ond files can be used on any
computer with an intemet connection.
> The software is updated online so you are
always using the latest version.
> Documents and files can be shared easily with
other users.
Disadvantages of cloud computing
» The data and software can only be accessed if
you have an internet connection.
> Cloud-based software does not usually have as
many features as downloadable software.
> Free storage is limited
> Ongoing subscriptions can become costly over
time.
» Users can lose legal rights to their material if it is
stored online.
> Some believe that data may be more vulnerable
to being stolen if itis stored online
ena
@ What is data saved as on a computer?
@ What does o folder contain?
© What isa file extension? Cee)
EB Meum cla cine)
The internet
The internet is a global network that connects
computers across the world so that they can
communicate with one another. These computers
include servers hosting software, music and video,
nd the internet is somewhere to find information,
watch videos, play games and connect with friends.
At school, you should be using the intemet to access
‘and hand in work via the VLE, cerry out research and
‘email your teachers. You should not be using the
internet to play games, message your friends or watch
videos or listen to music (unless this is something you
have been asked to do as part of a lesson).
Using the internet to carry out
research
There is a great deal of fantastic stuff on the
internet and it iso really useful place to gather
information about all sorts of subjects. However,
alongside all the accurate information there is a lot
of unreliable and even incorrect and misleading
information.
Some websites are written by non-specialists
who present their own thoughts and ideas ona
subject as focts. Other websites are written by very
knowledgeable people, but are biased because
they present just one side of the story,
in order to work out if information on the internet is
ustworthy, look out for:
occuracy: are there facts and figures to back up
opinions?
» currency: when was the article written? Has it
been updated recently?
® outhor: is the author named? Are they qualified
to comment on the subject they are writing
ut?
ig website: Is the organisation hosting the
website well known and generally considered to
be trustworthy?
> balanced presentation: are both sides of an
-gument covered in equal measure?
‘ofessional tone: is the article well written? It
should avoid text speak, informal language and
appropriately emotional language.
You will usually begin your research by typing
search terms into a search engine. Use keywords
rather than long phrases; for example, type
‘computer history’ to find out how computers have
developed over time. Choose words that are likely
to be used on the websites you want to visit. Don't
worry about small spelling mistakes or capitalisation,
because the spell checker that is built into a search,
engine will automatically use the most common
spelling. Use the category options, such as images,
video or news, to limit your search. And, finally,
remember that you can type ‘define’ and then a word
to find out the word's dictionary definition
When you are carrying out research on the internet,
try to get your information from more than one
unrelated source and see what issues the sources
agree on to identify the most accurate information
Always rewrite the information in your own words,
unless you are quoting something, and include a list
of the URLS of the sources you have used so that
anyone reading your research knows where you
have gathered the information from.
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Researching how to use the
eee eu ee a)
Use the internet to research the things that
you should and should not do when using the
internet. Consider:
> use of personal information
> use of photos
> use of web cams
> login details and passwords
> what you post.
Copy and paste the URL of each website you visit
and then list the things the website advises you
should or should not do in a table. For example:
URL: https://www.childnet.comiblog/oniine-
etiquette-or-netiquette-the-dos-and-conts-of-
‘online-communication-
Do
Be respectful
Digital wellbeing
Digital wellbeing is about having a healthy
relationship with technology.
Research suggests that 11-year-olds spend up to six
hours online every day. Whether or not this is too
much depends on the quality of the content you are
looking at and the activities you are doing online.
However, too much time spent online can affect
your friendships, your health and your performance
at school.
The effects of spending too much time online
include headaches and eye-strain, disturbed
sleep, falling out with friends and family, becoming
isolated, constantly talking about online activities
such as gaming, prioritising your ontine activities
ver other things that you should be doing and a
decline in the quality of your school work.
Pree en)
The following questions are designed to help
you think about your use of digital technology.
> Roughly how much time do you spend online
each day?
> What do you spend this time doing?
> Does it add value to your life?
> What would you do if you were not online so
much?
Do you sometimes get tired and grumpy when
you are using digital technology?
> Is there anything you would like to change
about your use of digital technology?
Tips for managing your use of digital
technology
> Before picking up your device, ask yourself whet
you intend to achieve
> Make use of tools that tell you exactly how much
time you spend on each app.
