MINISTERUL EDUCAŢIEI REPUBLICII MOLDOVA

COLEGIUL UNIVERSITATII TEHNICE A MOLDOVEI

Specialitatea : Administrarea Aplicațiilor WEB

RAPORT

Disciplina: Administrarea retelelor de calculatoare

Lucrare de laborator modulul 3

A efectuat studentul grupei AAW- Faureanu Dumitru

221:

A verificat profesor de Ludmila Peca

specialitate:

© 2015 - 2019 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Page 1 of 13 www.netacad.com
3.0.3 Class Activity – Design a Communications System
(Answers)
Class Activity - Design a Communications System
Objectives
Explain the role of protocols and standards organizations in facilitating interoperability in network
communications.

Background / Scenario
You have just purchased a new automobile for your personal use. After driving the car for a week or so, you
find that it is not working correctly. Discussing the problem with several of your peers, you decide to take it to
an automotive repair facility that they highly recommend. It is the only repair facility located in close proximity.

When you arrive at the repair facility, you find that all the mechanics speak another language. You are having
difficulty explaining the automobile’s performance problems, but the repairs really need to be done. You are
not sure you can drive it back home to research other options.

You must find a way to work with the repair facility to ensure your automobile is fixed correctly.

How will you communicate with the mechanics? Design a communications model to ensure that the car is
properly repaired.

Instructor Note: This Modeling Activity is not intended to be a graded assignment.

Its purpose is to encourage students to reflect on their perceptions of how a
communications system facilitates the transfer of data from source to destination
(personally and in corporate practice). Discussion should be initiated as a result of
this activity.
Reflection Question
What steps did you identify as important to communicating your repair request? Justify your answer.

To resolve this issue, some steps might include:

Establishing a language for communication (could be voice, written, or
kinesthetic/physical).
Very carefully (in small steps), explaining the problem experienced with the automobile
(again voice, written/pictures, or kinesthetic/physical representations).
Asking the mechanic to confirm his/her understanding of the problem.
Waiting for the repair to be done.
Driving the automobile to ensure repairs were successful.
Closing the meeting by paying for the repairs and thanking the mechanic.
Identify elements of the model that map to IT content:
 Establishing a language to communicate (Application protocol)
 Dividing the message into small steps to facilitate understanding of the problem to
be solved a little at a time (Transfer protocol).

© 2015 - 2019 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Page 2 of 13 www.netacad.com
  Checking to see if the message has been delivered and correctly understood to
the mechanic who will be performing the repairs. (Internet protocol)
 Delivery of automobile and wait time for repairs (Network Access protocol)

3.4.4 Lab - Research Networking Standards

Lab - Research Networking Standards
Objectives
• Research Networking Standards Organizations
• Reflect on Internet and Computer Networking Experiences

Background / Scenario
Using web search engines like Google, research the non-profit organizations that are responsible for
establishing international standards for the internet and the development of internet technologies.

Required Resources
Device with internet access

Instructions Step 1: Research Networking Standards Organizations

In this step, you will identify some of the major standards organizations and important characteristics, such as
the number of years in existence, the size of their membership, the important historical figures, some of the
responsibilities and duties, organizational oversight role, and the location of the organization’s headquarters.
Use a web browser or websites for various organizations to research information about the following
organizations and the people who have been instrumental in maintaining them.
You can find answers to the questions below by searching the following organizational acronyms and terms:
ISO, ITU, ICANN, IANA, IEEE, EIA, TIA, ISOC, IAB, IETF, W3C, RFC, and Wi-Fi Alliance.
Questions:

1. Who is Jonathan B. Postel and what is he known for?

(Search hint: Jon Postel)

Jonathan Postel was an American computer scientist who made significant
contributions to the development of the internet standards, to the creation of Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and as the RFC Editor.
Type your answers here.

Which two related organizations are responsible for managing the top-level domain name space and the
root Domain Name System (DNS) name servers on the internet? (Search hint: ICANN, IANA)
International Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
2.

Type your answers here.

