MARUDHAR KESARI JAIN COLLEGE FOR WOMEN (AUTONOMOUS)

VANIYAMBADI
PG and Department of Computer Applications

1st B.C.A – Semester - I

E-Notes (Study Material)

Foundation Course -1: Digital Computer Fundamental Code:

Unit: 1 - Divisibility, LCM, HCF- Numbers, Decimals, Fractions, Powers -Profit, Loss -
Simple interest and Compound interest -Speed, Distance, Time. (6 Hours)
Learning Objectives: To develop learners' problem-solving skills and critical thinking
abilities in the context of recruitment aptitude tests.
Course Outcome: The learner can prime factorise a number by short division method, The
learner can calculate the HCF and LCM of a given set of numbers. analyse monthly profit
and loss statements for a school store and calculate profit margin percentages, Learn what
different types of interest are, where it occurs in real life and understand the concept of
simple and compound interests and Analyse and interpret speed time and distance graphs.

Overview:

- Divisibility
- LCM and HCF
- Numbers, Decimals, Fractions, Powers
- Profit, Loss
-Simple interest and Compound interest
-Speed, Distance, Time
Divisibility
The meaning of DIVISIBLE is capable of being divided. A divisibility rule is shorthand
and useful way of determining whether a given integer is divisible by a fixed divisor without
performing the division,

 1 =>Any integer (not a fraction) is divisible by 1

 2 =>The last digit is even (0,2,4,6,8)
128 Yes
129 No
 3=> The sum of the digits is divisible by 3
381 (3+8+1=12, and 12÷3 = 4) Yes
217 (2+1+7=10, and 10÷3 = 3 1/3) No
This rule can be repeated when needed:
99996 (9+9+9+9+6 = 42, then 4+2=6) Yes
 4 =>The last 2 digits are divisible by 4
1312 is (12÷4=3) Yes
7019 is not (19÷4=4 3/4) No
 5=>The last digit is 0 or 5
175 Yes
809 No
 6=> Is even and is divisible by 3 (it passes both the 2 rule and 3 rule above)
114 (it is even, and 1+1+4=6 and 6÷3 = 2) Yes
308 (it is even, but 3+0+8=11 and 11÷3 = 3 2/3) No
 7=>Double the last digit and subtract it from a number made by the other digits.
The result must be divisible by 7. (We can apply this rule to that answer again)
672 (Double 2 is 4, 67−4=63, and 63÷7=9) Yes
105 (Double 5 is 10, 10−10=0, and 0 is divisible by 7) Yes
905 (Double 5 is 10, 90−10=80, and 80÷7=11 3/7) No
 8=> The last three digits are divisible by 8
109816 (816÷8=102) Yes
216302 (302÷8=37 3/4) No
54136 is divisible by 8 because if the numbers formed by the last three
digits i.e., 136 is exactly divisible by 8. 136 ÷ 8 = 17, Remainder = 0
 9=> A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.
3888 is divisible by 9 because 3 + 8 + 8 + 8 = 27 is divisible by 9.
Let us write the multiples of 9. They are 9, 18, 27, 36, 45,....
2013 (2+0+1+3=6) No
 10=> The number ends in 0
220 Yes
221 No
  11=> In 360, the sum of the digits in even places is 3+0=3 and the sum of the
digits in odd places is 6=6. If you subtract 6 and 3, you get 3. Since 3 is not
divisible by 11, 360 is not divisible by 11.

Additional Resources:

https://byjus.com/maths/divisibility-rules-questions/

Practice Questions:

1. Is 8934 divisible by 10?

2. Is 6162 divisible by 6?
3. Check whether 1440 is divisible by 15.
4. Check whether the number 2024 is divisible by 4.
5. Is 119 divisible by 7?
6. Is 99992 divisible by 8?
7. Check whether 4355 is divisible by 13?
8. Is 783 divisible by 9?
9. Check whether 10032 is divisible by 12, and justify your answer.
10. How many three-digit numbers are divisible by 9?

Remember this!

 If the unit's digit of a number is 0, then the number is divisible by 10.

 If the unit's digit of a number is 0 or 5, then the number is divisible by 5.

 If the unit's digit of a number is 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8, then the number is divisible by 2.

 A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.

 A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9.

 A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by both 2 and 3.

