HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL

HAZARDS
 P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E

MELC

• Recognize signs of impending

hydrometeorological hazards
• Interpret different hydrometeorological
hazard maps
• Use available tools for monitoring
hydrometeorological hazards
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• Hydrometeorological hazards are processes or
phenomena of atmospheric, hydrological or
oceanographic nature that may cause loss of life,
injury or other health impacts, property damages,
loss of livelihoods and services, social and
economic disruptions, or even environmental
damages.
-- United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
(UNISDR) Terminology

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 P R E S E N TAT I O N T I T L E

Hydrometeorological hazards include :

• Tropical cyclones • Avalanches

• Thunderstorms • Storm surges
• Hailstorms • Floods
• Tornadoes • Drought
• Blizzards • Heat waves
• Heavy snowfall • Cold spells
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TYPHOON
 Hydrometeorological Hazards

TROPICAL CYCLONES
• Tropical cyclones, also known as typhoons or
hurricanes, are among the most destructive weather
phenomena.
• They are intense circular storms that originate over
warm tropical oceans and have maximum sustained
wind speeds exceeding 119 km per hour and heavy
rains.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

Tropical cyclones are referred to by different names

depending on where they originate in the world.
• Hurricanes occur in the Atlantic Ocean and the eastern
north Pacific Ocean.
• Typhoons occur in the western Pacific Ocean.
• Tropical cyclones occur in the south Pacific Ocean and
Indian Ocean.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

Signs of Impending Typhoon

• Every typhoon is different and there are many
factors that contribute to its development.
However, the following is a general sequence of
events that could occur during the development
of a Category 2 typhoon (wind speed 96-110
mph) approaching a coastal area:
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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• 96 hours before landfall– At first, there are no apparent

signs of a storm. The barometer is steady, winds are light
and variable, and fair-weather cumulus clouds appear.
• 72 hours before landfall– Little has changed except that
the swell on the ocean surface has increased to about 6
feet and the waves come in every 9 seconds.
• 48 hours before landfall– The sky is now clear of clouds,
the barometer is steady, and the wind is almost calm. The
swell is now about 9 feet and coming in every 8 seconds.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• 36 hours before landfall– The first signs of the storm

appear. The barometer is falling slightly, the wind is
around 11 mph, and the ocean swell is about 13 feet and
coming in 7 seconds apart. On the horizon, a large mass
of white cirrus clouds appear. A hurricane watch is
issued, and the areas with long evacuation times are give
the order to begin.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• 30 hours before landfall– The sky is covered by a high

overcast. The barometer is falling at 0.1 millibar per hour,
winds pick up to about 23 mph. The ocean swell, coming
in 5 seconds apart, is beginning to be obscured by wind-
driven waves, and small whitecaps begin to appear on the
ocean surface.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• 24 hours before landfall– Small low clouds appear

overhead. The barometer is falling by 0.2 millibars per
hour, the wind picks up to 34 mph. The wind driven
waves are covered in whitecaps, and streaks of foam
begin to ride over the surface. Evacuation should be
completed, and final preparations made by this time

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• 18 hours before landfall– The low clouds are thicker and

bring driving rain squalls with gusty winds. The barometer
is steadily falling at half a millibar per hour and the winds
are whistling by at 46 mph. It is hard to stand against the
wind.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• 12 hours before landfall– The rain squalls are more

frequent and the winds don not diminish after they depart.
The cloud ceiling is getting lower, and the barometer is
falling at 1 millibar per hour. The wind is howling at
hurricane force at 74 mph. The sea advances with every
storm wave that crashes ashore, and foam patches.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• 6 hours before landfall– The rain is constant and the 92

mph wind drives it horizontally. The barometer is falling
1.5 millibar per hour, and the storm surge has advanced
above the high tide mark. The sea surface a whitish mass
of spray. It is impossible to stand upright outside without
bracing yourself.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• 1 hour before landfall– The rain becomes heavier. Low

areas inland become flooded. The winds are at 104 mph,
and the barometer is falling at 2 millibar per hour. The
sea is white with foam and streaks. The storm surge has
covered coastal roads and 16 foot waves crash into
buildings near the shore.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• Landfall– The eye of the storm: Just as the storm reaches its
peak, the winds begin to slacken, and the sky starts to
brighten. The rain ends abruptly, and the clouds break and
blue sky is seen. The barometer continues falling at 3 millibar
per hour and the storm surge reaches the furthest inland.
The winds fall to near calm, but the air is uncomfortably warm
and humid. Huge walls of cloud appear on every side,
brilliant white in the sunlight. At this point, the barometer
stops falling and in a moment begins to rise, soon as fast as it
fell. The winds begin to pick up slightly and the clouds on the
far side of the eye wall loom overhead.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

TOOLS IN TRACKING THE

STORM
• Satellite. It is the most advanced technology
used in monitoring a storm. It can visualize
exactly in real time the formation and the path of
a storm

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• Doppler RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging).