> Set a time limit for your tech usage each day ond
try to stick to it
> Try to moke small changes, such as switching off
some notifications.
Put your device into ‘Do not disturb’ mode before
going to bed, or when you have other work to do,
Checking in
@ Whatis the internet?
@ Name one thing that you might use the
internet for at school.
© Name one thing that you should not use the
internet for at school.
© Explain whot we mean by ‘digital wellbeing.
a eee egy
4 Vector graphics
Data about cn image can be stored by a computer
as vector graphics or as bitmap graphics.
Vector graphics are stored as a list of attributes,
Lorger pictures are made up of shapes called
objects and the attributes for each object are stored
separately. The attributes include information such
as the object's:
> height
> width
> x and y coordinates for the points
> outline colour
> tine width
> fill colour.
The shape of the object is stored as a set of points,
‘nd these are connected together by lines. So, for
example, the coordinates of the three corners of a
triangle are stored.
Each object and its attributes con be edited
independently, Objects can be resized by clicking
and dragging on the points. The colour and tine
vAg
@-
® A vector graphic
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width can be changed using formatting options.
Itis also possible to layer objects to create o
sense of depth or more complex shapes. Vector
graphics are scalable, which means that they
can be enlarged without any loss in quality as
shown here.
Even if an object in a vector graphic is quite large, it
only uses a small amount of memory because the
image is recreated from the attributes. Therefore,
the file size of a vector graphic is often quite
small. Common vector graphic formats are eps
(Encapsulated PostScript File) and .svg (Scalable
Vector Graphics File).
@® CO am ced
See easy
‘Open anew Microsoft Word document and save _To layer one shape behind another:
itwith @ suitable file name, Then create a vector —_—® Right-click on the object you want to layer
graphic image of a house and garden. Use the haHihe Bhd cHOGLe SURE ES Eee
instructi h
eee en To group objects together so that the whole image
To create an object ue ahesieel
» Click on ‘insert’ and ‘Shapes’ and select ashope. > ctick on the one object and hold down the
> Click and drag the shape to the required size “Shift” key while clicking on other objects to
using the handles. select them.
> Double-click on the shape and click ‘Edit shape’ Right-click in the selected area and select
‘ond ‘Edit points’ to select individual points and ‘Group’ and then ‘Group.
drag them to adjust the shape, You can group one image in several stages.
> Double-click on the shape and click ‘Shape
Fill to choose an appropriate colour for the
shape, and click on ‘No Outline’ to remove the
coloured outline
What do we call an image that is made
up of objects?
How is the shape of an object stored?
Vector graphics are scalable. What does
this mean?
Name one type of vector-graphic file. Eee ey
Does anything seem strange to you about
this picture?
Itis common practice for the photographs we see
in magazines and on posters to be retouched
to remove blemishes and make models appear
thinner. It raises many ethical issues. If the changes
‘are minor, such as removing an unwanted shadow,
itmay be considered acceptable. However, it can
result in ‘impossible’ pictures. Often it isn’t as easy
to spot a fake image as it is to spot that the picture
of a person running on the Moon is fake. This can
lead to incorrect stories about people circulating on
social media and gives people unreal expectations
‘bout their appearance.
Bitmap graphics
Bitmap graphics, also called raster graphics, store
an image as « matrix of dots.
Each dot is called a pixel, short for ‘picture element.
The colour of every pixel is stored, and every
different colour in the picture has its own unique
binary code. It is possible to edit the colour of each
individual pixel separately to manipulate an image.
The quality of a bitmap image depends on its
resolution. This is the number of pixels in the image.
The higher the resolution, the better quality and
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represented by
more realistic the image. A resolution of 300 dpi
(dots per inch) is likely to produce a good quality
image. However, when a bitmap graphic is enlarged
it loses quality and it is sometimes possible to see
the individual pixels.
The size of a bitmap graphic file depends on the
resolution of the image, the size of the image and
how many unique colours it contains. Bigger images
contain more pixels and images that contain a lot
of different colours require more bits to store each
colour. Bitmap graphic files are generally much
larger than vector graphic files because of the
‘amount of information the computer needs to store
to recreate the image.