 A number is divisible by 4 if its last two digits are divisible by 4.

 A number is divisible by 8 if its last three digits are divisible by 8.

 A number is divisible by 11 if the difference between the sum of alternate pairs

of digits is divisible by 11.
LCM and HCF
FACTORS: A number may be made by multiplying two or more other numbers together. The
numbers that are multiplied together are called factors of the final number.
Factors of 12 = 1,2,3,4,6, and 12.
All the numbers have a factor of one.
Common factor: A common factor of two or more given numbers is a number which divides
each given number completely.
Common factor of 12 and 18 are 1,2,3,6.
Co-prime numbers: Two or more numbers that do not have a common factor are known as co-
prime or relatively prime.
For example: 4 and 15 are Co-prime numbers.
Highest common factor: The highest common factor (H.C.F.) of two or more numbers is the
greatest number which divides each of them exactly. It is also known as greatest common
divisor (GCD.).

 LCM: LCM denotes the least common factor or multiple of any two or more
given integers.
For example the LCM of 4, 6 is calculated as follows:
Multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, …
Multiples of 6: 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, ….
From the multiples of 4 and 6, the least common multiple is 12.
Hence, the LCM of 4 and 6 is 12.
The formula to calculate the LCM of the numbers is given as follows:
For any two given positive integers,
LCM (a, b) = (a*b)/gcd(a, b)

 HCF : HCF denotes the Highest Common Factor.

As the rules of mathematics dictate, the greatest common divisor. For
example, take 8 and 12. The H.C.F. of 8 and 12 will be 4 because the
highest number that can divide both 8 and 12 is 4.
The formula to calculate the LCM of the numbers is given as follows:
For any two given positive integers,
HCF (a, b) = (a*b)/lcm(a, b)
 Examples:
Example 1: Find the Highest Common Factor of 25, 35 and 45.
Solution: Given, three numbers as 25, 35 and 45.
We know, 25 =5 × 5
35 = 5 × 7
45 = 5 × 9
From the above expression, we can say 5 is the only common factor for
all three numbers.
Therefore, 5 is the HCF of 25, 35 and 45

Example 2:Find the Least Common Multiple of 36 and 44.

Solution: Given, two numbers 36 and 44. Let us find out the
LCM, by division method.
Therefore, LCM (36, 44) = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 11 = 396

Example 3: What is the L.C.M. of 25, 30, 35 and 40?

Solution: L.C.M. of 25, 30, 35 and 40
Let us find LCM by prime factorisation.
Prime factorisation of 25 = 5 x 5 = 52
Prime factorisation of 30 = 2 x 3 x 5
Prime factorisation of 35 = 5 x 7
Prime factorisation of 40 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 5 = 23 x 5
Thus, LCM (25, 30, 35, 40) = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 x 5 x 7 = 4200

Example 4:Find the product of two numbers whose H.C.F is 25 and

L.C.M is 5.
Solution: Product of two numbers = H.C.F x L.C.M
In this problem, the product is not possible as H.C.F given in the problem
is greater than the L.C.M which is not possible.

Example 5: If the HCF of two numbers is 12 and their LCM is 360, find
the numbers.
Answer:
We know that the product of the HCF and LCM of two numbers is equal
to the product of the two numbers.
 So, for two numbers a and b with HCF = 12 and LCM = 360:
HCF × LCM = a × b
12 × 360 = a × b
4320 = a × b
Now, we need to find two numbers whose product is 4320 and HCF is 12.
There can be multiple pairs of numbers that satisfy this condition, and
one such pair is:
a = 144 and b = 30
Because 144 × 30 = 4320 and the HCF of 144 and 30 is 12.
Example 6: The LCM of the two numbers is 360, and their HCF is 24. If
one of the numbers is 120, find the other number.
Answer:
We know that the product of the HCF and LCM of two numbers is equal
to the product of the two numbers.
So, for two numbers a and b with HCF = 24 and LCM = 360:
HCF × LCM = a × b
24 × 360 = 120 × b [Given a = 120]
(24 × 360)/120 = b
24 × 3 = b
Thus, b = 72.
Additional Resources:

- https://examsdaily.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/HCF-LCM-Study-Material-
Examples.pdf

https://byjus.com/maths/hcf-and-lcm-questions/

Practice Questions:

1. Find the HCF of 24 and 36.

2. Determine the GCF of 18 and 48.
3. Find the HCF of 135 and 225 using the prime factorisation method.
4. What is the HCF of 408 and 1032?
5. Find the LCM of 24 and 51.
6. What is the GCF of 68 and 101?
7. Find the greatest number that will divide 72, 96, and 120 leaving the same remainder
in each case.
 8. If the HCF of two numbers is 12 and their LCM is 360, find the numbers.
9. Find the HCF of 36, 48, and 72.
10. The sum of two numbers is 1001, and their HCF is 7. Find the numbers.
Numbers
1) Natural numbers: The counting numbers which are used for counting are known as natural
numbers, i.e. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9. These figures are known as digits. The natural numbers are
denoted by 'N'. 0 is known as insignificant digit and other digits are known as significant digits.
2) Whole numbers: On including '0' in the natural numbers we get the whole numbers, i.e.
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. The whole numbers are positive numbers. They do not include any fractional
or decimal part and are denoted by 'W'.
3) Integers: The whole numbers including the negative numbers and excluding fractions are
known as integers, e.g. -5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5. So, integers can be positive(1,2,3,4,5),
negative(-5,-4,-3,-2,-1) or zero(0).
4) Prime numbers: A whole number which is greater than 1 and is divisible by 1 and itself is a
prime number, e.g. 2,3,5,7,11.
5) Co-prime numbers: Two natural numbers p and q are said to be co-prime if their H.C.F. is
1, e.g. (2, 3) (4, 5) (7, 9) (11, 9).
6) Composite number: It refers to a whole number which is greater than 1 and is not a prime
number.It can be divided by numbers other than 1 and itself e.g. 4,6,8,9,10,12.
7) Even number: An integer which is divisible by 2 is known as an even number e.g. 2,4,6,8.
8) Odd number: An integer which is not divisible by 2 is know as an odd number e.g.
1,3,5,7,9.
9) Consecutive numbers: It is a series of numbers in which the numbers follow each other in
an order, i.e. there is a difference of 1 between two successive numbers or each number is
greater than the preceding number by 1.
10) Rational number: The numbers in the form of p/q where p and q are integers and q can?t
be zero are known as rational numbers, e.g., 22/7, 5/3, 0/11, -143/15.
11) Irrational numbers: The numbers which when written in decimal form do not terminate
and repeat are known as irrational numbers. These numbers cannot be expressed as a ratio of
integers or as a fraction, e.g.√2,√3,√5, π, etc.
12) Real Numbers: The numbers which can be found on the number line and include both
rational and irrational numbers are known as real numbers, e.g. -1.5,√2,0,1,2,3,π.Almost any
number which you can imagine is a real number.
13) Face value: It is the actual value of a digit. It remains definite and does not change with the
digit's place, e.g. in the numbers 435 and 454, the digit 5 has a face value of 5.
14) Place value: The place value of a digit depends on its place or position in the number. It is
the product of its place and face value. Each place in a number has a value of 10 times the place
to its right, e.g. in a number 567, the digit 7 is in the ones place, digit 6 is in tens place and digit
5 is in hundreds place and the place value of 7 is 7*10 0 = 7, the place value of 6 is 6* 101 = 60
and place value of 5 is 5 * 102 = 500.
15) Unit digit: The unit digit is the ones place digit of a number.
Example: Number = 581276
In 581276, the place value of 5 = 5*100000
=500000
In 581276, the place value of 8 = 8*10000
=80000
In 581276, the place value of 2 = 2*100
=200

Basic rules of counting numbers:

 The sum of first n natural numbers is given by;
 The sum of first n odd numbers is given by;
Sum = n2
 The sum of first n even numbers is given by;
Sum = n (n+1)
 The sum of squares of first n natural numbers is given by;

 The sum of cubes of first n natural numbers is given by;
Example:
What is the difference in the place value of 5 in the numeral 754853?
Answer with explanation:
The digit 5 has two place values in the numeral, 5 * 104 = 50,000 and 5 * 101 = 50.
 ∴Required difference = 50000 - 50 = 49950
Example:
Number = 581276
Face value of 6 is 6
Face value of 7 is 7
Face value of 8 is 8
Face value of 2 is 2

Additional Resources:

- https://examsdaily.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/HCF-LCM-Study-Material-
Examples.pdf

https://byjus.com/maths/hcf-and-lcm-questions/

Practice Questions:

1. Simplify 8888+888+88+8
2. Simplify 715632-631104-9874-999
3. Simplify 1605 X 1605
4. Evaluate 475 X 475 + 125 X 125
5. What is the place value of 5 in 3254710?
6. Which of the following are prime numbers.
a. 241 b. 337 c. 391 d. 571
7. What is the unit’s digit in the product? 81 x 82 x 83 x -------------89?
8. The face value of 8 in the number 458926
9. What is the sum of the squares of the digits from 1 to 9.
10. If x – y = 8, then which of the following must be true?
a. Both x and y are positive
b. If x is positive , y must be negative
c. If x is negative, y must be negatice
i. a only ii. b only c. c only d. a and b only
Decimals, Fractions
Decimal Fraction: An integer number which is separated by a decimal point is known as a
decimal fraction.
For example, the number 0.1, 0.07, 0.00011, etc., are in decimal fractions.
Adding zeros to the extreme right of a decimal fraction does not change its value.

 For example, 0.4 = 0.40=0.400=0.4000000

 For example: 13.725 + 6.275 = 20.000 = 20
 Subtraction: 13.72 - 3.225 is equals to 13.720 - 3.225 = 10.495
 For example, 12.5*10 =125
 For example, 12.5*7
Multiplicand = 12.5
Multiplier = 7
Now step 1: multiply by taking both of them as the integer value
125*7 = 875
Step 2: place the decimal in the product as many decimal places as in the multiplicand.
ATQ, the multiplicand has 1 decimal place.
So, the product will be 87.5 (decimal point after 1 decimal place).
o When the divisor is 10, 100, 1000, etc., To divide a decimal by 10, 100, 1000, etc.,
move the decimal point 1, 2, 3, etc., places to the left respectively.
For example, 12.23/10 = 1.223 and 153.56/1000 = 0.15356
Comparison of fractions: convert each one of the given fractions in the decimal form. Now,
arrange them in the required order.
 For example, 3/10, 10/7, 5/9 Convert them in decimal form:
3/10=0.3
10/7=1.428
5/9 = 0.555...
Now compare each and arrange in ascending or descending order.
Ascending order: 0.3<0.555<1.428
Additional Resources:

- https://www.javatpoint.com/aptitude/decimal-fraction

Practice Questions:

1. Find the missing term of the given expression: 18.834 + 818.34 -? = 618.43
2. The value of 0.3421 is
3. Approximate value of 0.4*0.4 + 0.04*0.04 + 0.04 is
4. Arrange the fractions in ascending order 5/2, 8/3, 4/3, 9/7
 5. When 0.232323.... Is converted into a fraction, what is the result?
6. What will be the fraction form of 0.3523?
7. What is the value of 5.55 + 5 + 5.5 + 5.555 + 5.05 + 5.00
Powers
Powers are ways used to represent very large numbers or very small
numbers in a simplified manner.
22 = 2 raised to power 2 = 2 x 2 = 4
53 = 5 raised to power 3 = 5 x 5 x 5 = 125
Examples:
2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 24
5 x 5 x 5 = 53
10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 106

Rules of Power
1. a0 = 1
2. a (m)n
= a(mn)
3. am × bm =(ab)m
4. am/bm = (a/b)m

Example 1: Write 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 in exponent form.

In this problem 7s are written 8 times, so the problem can be rewritten as

an exponent of 8.

7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 = 78.

Example 2: Write below problems like exponents:

1. 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3

2. 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7

3. 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10

Solution:

1. 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 = 36

2. 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 = 75
 3. 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 107

Example 3: Simplify 253/53

Solution:

Using Law: am/bm = (a/b)m

253/53 can be written as (25/5)3 = 53 = 125.

Example 4: What is 2 when it has a 7 exponent?