© 2015 - 2019 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Page 3 of 13 www.netacad.com
3. Vinton Cerf has been called one of main fathers of the internet. What internet organizations did he chair or
help found? What internet technologies did he help to develop?

(Search hint: Vint Cerf, IAB, ISOC, ICANN)

Vinton Cerf co-founded Internet Society (ISOC) with Bob Kahn in 1992, helped with
the creation of ICANN, and served as the chair of Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
from 1989 – 1991

Type your answers here.

4. What organization is responsible for publishing Request for Comments (RFC)?

(Search hint: Vint Cerf, IAB, ISOC, ICANN)

Vinton Cerf co-founded Internet Society (ISOC) with Bob Kahn in 1992, helped with
the creation of ICANN, and served as the chair of Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
from 1989 – 1991

Type your answers here.

5. What do RFC 349 and RFC 1700 have in common?

(Search hint: Request for Comments, Google – RFC 349, RFC 1700)
Port Numbers. The current list can be found
at http://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names-port-numbers/service-names-
port-numbers.xml

Type your answers here.

Lab - Research Networking Standards

6. What RFC number is the ARPAWOCKY? What is it?

(Search hint: Request for Comments, Google – ARPAWOCKY)

RFC 527. The first humorous RFC which then led to IETF launching April fool’s day
RFC in 1989.

Type your answers here.

7. Who founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)?

(Search hint: W3C)

Founded by Tim Berners-Lee at MIT

Type your answers here.

8. Name 10 World Wide Web (WWW) standards that the W3C develops and maintains? (Search hint:
W3C)

© 2015 - 2019 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Page 4 of 13 www.netacad.com
Some samples: Common Gateway Interface (CGI), Document Object Model (DOM),
HyperText Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup Language (XML)

9. Where is the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) headquarters located and what is the
significance of its logo?

(Search hint: IEEE)

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is headquartered in New
York City, New York, United States. The IEEE logo is a diamond-shaped design
which illustrates the right hand grip rule embedded in Benjamin Franklin’s kite.

10. What is the IEEE standard for the Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2) security protocol?

(Search hint: WPA2)

WPA2 is based on IEEE 802.11i standard. It is commonly used on Wi-Fi wireless
network

Type your answers here.

11. Is the Wi-Fi Alliance a non-profit standards organization? What is their goal?

(Search hint: WiFi Alliance)

Yes, Wi-Fi Alliance is a non-profit trade association, and its goals are to ensure
interoperability and backward compatibility and provide innovation support.

Type your answers here.

12. Who is Hamadoun Touré?

(Search hint: ITU)

Hamadoun Touré of Mali is the Secretary General of the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU).

Type your answers here.

13. What is the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and where is it headquartered?

(Search hint: ITU)

ITU is an agency of the United Nations dedicated to the information and
communication technologies. ITU’s headquarters are located in Geneva,
Switzerland.
14. Name the three ITU sectors.

(Search hint: ITU)

The three ITU sectors are: Radio communication, Standardization and
Development.

© 2015 - 2019 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Page 5 of 13 www.netacad.com
 Type your answers here.
15. What does the RS in RS-232 stand for and which organization introduced it?

(Search hint: EIA)

RS stands for Recommended Standard. RS-232 was introduced by the Radio
Section of Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA).

Type your answers here.

16. What is SpaceWire?

(Search hint: Spacewire, IEEE)

SpaceWire is a standard for high-speed links and networks for use onboard
spacecraft.

Type your answers here.

17. What is the mission of the ISOC and where are its headquarters located?

(Search hint: ISOC)

The Internet Society (ISOC) headquarters are located in Reston, Virginia and
Geneva, Switzerland. Its mission is “to assure the open development, evolution and
use of the internet for the benefit of all people throughout the world”.

Type your answers here.

18. What organizations does the IAB oversee?

(Search hint: IAB)

IAB oversees Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Internet Research Task
Force (IRTF).

Type your answers here.

19. What organization oversees the IAB?

(Search hint: IAB, ISOC)

ISOC oversees IAB.

Type your answers here.