Common bitmap graphic formats are
> tif: Tagged Image File Format (very high quality
but large file size)
> bmp: Bitmop Image File (very high quality but
large file size; developed for Microsoft® Windows)
> jpg: Joint Photographic Experts Groups (good for
email and presentations)
> gif: Graphics Interchange Format (good for web
Images with up to 256 colours)
> png: Portable Network Graphics (good for web
images with up to 16 million cotours)
itis not practical to draw images by defining each
pixel separately, At a resolution of 300 dpi, an
‘A4 image will contain 8,640,000 pixels. However,
itis possible to save any image in a bitmap file
format and then edit the image using image editing
software.
pO eur
Download GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation
Program), which is free and open-source image
editing software. Then follow the instructions
Selow to begin creating your own ‘impossible’
photograph.
4 Download and save an image of a real person
Make sure it includes their whole body, not just
their head.
2 Open GIMP.
Click on ‘File’ and ‘Open’ and select your image.
4 Right-click on the layer on the right-hand side of
the screen and click ‘Add Alpha Channel’
5 Choose the ‘Fuzzy Select Toot’ FM and click
on an area of the background thet you wish to
remove. If necessary, adjust the ‘Threshold’ to
ensure that only unwented areas of the image
are selected. Then press CTRL + X (CMD + X if
you're using a Mac) to remove the selected area
© Repeat Step 5 to remove as much of the
background as possible. If you make an error,
remember that you can use CTRL + Z to undo
your most recent changes.
7 Next, choose the ‘Free Select Too!’ [J to hand
draw around the remaining areas of background
and use CTRL + X to remove them.
& Zoom, in using the + key and use the ‘Free
Select Tool’ to remove any background arees
with a significant colour difference close to the
outline of the person.
tern
How are bitmap graphics saved?
What determines the quality ofa bitmap
image?
‘What happens to the quality of bitmap
images when you zoom in?
Name one type of bitmap graphic file.
CTT ei
8 Once you are happy that all the background
has been removed, choose the ‘Fuzzy Select
Toot’ and ensure that ‘Feather edges’ is
selected. Adjust the radius to about 25 to
blur the edges of the picture and smooth
the colours.
10 Select the background area and then click on
Select’ and ‘Invert’ to select the part of the
image required. Copy the image using CTRL + C
or ‘Edit’ and ‘Copy’ Then, create a new layer
using the new layer icon at the bottom right of
the screen fi. Make sure that the ‘Fill with’ field
contains Transparency’. Then paste your image
into the new layer using CTRL + V or ‘Edit’ and
‘Poste’ Finally, click on the anchor symbol Ell to
lock your image to the new layer.
!! Hide the original image by clicking on the eye
symbol to the left of the first Layer, so that only
the new layer is selected.
‘12 Save your image as a GIMP file using ‘File’ and
‘Save’, remembering to give it a new name.
Then use ‘File’ and ‘Export’ to save it as a png
file. Make sure that your image is saved to your
documents area. 6 Impossible photographs
You now know how to isolate an image. Now you
are going to learn how to insert your cut-out into a
new background layer.
au eel oc oe emcee el
Follow the instructions below to layer your cut-out
of a person into a new background to create an
‘impossible’ photograph.
1. Make sure that you have finished editing your
picture of a person and have exported it as a
png file.
2. Download and save the image that you wish to
use for the background.
3. Open GIMP,
4. Click on ‘File’ and ‘New’ and set the width to
1920 and the height to 1080, Click on ‘Advanced
Options’ and ensure that the ‘Fill with’ field is set
to ‘Transparency’ and press ‘OK’.
5 Click on ‘File’ and ‘Open’ and select your
background image.
6 You need to resize your image so that it is the
same size as the dotted yellow outline of the
canvas. Select the ‘Scale Toot’ FM and adjust
the ‘Opacity’ on the right-hand side of the
screen to 50%. Then use the handles to drag
and resize the background picture so that it fills
the canvas. Click on ‘Scale’ and then reset the
‘Opacity’ to 100%.
7. Click on ‘File’ and ‘Open’ and select your edited,
image of a person.
8 Click on your person image and copy it using
CTRL + C (CMD + C if you'te using a Mac) or
Edit’ and ‘Copy’. Then select the background
Image from the thumbnail at the top of the
screen so that it appears in the centre of the
screen,
16
9 Create a new layer using the new layer icon at.
the bottom right of the screen: Make sure
that the ‘Fill with’ field contains ‘Transparency’
Then paste your image into the new layer using
CTRL + V or ‘Edit’ and ‘Paste’. Finally click on the
‘anchor symbol Il to lock the cut-out to the new
layer.