Ans: When 2 has an exponent of 7 then the answer will be

27=128

As 2×2×2×2×2×2×22×2×2×2×2×2×2 =128
Example 5: 253 / 53

Additional Resources:

https://byjus.com/maths/exponents-powers/#:~:text=The%20value%20of%20the%20exponent,x
%205%20x%205%20%3D%20125

https://www.vedantu.com/maths/number-power

Practice Questions:

1. Find the missing term of the given expression: 18.834 + 818.34 -? = 618.43
2. The value of 0.3421 is
Profit, Loss
Profit = Selling Price – Cost Price
Loss = Cost Price – Selling Price
Profit % = (Profit / Cost Price) × 100%
Loss% = (Loss / Cost Price) × 100%
Selling Price = [(100 + Profit%)/100] × Cost Price
Cost Price = [100/(100 + Profit%)] × Selling Price
Selling Price = [(100 – Loss%)/100] × Cost Price
Cost Price = [100/(100 – Loss%)] × Selling Price
Discount = Marked Price – Selling Price
Ex.Q1: A person buys a pen from a wholesaler at Rs. 10 for 20 pens.
He sells those pens at Rs. 10 for 15 pens. Find his profit or loss
percent.
Solution:
CP for each pen = 10 / 20 = Rs. 0.50
SP for each pen = 10 / 15 = Rs. 2 / 3
Profit = SP – CP = Rs. (2 / 3) – 0.50 = Rs. 1 / 6
Therefore, profit percent = [ (1/6) / (0.50) ] x 100 = 33.334%
Ex.Q2: An article was brought for Rs 2000 and sold for Rs 2200. Find the gain or
loss.
Solution:
C.P. of the article = ` 2000
S.P. of the article = ` 2200
Since S.P. > C.P. So there is gain.
Gain (profit) = S. P. - C. P.
= 2200- 2000= 200
Ex.Q3: A cycle was purchased for Rs 1600 and sold for Rs 1400. Find the loss and
loss %.
Solution:
C.P. of the cycle = Rs 1600
S.P. of the cycle = Rs 1400 Since S.P. < C.P., so there is a loss.
Loss = C.P. – S.P. = Rs 1600 - Rs 1400 = Rs 200.
Loss % = Loss / C.P× 100 = 200 1600 × 100 = 12 1/2 %
Ex.Q4: A gold bracelet is sold for Rs.14500 at a loss of 20%.
What is the cost prise of the gold bracelet?
 Ex.Q5: By selling a table for Rs 330, a trader gains 10%. Find the cost price of
the table.
Solution:
S.P. = Rs 330, Gain = 10%
∴C.P. = (100 / (100+𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 %)) × 𝑆. 𝑃.
= Rs 100/ (100+10) × 330
= 100 /110 × 330 = Rs 300
Additional Resources:

https://examsdaily.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Profit-Loss-Example-PDF.pdfhttps://
www.placementpreparation.io/quantitative-aptitude/profit-and-loss/questions-and-answers/

Practice Questions:

1. A person buys 18 pens for 12 Rs and sells 12 pens for 18 rupees. Find his profit
percentage.
2. On selling 15 balls at Rs 400 there is loss equal to Cost Price of 5 balls. The cost
price of a ball is?
3. If selling price is doubled then, the profit triples. What is profit per cent?
4. Cost price of 12 articles is equal to the selling price of 8 articles. Find the profit /
loss %?
5. A man sells two chairs for Rs. 480 each. On one he makes a profit of 20 % and on
the other he makes a loss of 20 %. Find his total loss/gain in these two transactions
(in Rs.).
6. An article is sold for Rs 2400 at a profit of 25 %. What would have been the actual
profit or loss if it had been sold at Rs 1800?
7. An article is sold for Rs 2400 at a profit of 25 %. What would have been the actual
profit or loss if it had been sold at Rs 1800?
8. An article is sold for Rs 2400 at a profit of 25 %. What would have been the actual
profit or loss if it had been sold at Rs 1800?
9. Marked price of a cricket bat is Rs 1000 and it is sold at Rs 800. Find the discount
percentage.
10. A T-shirt is sold after providing two successive discounts of 20%. If the marked
price of a T-shirt is Rs 200 then find the selling price.
Simple interest
Simple Interest is the interest paid on the principal amount for which the interest earned
regularly is not added to the principal amount
Simple interest is calculated with the following formula:
S.I. = (P × R × T)/100,
where P = Principal, R = Rate of Interest in % per annum, and T = Time,
Principal: The principal is the amount that was initially borrowed (loan) from the bank or
invested. The principal is denoted by P.
Rate: Rate is the rate of interest at which the principal amount is given to someone for a certain
time, the rate of interest can be 5%, 10%, or 13%, etc. The rate of interest is denoted by R.
Time: Time is the duration for which the principal amount is given to someone. Time is denoted
by T.