Lab - Research Networking Standards

20. When was the ISO founded and where are its headquarters located?

(Search hint: ISO)

© 2015 - 2019 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Page 6 of 13 www.netacad.com
 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) was founded in 1947 and its
headquarters are located in Geneva, Switzerland.

Type your answers here.

Step 2: Reflect on Internet and Computer Networking Experiences

Take a moment to think about the internet today in relation to the organizations and technologies you have
just researched. Then answer the following questions.
Questions:

1. How do the internet standards allow for greater commerce? What potential problems could we have if we did
not have the IEEE?

Each company would development its own protocols and products which may not
work with equipment from other companies.

Type your answers here.

2. What potential problems could we have if we did not have the W3C?

We would not have a “common” language on the internet to display information and
communicate with each other.Type your answers here.

3. What can we learn from the example of the Wi-Fi Alliance with regard to the necessity of networking
standards?

If equipment manufacturers follow the same standards/rules, it allows for

interoperability and backward compatibility. This encourages competition, allows for
consumer choices and encourages the manufacturers to create better products.

Type your answers her

End of Document

Concluzie:
Standardele de rețelistică asigură interoperabilitatea, securitatea și evoluția internetului. Fără ele,
dispozitivele și serviciile nu ar comunica eficient, limitând progresul. Organizațiile precum IEEE, IETF și W3C
joacă un rol esențial în dezvoltarea și menținerea acestor standarde, facilitând comerțul și inovația
tehnologică.

© 2015 - 2019 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Page 7 of 13 www.netacad.com
3.5.5 Packet Tracer - Investigate the
TCP/IP and OSI Models in Action
Packet Tracer - Investigate the TCP/IP and OSI Models in Action

Objectives
Part 1: Examine HTTP Web Traffic
Part 2: Display Elements of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Background
This simulation activity is intended to provide a foundation for understanding the TCP/IP protocol suite and
the relationship to the OSI model. Simulation mode allows you to view the data contents being sent across
the network at each layer.

As data moves through the network, it is broken down into smaller pieces and identified so that the pieces
can be put back together when they arrive at the destination. Each piece is assigned a specific name
(protocol data unit [PDU]) and associated with a specific layer of the TCP/IP and OSI models. Packet Tracer
simulation mode enables you to view each of the layers and the associated PDU. The following steps lead
the user through the process of requesting a web page from a web server by using the web browser
application available on a client PC.

Even though much of the information displayed will be discussed in more detail later, this is an opportunity to
explore the functionality of Packet Tracer and be able to visualize the encapsulation process.

Instructions Part 1: Examine HTTP Web Traffic

In Part 1 of this activity, you will use Packet Tracer (PT) Simulation mode to generate web traffic and examine
HTTP.

© 2015 - 2019 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Page 8 of 13 www.netacad.com
Step 1: Switch from Realtime to Simulation mode.
In the lower right corner of the Packet Tracer interface are buttons that toggle between Realtime and
Simulation mode. PT always starts in Realtime mode, in which networking protocols operate with realistic
timings. However, a powerful feature of Packet Tracer allows the user to “stop time” by switching to
Simulation mode. In Simulation mode, packets are displayed as animated envelopes, time is event driven,
and the user can step through networking events.

a. Click the Simulation mode icon to switch from Realtime mode to Simulation mode.
b. Select HTTP from the Event List Filters.
1) HTTP may already be the only visible event. If necessary, click the Edit Filters button at the bottom
of the simulation panel to display the available visible events. Toggle the Show All/None check box
and notice how the check boxes switch from unchecked to checked or checked to unchecked,
depending on the current state.
2) Click the Show All/None check box until all boxes are cleared and then select HTTP from the Misc
tab of the Edit Filters window. Click the X in the upper right hand corner of the window to close the
Edit Filters window. The Visible Events should now only display HTTP.

Step 2: Generate web (HTTP) traffic.

Currently the Simulation Panel is empty. There are five columns listed across the top of the Event List within
the Simulation Panel. As traffic is generated and stepped through, events appear in the list.

Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco

Note: The Web Server and Web Client are displayed in the left pane. The panels can be adjusted in size
by hovering next to the scroll bar and dragging left or right when the double-headed arrow appears. a.
Click Web Client in the far left pane.
b. Click the Desktop tab and click the Web Browser icon to open it.
c. In the URL field, enter www.osi.local and click Go.
Because time in Simulation mode is event-driven, you must use the Capture/Forward button to display
network events. The capture forward button is located at the left hand side of the blue band that is below
the topology window. Of the three buttons there, it is the one on the right.

d. Click Capture/Forward four times. There should be four events in the Event List.
Question:

Look at the Web Client web browser page. Did anything change?

The web page was returned from the web server.

Type your answers here.

Step 3: Explore the contents of the HTTP packet.

a. Click the first colored square box under the Event List > Type column. It may be necessary to expand
the Simulation Panel or use the scrollbar directly below the Event List.
The PDU Information at Device: Web Client window displays. In this window, there are only two tabs
(OSI Model and Outbound PDU Details) because this is the start of the transmission. As more events
are examined, there will be three tabs displayed, adding a tab for Inbound PDU Details. When an event
is the last event in the stream of traffic, only the OSI Model and Inbound PDU Details tabs are
displayed.

© 2015 - 2019 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Page 9 of 13 www.netacad.com
 b. Ensure that the OSI Model tab is selected.
Under the Out Layers column, click Layer 7.
Questions:

What information is listed in the numbered steps directly below the In Layers and Out Layers boxes for
Layer 7?

“1. The HTTP client sends a HTTP request to the server.”

Type your answers here.

What is the Dst Port value for Layer 4 under the Out Layers column?

80

Type your answers here.

What is the Dest. IP value for Layer 3 under the Out Layers column?

192.168.1.254

Type your answers here.

What information is displayed at Layer 2 under the Out Layers column?

Layer 2 Ethernet II Header and inbound and outbound MAC addresses.

Type your answers here.

c. Click the Outbound PDU Details tab.
Information listed under the PDU Formats is reflective of the layers within the TCP/IP model.

Note: The information listed under the Ethernet II section of the Outbound PDU Details tab provides
even more detailed information than is listed under Layer 2 on the OSI Model tab. The Outbound PDU
Details provides more descriptive and detailed information. The values under DEST MAC and SRC
MAC within the Ethernet II section of the PDU Details appear on the OSI Model tab under Layer 2, but
are not identified as such.Questions:

What is the common information listed under the IP section of PDU Details as compared to the
information listed under the OSI Model tab? With which layer is it associated?

SRC IP and DST IP at Layer 3

Type your answers here.

What is the common information listed under the TCP section of PDU Details, as compared to the
information listed under the OSI Model tab, and with which layer is it associated?

SRC PORT and DEST PORT at Layer 4

Type your answers here.

© 2015 - 2019 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Page 10 of 13 www.netacad.com
 What is the Host listed under the HTTP section of the PDU Details? What layer would this information
be associated with under the OSI Model tab?

www.osi.local, Layer 7

Type your answers here.

d. Click the next colored square box under the Event List > Type column. Only Layer 1 is active (not
grayed out). The device is moving the frame from the buffer and placing it on to the network.
e. Advance to the next HTTP Type box within the Event List and click the colored square box. This window
contains both In Layers and Out Layers. Notice the direction of the arrow directly under the In Layers
column; it is pointing upward, indicating the direction the data is travelling. Scroll through these layers
making note of the items previously viewed. At the top of the column the arrow points to the right. This
denotes that the server is now sending the information back to the client.
Question:

Comparing the information displayed in the In Layers column with that of the Out Layers column, what
are the major differences?

The Src and Dst Ports, Src and Dst IPs and MAC addresses have been
swapped.

Type your answers here.

f. Click the Inbound and Outbound PDU Details tab. Review the PDU details.
g. Click the last colored square box under the Info column.
Question:

How many tabs are displayed with this event? Explain.