10 You should now see your image of a person
‘over the top of your background picture. The
next task is to resize and reposition it to create
your final image. Make sure that the cut-out
layer is selected on the right-hand side of
‘the screen and then select the ‘Scale Tool’.
Resize the image by dragging on the handles.
Reposition it by clicking and dragging on the box
in the centre of the image. Once you are happy
with the result, click on ‘Scale’.
11 Finally, you need to save your finished picture.
‘Save your image as a GIMP file using ‘File’ and
‘Save’, remembering to give it a new name.
Then use ‘File’ and ‘Export to save it as a .png
file. Make sure that your image is saved to your
documents area. Roe ere
Tee
Your final challenge is to use your image editing —_ ‘Rectangle Select Tool’ to select part of each
skills to create an impossible creature, just like the gnimat
ine in this photograph.
poeta Yi Proeurces > ‘Scale Tool’ to match the parts of the two
Open GIMP and use the instructions on palnicatoeutrey
pages 1516 to help you. You will need to use the:
eu
How can different images be combined using
graphics software?
What does the background need to be set to
for this to work?
What helps to make the new image look
realistic?
” ‘Introducing spreadsheets
| Ee ee
A spreadsheet is a type of electronic document used to store data and
information. The data can be used to perform calculations, analyse
trends, model different scenarios and produce graphs and charts.
powerful tools. They
‘are used every day bu
people in all sorts of ways,
from storing information
etoni Beoicis apie’ stele The main elements of a spreadsheet
levels to managing mutti- A spreadsheet consists of a grid of cells
million-pound budgets. HA cell is a box on a spreadsheet into columns
They can be used to store ff which you can place numbers, text
dato, perform complex or calculations, A spreadsheet Bue rs
calculations and to create ff is divided into rows and columns aiid)! —~-2)|
graphs and chert, They and these are used to provide each s
are often used to model coll with a unique cell reference —_
‘what might happen in For example, the unique cell
different situations. This reference for cell B2 tells us the cell is in column B and row 2.
chapter is focused on using
ee ee Writing formulae using cell references
Gronge ofectivities, gf Spreadsheets are often used to perform calculations, This is done
by writing a formula, Most formulae use cell references. This means
‘that you can change a value in a cell and the formula automatically
recalculates the answer.
Formulae must always start with an equals sign, for example: =A1+B2.
Mada The following operators are used to write formulae:
Specht
In aus
dbl tenho plus sign + | for addition
minus sign = | for subtraction
asterisk * | for muttiptication
forward slash l for division
ESC
Look at this
spreadsheetand A 8
write formulae for 9 Number1 Type
6
8
0
column D to work Ss add |
out the sums. The 28 subtract
first one has been 3 multiply by
done for you. 2 18 vide by
4356 add
Replicating data and data series
Replication is where you copy information from one cell to another using
the fill handle. This is a great time-saving feature of spreadsheets.
Click on the cell you want to replicate and move the cursor down to the
bottom right of the cell. The cursor should change from a white cross to
New I A «a black cross; this is the fill handle. Now click, hold
‘and drag down over the cells you want to fll
The fill handle can also be used to extend and
complete a series of numbers, dates or formulae if
you enter the first couple of items in a series:
BAK B
1 2
a) 2 4
i 6
4) 4 8
oS 10
oe 6 2
m7 4
Relative and absolute cell references
When you replicate cells with formulae in, you have
two options. You can use relative cell references or
absolute cell references.
Relative cell references are used when you want
the formula to change to match the row or column it
applies to, across several columns or rows of data;
for example: =A1+B1.
An absolute cell reference is used when you do not
want a cell reference to change when replicating
cells. An absolute reference is created by adding
dollar sign ($) in front of the column reference, the
row reference, or both; for example: =$A$1+§B$2,
ees 4
Look at the following spreadsheet.
1. Write a formula with absolute cell references
to copy the multiplier in cell G9 to cells C7
to Cit.
2. Write formulae with relative cell references
for column E
3. Think about what happens to the values in
column E when the multiplier changes.