Amount: When a person takes a loan from a bank, he/she has to return the principal borrowed
plus the interest amount, and this total returned is called the Amount.

Amount = Principal + Simple Interest

A = P + S.I.

A = P + PRT
A = P(1 + RT)
Example 1: Robert purchased a car worth $48,000, he borrowed the
money from the bank at 10% per annum for a period of 4 years. How
much amount he has to pay after the period.
Solution:
The principal value for the car is $48,000, the rate of simple interest is
10% and the time period given is 4 years.
Using the formula for amount, A= P(1 +RT), A= 48000 × (1 + 10/100 ×
4)
A= 48000 × (1 + 2/5)
A= 48000 × 7/5
A= $67200
Answer: Therefore, Robert has to pay $67,200.
Example 2: If Maria borrowed a sum of $46,500 for a period of 21
months at 20% per annum, then find the simple interest that she will
need to pay.
Solution:
The principal amount is $46,500 and the rate of interest is 20% =
20/100. The time period given is 21 months = 21/12 years. Using the
simple interest formula,
SI = P × R × T
SI = 46500 × 20/100 × 21/12
SI = $16275.
Answer: Therefore, Maria is going to pay $16,275.
Example 3: Rajesh takes a loan of Rs 20000 from a bank for a period of 1 year. The rate
of interest is 10% per annum. Find the simple interest and the total amount he has to pay at
the end of a year.
Solution:
Here,
Loan Sum = P = Rs 20000
Rate of Interest per year = R = 10%
Time (T) = 1 year
SI = (P × R ×T) / 100
 = (20000 × 10 ×1) / 100

= Rs 2000

Total Amount that Rajesh has to pay to bank at end of year

Amount = Principal + Simple Interest

= 20000 + 2000

= Rs 22,000

Example 4: A person borrowed Rs 60,000 for 4 years at the rate of 2.5% per annum.
Find the interest accumulated at the end of 4 years.

Solution:
Given,

Principal = Rs 60,000
Rate of Interest = 2.5 %
Time = 4 years
SI = (P × R ×T) / 100

= ( 60,000 × 2.5 × 4 ) / 100

= Rs 6000

Additional Resources:

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/simple-interest/#simple-interest-formula

https://www.cuemath.com/commercial-math/simple-interest/

Practice Questions:
 1. Find the simple interest on Rs.68000 at 16 2/3% per annum for 9 months.
2. Shravan invested 5000 Rs. with a simple interest rate of 5% for 2 years. Calculate
the simple interest for two years and the total amount at the end of two years.
3. calculate the interest earned on £3000 with a simple interest rate of 5%over 2 years.
4. £2100 is invested for 3years at an annual interest rate of 2% per year simple interest.
Find the interest earned on the investment in that time?
5. A car is bought for £10,000 and loses 9% of its value per annum, simple interest.
What is the value of the car after 8 years?

Compound Interest
Compound Interest is interest on the principal amount as well as the interest earned on the
principal amount.
Compound Interest (C.I) = Amount – Principal
CI = P(1 + r/100)n – P

Example 1: Find the Compound Interest when principal = Rs 6000, rate = 10% per annum and
time = 2 years.
Solution:

Interest for first year = (6000 × 10 × 1)/100 = 600

Amount at the end of first year = 6000 + 600 = 6600

Interest for second year = (6600 × 10 × 1) / 100 = 660

Amount at the end of second year = 6600 + 660 = 7260

Compound Interest = 7260 – 6000 = 1260

Example 2: What will be the compound interest on Rs 8000 in two years when the rate of
interest is 2% per annum?
Solution:

Given,
Principal P = 8000
Rate r = 2%
Time = 2 years
by formula

A = P (1 + R/100)n

A = 8000 (1 + 2/100)2 = 8000 (102/100)2

A = 8323

Compound interest = A – P = 8323 – 8000 = Rs 323

Example 3: An investment earns 3% compounded monthly. Find the value of an initial

investment of $5,000 after 6 years.