Just 2, one for the OSI Model and one for Inbound PDU Details because this is
the receiving device.
Part 2: Display Elements of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite
In Part 2 of this activity, you will use the Packet Tracer Simulation mode to view and examine some of the
other protocols comprising of TCP/IP suite.

Step 1: View Additional Events

a. Close any open PDU information windows.
b. In the Event List Filters > Visible Events section, click Show All/None.
Question:

What additional Event Types are displayed?

Depending on whether any communications has occurred prior to starting the

original simulation, there should now be entries for ARP, DNS, TCP and HTTP.
It is possible that the ARP entries may not show, depending on what a student
may have done prior to going to Simulation mode. If the activity is started from
scratch all of those will be listed.

Type your answers here.

© 2015 - 2019 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Page 11 of 13 www.netacad.com
 These extra entries play various roles within the TCP/IP suite. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
requests MAC addresses for destination hosts. DNS is responsible for converting a name (for example,
www.osi.local) to an IP address. The additional TCP events are responsible for connecting, agreeing on
communication parameters, and disconnecting the communications sessions between the devices.
These protocols have been mentioned previously and will be further discussed as the course progresses.
Currently there are over 35 possible protocols (event types) available for capture within Packet Tracer.

c. Click the first DNS event in the Type column. Explore the OSI Model and PDU Detail tabs and note the
encapsulation process. As you look at the OSI Model tab with Layer 7 highlighted, a description of what
is occurring is listed directly below the In Layers and Out Layers (“1. The DNS client sends a DNS query
to the DNS server.”). This is very useful information to help understand what is occurring during the
communication process.
d. Click the Outbound PDU Details tab.

www.osi.local
Question:

What information is listed in the NAME field: in the DNS QUERY section?

Type your answers here.

e. Click the last DNS Info colored square box in the event list.
Questions:

At which device was the PDU captured?

The Web Client

Type your answers here.

What is the value listed next to ADDRESS: in the DNS ANSWER section of the Inbound PDU Details?

192.168.1.254 – the address of the Web Server

Type your answers here.

f. Find the first HTTP event in the list and click the colored square box of the TCP event immediately
following this event. Highlight Layer 4 in the OSI Model tab.
Question:

In the numbered list directly below the In Layers and Out Layers, what is the information
displayed under items 4 and 5? Type your answers here.
TCP manages the connecting and disconnecting of the communications channel along with other
responsibilities. This particular event shows that the communication channel has been ESTABLISHED.

4. The TCP connection is successful. 5. The device sets the connection state to
ESTABLISHED.

g. Click the last TCP event. Highlight Layer 4 in the OSI Model tab. Examine the steps listed directly below
In Layers and Out Layers.
Question:

What is the purpose of this event, based on the information provided in the last item in the list (should be
item 4)?

CLOSING the connection.

© 2015 - 2019 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Page 12 of 13 www.netacad.com
 Type your answers here.

Challenge Questions
This simulation provided an example of a web session between a client and a server on a local area network
(LAN). The client makes requests to specific services running on the server. The server must be set up to
listen on specific ports for a client request. (Hint: Look at Layer 4 in the OSI Model tab for port information.)

Based on the information that was inspected during the Packet Tracer capture, what port number is the Web
Server listening on for the web request?

The first HTTP PDU being requested by the Web Client shows port 80 under the
layer 4 DST port.

Type your answers here.

What port is the Web Server listening on for a DNS request?

The first DNS PDU being requested by the Web Client shows a layer 4 destination
of port 53.

Concluzie

Această activitate demonstrează modul în care modelele TCP/IP și OSI gestionează comunicațiile în rețea
prin analiza traficului HTTP și a altor protocoale esențiale, precum DNS, ARP și TCP. Packet Tracer permite
vizualizarea procesului de încapsulare și a modului în care datele sunt transmise între dispozitive.
Standardizarea porturilor și a proceselor de comunicare asigură interoperabilitatea și eficiența rețelelor
moderne.

Type your answers here.

End of Document

© 2015 - 2019 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public Page 13 of 13 www.netacad.com