MAAR BRAS G
1 times is
8 2 times is Multiplier
9 3 times :
fo) 4 tines is
5 times is
Dee cia)
pe Cater
The table below gives the cost of different
coloured pencils.
4. Write formulae for column D to calculate the
cost of the coloured pencils,
2. Write formulae for column E using an
absolute cell reference, to calculate the cost
of the coloured pencils plus delivery.
3 Write a formula for cell £22 to calculate the
total cost of all the pencils, plus one delivery
charge.
@ Whats replication? Describe how you would
use replication to extend and complete a
series of numbers.
Explain what is meant by a relative cell
reference.
Explain what is meant by an absolute cell
reference. DR rece
Sue | i EL
Functions The AVERAGE function
Functions are pre-programmed into spreadsheets. The AVERAGE function works in much the same way
They allow us to perform longer or more complex _qs the SUM function.
calculations with ease. The following formulae To worleoutthe avetage,mark use the formula
both perform the same calculation, but the second _LavepagE(B4:B7).
formula, which makes use of a function, is shorter
‘ond mistakes are less likely when typing It. Ma A LES
=A3+B3+C3+D34234F3+03 1 Computing Grades
=SUM(A3:63) 2
All functions start with an equals sign followed by 3 Name Score/100
the function name. Ba peter z 70
The data to be used by the function is referenced AV anect al
using individual cell references or a cell range
enclosed within parentheses (_) ; for example: 6 Mary | 84
=SUM(A3:G3) 7 Zak Liss 32
SE 2
9 TOTAL
The SUM function :
The SUM function adds up the values in a range The MAX and MIN functions
of cells.
To add up the total score for the group use the
formula =SUM (B4:B7)
To find the largest value in a range, use the MAX
function, To find the smallest value in a range, use
the MIN function.
A A B The highest exam mark Is found using the formula
1 Computing Grades =MAX (B4:B7) . The lowest exam mark is found
2 using the formula =MIN(B4:B7)
3 Name Score/100 AA 8 i
We peter cael 1 Computing Grades
&
5 Vaneet | 69
3 Name Score/100
wary S 4 Peter 70
gk ae 5 Vaneet 69
e ey 6 Mary 84
9 |TOTAL [SUM (BEE /)55} 7 Zak 32
8
9 HIGHESTMARK = =MAX(B4:87)
(0 LOWEST MARK IN(B4:87)
———————
20 Pore eS aa cam UI
a Rcd
4 A c > e F s 4 1
° Ticket sales Wei
10 Fim [Friday | Saturday | Sunday [Monday [Tuesday [Wednesday] Thursday | aamemare |
11 Harry Bond: | £800.00 | £2,700.00__£2,100.00| £400.00 | £250.00 £200.00 | _€250.00
ee tee scent eben | ex sonne| — exon [x-easo00| tienes [= tise
13 The Happy Princess | 100.00 £250.00, £200.00| _£75.00| £30000| _€50.00| £50.00
14 StarshipWars___| £500.00 | #1,500.00 | £1,400.00| £300.00| £200.00 £100.00 | £200.00
15 Toy Tales £750.00 | £1,000.00| _£850.00| £450.00 £150.00| _£75.00| £100.00 |
16 Mission Possible | £350.00 £900.00) £850.00 £400.00 £350.00 £250.00 £400.00
AT MrPea £650.00 | £1,100.00| £650.00 £325.00 £250.00 £25.00 £250.00 |
1 armen sie) | | WL ELL,
a
oar iSeccaeee esi cf mney lan Fy siea onan in? pp
B
ara geared eee [zune
Look at this spreadsheet. It shows the weekly ticket 2 Write functions for row 18 to calculate the
sales for various films at a cinema. average ticket sales each day.
1. Write functions for column Ito calculate the total 3. Write formulae for the shaded cells in column F
weekly sales for each film, to work out the answers to the questions.
Checking in
© Give an example of a cell range.
@ Why would you use the sum function rather
than writing a formula?
© Which function would you use to find the
largest value in a set of data?
2 ete
etl) lela lea Ty
The IF function
The ZF function is used to make choices. it has the
following structure:
=IF( Question, Do this if True,
Do this if False )
There are three elements that need to be Included
inside the parentheses and they are separated by
commas.
1 Aqquestion: this is a logical test or logical
‘expression to which the answer can be either
True or False.