Example 4:What is the value of an investment of $3,500 after 2 years if it earns 1.5%
compounded quarterly?
Solution
As before, we are finding the future value, A. In this example, we are given:
Value after 2 years: t=2
Earns 3% compounded quarterly: r=0.015
and m=4
since compounded quarterly means 4 times a year
Principal: P=3500
Applying the formula:

Example 5: Assume that an amount of $10,000 is deposited at a rate of 10%. The below table
explains the difference between simple interest and compound interest computation on this
principal for a period of 5 years.

Simple Interest Compound Interest

For 1st year: For 1st year:

P = 10,000 P = 10,000
Time = 1 year Time = 1 year
Interest = 1000 Interest = 1000

For 2nd year: For 2nd year:

P = 10,000 P = 10000 + 1000 = 11000
Time = 1 year Time = 1 year
Interest = 1000 Interest = 1100

For 3rd year: For 3rd year:

P = 10,000 P = 11000 + 1100 = 12100
Time = 1 year Time = 1 year
Interest = 1000 Interest = 1210

For 4th year: For 4th year:

P = 10,000 P = 12100 + 1210 = 13310
Time = 1 year Time = 1 year
 Simple Interest Compound Interest

Interest = 1000 Interest = 1331

For 5th year: For 5th year:

P = 10,000 P = 13310 + 1331 = 14641
Time = 1 year Time = 1 year
Interest = 1000 Interest = 1464.1

Total Simple Interest = 5000 Total Compound Interest = 6105.1

Total Amount = 1000 + 5000 = Total Amount = 1000 + 6105.1 =

6000 7105.1

Additional Resources:

https://www.cuemath.com/commercial-math/compound-interest/

https://study.com/academy/lesson/compounding-interest-formulas-calculations-examples.html

Practice Questions:

1. If you deposit $4000 into an account paying 6% annual interest compounded

quarterly, how much money will be in the account after 5 years?
2. If you deposit $6500 into an account paying 8% annual interest compounded
monthly, how
much money will be in the account after 7 years?
3. How much money would you need to deposit today at 9% annual interest
compounded monthly to have $12000 in the account after 6 years?
4. If you deposit $4500 at 5% annual interest compounded quarterly, how much money
will be in the account after 10 years?

5. If you deposit $4500 at 5% annual interest compounded quarterly, how much money
will be in the account after 10 years?
Speed, Distance, Time
Understanding the relationship between speed, time, and distance is essential to solve problems.
Speed, Time, and Distance

 Speed = Distance/Time
 Distance = Speed X Time
 Time = Distance / Speed

Example 1: Nancy travelled a distance of 455 km by car in 10 hours. Find the speed of the car.

Distance travelled by car = 455 km

Time taken = 10 hours

Therefore, speed = Distance / Time

= 455 / 10 km/hr

= 45.5 km per hour

Example 2: A car travels a distance of 595 km in 8 ½ hours. What is its speed?

Distance travelled = 595 km

Time taken to travel this distance = 8 ½ hours = 17/2 hours

Speed of the car = Distance / Time

= 70 km/hr

Therefore, the speed of the car = 70 km/hour.

Example 3: A train travels 82.6 km/hr. How many meters will it travel in 15 mins?
 Distance travelled in 1 min= (82.6 / 60) km.

Distance travelled in 15 min = ((82.6 / 60) X 15)

= 20.65 km = (20.65 x 1000) m

= 20650 m.

Example 4:

Example 5:

Additional Resources:

https://www.cimt.org.uk/projects/mepres/book8/bk8_18.pdf

https://study.kdcampus.live/pdf/quantitative-aptitude-speed-distance-and-time-questions-pdf-
with-detailed-solutions.pdf
Practice Questions:

1. How many minutes does Aditya take to cover a distance of 400 m, if he runs at a
speed of 20 km/hr?
2. A cyclist covers a distance of 750 m in 2min 30 sec. What is the speed in km/hr of
the cyclist?
3. A train crosses a bridge of length 600 m in the 40 s, another train of the same length
crosses a pole in 10s running at a speed of 20m/s. What is the speed of the first train?
4. Anil beats Shyam by 20 m in a 100 m race. If the speed of Shyam is 16 km/h then
how much time Anil takes to cover 10km distance?
5. A boy walking at a speed of 20 km/hr reaches his school 30 minutes late. Next time
he increases his speed by 5 km/hr but still reaches 10 minutes late. What is the
distance of the school from his house?