2 What is to happen or be displayed if the outcome
of the logical test, of ‘condition’, is True
3 What is to happen or be displayed if the outcome
of the logical test, or ‘condition’, is False.
The logical test in an TF function uses Boolean
operators:
> ‘reoter thon
<= _/less than
equal to
~[arecter than or equal to
= less than or equal to
Here Is an example of an TF function that tells you
if'a student has passed or failed a test with « pass
mark of 60.
Value to be returned if the concition is True
Value to be rewired if
woke aac the condition i False
=IF{ B2>=60, "Pass", "Fail" )
Logica test
Mik B c
1 Student Mark — Pass/Fai
2 Alison 68 |_ Pass
3 Bob 52
4 Charlie 49
5 Deepak 2
6 Eesa cs
ae iar)
The COUNTIF function
The COUNTIF function counts the number of cells
ina selected range that meet a specific criterion.
thas the following structure:
sCOUNTIF( Range, Criterion ).
The range selects the cells to be checked and the
criterion is the condition that determines which cells
will be counted. It can be a number, a mathematical
expression or text that needs to be matched.
Here is an example of a COUNTIF function that
counts how many students got a B-;
4 A
1 Name
2 Alison
3 Bob
4 Charlie
i
6
a)
Deepak B
[Number of students
=COUNTIF( 2:85, "8" |
Look at the following spreadsheet. It gives the
marks achieved by students in three tests.
1. Write formulae for column € to calculate the
total of the three test marks.
2 Write IF functions for column F to decide
whether each student has passed or failed.
Use absolute cell references,
3 Write functions in the green cells to count the
number of students who have passed and foiled.
eee
i ieieeesnieiinreetaiaterte eel
22 3 Boolean operators and the IF and COUNT functions
The COUNT and COUNTA functions
The COUNT function counts the number of cells ina
selected range that contain a number.
Here is an example of a COUNT function. The answer
ss 4, because cells 82 to BS all contain numbers.
A A y 8
1 Name Score/100
2 Peter 70
3 Vaneet 69
4 Mary | 84
5 Zak | 32
6
7 |Number of results
isis orale)
Open the Ifcity Zoo spreadsheet. It lists
the different species of animal found at
ifcity Zoo.
1
Write a function in column D to calculate
the total number of each type of animal
Write an ZF function in column H to
work out each animat’s popularity. If
they have more than 30 visitors per
hour they are ‘Popular’. Otherwise, they
are ‘Standard’
Write COUNTIF functions in cells B36 to
B39 to calculate the number of different
species for each type of habitat.
Write COUNTTF functions in cells B42 to
B44 to calculate the number of different
species for each conservation status.
Write a COUNTA function in cell G35 to calculate
the number of different species at the zoo and
‘@ COUNT function in cell G36 to calculate the
number of different species at the zoo with
young
2
© What ore the three elements needed to write
an TF function?
@ What does the counrr function tell you?
The COUNTA function counts the number of cells
ina selected range that contain a value (text or 0
number),
Here is an example of o COUNTA function. The
answer is 3 because cells B2, B4 and B5 contain a
value
A A 8
1 Name Maths
2 Alison Yes
3 Bob
4 Charlie Yes
5. Deepak Yes
6
7 Number of students
6 Write CoUNTZF functions in cells G38 and G39
to calculate the number of ‘Popular’ species
and the number of ‘Standard’ species.
Write functions in cells G41 and G42 to
determine the most visitors per hour and the
least visitors per hour for any species.
7
© Which function would you use to find out how:
many cells in a range contain a specific value? Derr
4 Formatting, graphs and charts
Formatting cells You can apply conditional formatting by selecting
Formettng cls helps tomoke o spreadsheet __Cehaltonal Fometing ond Hghight Cl ules
easier to read. You can change the: ne cre OD.
> font, text size and text colour
Be = | E-39 £
> fill colour
| Boma | O- ES
> number format
> text alignment
> border.
You can format cells using the tools in the ribbon on
the Home tab.
eu elas y eee. BB awe occuring.
Recreate this spreadsheet, with all the formatting ee ie ee
shown. Can you make your spreadsheet look oe
exactly like the screenshot? tee
[ratte [nype Cost]
‘The Dafk Sun Science Fiction £16.90
(Goblins and Other Creatures Fantasy £9.99
|The Battle of the Dragons __Fant £1143; “Create the following spreadsheet and add
. IMy Secret Diary ____|Comedy _| £7.95) conditional formatting to reveal a picture, The.
[Murder at the Bridge ering a key tells you the fill colours to use for different
. cell values.
. Remember to select all of the cells in the grid
Conditional formatting before applying each conditional formatting
Conditional formatting allows you to alterthe ule.
‘appearance of a cell depending on the value it 4
Sco EF GH aK No
contains. This enables you to quickly identify i
1
patterns in your data. For example, in the below af a
spreadsheet, conditional formatting has been a2 equal to 2 fll
applied to column C so that any cell containing a
a number greater than 10 has a green fill and Serotec
any cell containing a number less than 8 has a elle ieee al
red fill. aoa
A B c al 2|
1 |ritle (Type cost| al
2 [The Dark Sun ‘Science Fiction | £16.50)
3 Goblins and Other Creatures [Fantasy __ £9.99)
4 The Battle of the Dragons [Fantasy £11.49)
5 MySecret Diary ‘Comedy
6 Murder at the Bridge Crime. £8.99)
aii
24 4 Formatting, graphs and charts
Graphs and charts
Graphs and charts give a visual representation of
data and presenting data in graphs or charts can
make data easier to understand or interpret.
There are several different types of graph and
chart and each is designed to display different
types of dato.
> Bar charts and column charts allow you to
compare categories of data that are not
directly related to identify similarities and
differences.
> A pie chart shows the individual parts that make
up a whole. They are useful to show percentages.
> Line graphs are used when you want to show
how something has changed over time. They are
Useful for plotting the results of experiments.
To create a graph or chart, select the data on
the spreadsheet, go to the ‘Insert’ tab and then
choose the type of chart you require from the
"Recommended Charts’ drop-down list.
Bud
Copy the data in the table below into a
spreadsheet and use the data to insert a
clustered column chart to show the temperature
across the year. Make sure your chart includes a
suitable title and labels for each axis.
Co (eek
a 6
eer SSE
[Mar 2
Apr 13 |
May 17 |
Jun 4 a
m 25
Aug 22
Copy the data in the table below into a
spreadsheet and use the data to insert a line
graph to show a person's height compared
to their age, Make sure your chart includes a
suitable title ond labels for each axis.
ee) oe
3 45
1 68
2 85
3 38
4 ‘01
5 108
6 oT
7 ei Ki
si 2
9 133
0 138
io 4 alee
2 15
8 57
a 160
5 162
6 [163 =
Identify three ways in which the appearance
of « cell could be formatted.
When might we use conditional formatting?
‘What chart should we use to show the
percentage of students in the class who own
pet? Dre eed
ess)
Using spreadsheets for modelling
Modelling allows us to predict what is likely to
happen when something changes. It is used for
many different purpose, for example, for weather
forecasting, to predict what the weather will be like
in the future.
Modelling is also used in financial decision making
to work out, for example, how much profit will be
made if prices change, Itis also used by engineers
designing roller coasters to work out, for example,
how variations in the design will affect the speed of
the roller coaster.
Spreadsheets are excellent for modelling because
it is easy to set them up and perform calculations
on data. Itis also possible to try out lots of different
scenarios to find the best result.
Goal Seek
Goal Seek is a spreadsheet tool that allows you to
see how changing one value in a formula affects
nother. It enables you to ask ‘what questions to
achieve a specific goal. For example, you can use it
to find out the price you need to sell an item for to
make @ certain amount of profit.
To use Goal Seek, go to the ‘Data’ tab, click on
‘Whatif Analysis’ and select ‘Goal Seek ..”
eee
This spreadsheet allows us to set a budget
this case, £5) and then model how we can best
spend the money to buy a wide range of different
sweets
Look at the spreadsheet.
1. Think about how to format cells 013 to D2,
cell D23 and cell D25 as currency.
2 Write formulae for column D to calculate the
cost of whatever quantities of sweets are
entered into column C.
3 Write a function for cell D21 to calculate the
total cost of all the sweets selected.
4 White @ formula for cell D23 to calculate the
budget remaining, by subtracting the total cost
from the budget amount.
5. Think about how to add conditional formatting
to cell D21 so that the background cotour is
green if the total is less than or equal to the
budget amount and red if the total is more
than the budget amount.
aye 2 < °
12 tiem lcomtgers00q) uonty(g) | cont
13 Honus oss | i
1a Chose baine"|—3.3
lity wotes "| os — nena a
fale ees os
iFaxyeot bons | oar
‘18 Wine gums 053
12 hy abs tata
2ilasres sos | 033
a ee Total
2
23 (Bidet remaining Td
»
as (—Bedeet TA
6 Think about how you would use Goal Seek to
work out how many grams of Jelly Snakes you
‘can buy for your budget. In Microsoft Excel,
you need to open the Goal Seek dialogue
box, enter D21 in the ‘Set cell’ box, 0 in the ‘To
value’ box because you want your budget to
end up at zero, and C15 in the ‘By changing
cell’ box
ee
26 Cupcake challenge
You have decided to hold a charity cake sale. You
are going to use the cake and icing recipes below
to make 12 cupcakes.
Open the Cupcake challenge spreadsheet and
then follow the instructions below.
1. Enter a formula in cell E14 to calculate the cost
of 1g of butter. Replicate this down to cell E20 to
calculate the unit cost of the other ingredients.
Make sure the cells are all formatted as
currency. Note that the cell value will show
£0.00 if the cost of 1g or 1 ml of the ingredient is
less than 1p.
2 Enter a formula in cell £24 to calculate the
cost of the butter needed for the cake recipe,
making sure the cell is formatted as currency.
Then enter similar formulae in cells E25 to E28
to calculate the cost of the other ingredients
needed for the cake recipe, again making sure
the cells are formatted as currency.
3. Enter similar formulae in cells E32 to E35 to
calculate the cost of the ingredients needed for
the icing recipe. Make sure the cells are
formatted as currency.
4 Enter a function in cell C37 to calculate the total
cost of the ingredients needed to make 12 iced
cupcakes.
5 Enter a formula in cell €39 to calculate the total
cost of the ingredients needed to make one iced
cupcake,
You now want to work out how much profit you will
make if you sell each cupcake for 50p.
6 Enter the number of cupcakes sold (12) into cell
C49 and the selling price (50p) into cell C51
7 Enter a formula in cell C53 to calculate the
profit/loss per cupcake. You will need to
subtract the cost price per cupcake from the
selling price.
8 Enter a formula in cell C55 to calculate the total
profit/loss for the number of cupcakes sold. Add
conditional formatting to cell C55 so that the
colour is light green if there is a profit, and pole
red if there is a loss.
9 Use Goal Seek to work out how many cupcakes
you will need to sell if you want to make £25
profit for charity, Enter the number of cupcakes
in cell D59.
15 Come sagor ease} S00 |g
1 sefvatsng for | e090 | 500 |g
irises au [sg
13 Vania
2 eng sie
3 Mik i
57 ost pie fora? eens ZA
4 costa par apeake
© Numberofeapeaterseid | i
A
5 Sellog pice
a
5 TeulPo tes)
58 Number of cupcakes to make £25 prot
een
@ What is meant by modelling?
@ Why are spreadsheets good to use for modelling?
© What does Goal Seek enable you to do?
27 Tete ested
CSU ee Sat Lc Coe
eu ete
‘You have been engaged by a
local theme park to help them A 4 = Ei saath E | £
calculate their costs ond ticket san | Matin | tang ot | Nem! lio mumaer conto
prices. The theme park is open aa tector | qoessper | oat [reruns per|/e¥e#Pe*| create er
365 days per year, for 8 hours per 1 ieee | ees | etter or a
aa, rT t
Open the Theme park challenge + Pratesip 4 36, a
spreadsheet, which contains data + Dureron Adventure 4 38) a
‘about the rides that you willneed 1 Wheres, zi 2 4 i
to complete the activity 2 Dade i aa a
1 Enteraformutain cellC31to = Sef.Advenure sft a
calculate how many minutes 2s chat Swing 2 2al 2
the pork is open each day. 25 Logfane 3 = sh
2 Enteraformulain column Eto 3» nesinlnsue S aa oat a Ti
calculate the number of times > Runway Mine Tin 4 = a
each ride runs perday. Each aa
run takes the length of the ride” patopennetmeperdy ——]
plus 2 minutes for changeover. * (nine)