Weather radar measures the direction and the
speed of moving objects, such as precipitation,
and has the capacity to measure the velocity of
the particles in order to determine the rate of
which the particles are falling.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• Weather radar is a certain type of radar known

as Doppler radar, named because of the Doppler
effect which recognizes that the frequency shift
or waves bounced off an object is related to the
object’s velocity towards or away from the
observer (the common example of this effect is
the change in pitch of a train whistle as it moves
past an observer).

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

Preparedness and Mitigation

What to do before typhoon:
• Establish and maintain coordination with Barangay
Disaster Coordinating Councils and personnel.
• Ensure that house can withstand heavy rain and
strong winds. House built at ground level may be
anchored by guy wires to strengthen the stability of the
structure.
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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• Learn more about typhoon and other weather

disturbances, their signs and warnings, effects and
dangers and how to protect house and other properties
• Learn something relevant to mitigation and
preparedness for tropical cyclones
• Participate actively in the school’s disaster response –
drill or simulation

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

What to do during typhoon

• Monitor through radio or other reliable sources the
latest official report of PAGASA on the typhoon.
• When the house is no longer safe, evacuate
immediately to safer place like evacuation centers or
house of relatives that are proven stable and can
withstand strong wind and rain.
• Stay indoors and away from windows.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• Keep an open line of communication with relatives that

are not affected to keep them posted.
• Ensure that members of the family will remain calm by
keeping them informed of the latest developments.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

What to do after a typhoon

• Help in attending to victims immediately.
• In case of major cuts and wounds, seek necessary
medical assistance at disaster station or hospital.
• Help in checking the house for damages and losses.
• Coordinate with the Barangay officials and LGU’s for
assistance.

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THUNDERSTORM
 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• Thunderstorm is a weather condition

characterized by heavy rain and wind
accompanied by lightning, thunder; sometimes
with hail and tornadoes.
• It can last for 30 minutes to several hours.
• It requires moisture and rapidly rising warm air to
form.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

Thunderst or m Formation
• Convection is the key mechanism in thunderstorm
formation.
• Thunderstorms form when there is a balance of rising
air called updrafts and sinking air called downdrafts.
• As condensation progresses, the clouds increase in
size and spread upward into an anvil-like shape,
forming cumulonimbus clouds.
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Hydrometeorological Hazards

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

Lightning and Thunder

• Clouds can contain millions of suspended water
droplets and ice particles which continuously collide
due to turbulent air currents.
• Collisions knock out electrons creating a negative
charge, while rising moisture that just lost an electron
moves positive charges toward the top of the cloud.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• When sufficiently ionized, air can become electrically

conductive (plasma).
• While ionization occurs and plasma is being formed
above, the objects on the ground reach out to the
clouds by growing finger-like electrical discharges
called streamers.
• The electrons surge down to meet the streamers,
creating lightning.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• As lightning strikes, the air around it is heated and

expands rapidly to the point that it explodes.
• Thunder is a shockwave caused by this explosion,
which manifests as a loud booming sound.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

Signs of Impending Thunderstor m

➢Cloud Formation
• Fast rising cumulus cloud
• Warm, humid air rises and the condensation that forms
as the warm updraft meets the cooler air above and
produces the clouds
• Clouds will form an anvil-like shape

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

➢Darkening Sky
• Rapidly dimming sky filled with dark clouds
• Clouds of an incoming thunderstorm can become so
massive that they block out most of the sun’s rays
• Mass of droplets within the clouds are an effective
barrier against sunlight.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

➢Lightning
• strikes more than three miles from the center of the
thunderstorm
• can strike from the upper reaches of the storm’s
flattened anvil cloud even when under a clear blue sky
• begins to occur during a thunderstorm’s developing
stage and can strike before the first raindrops fall

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

➢Wind Direction and Intensity

• winds can abruptly gust or change direction
• downbursts descend quickly enough to cause gusts of
over 100 mph
• Downbursts can form gusts called straight-line winds
which can carry the destructive force

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

Preparednes s and Mitigation

➢What to do before a thunderstorm

• Develop a family preparedness plan.
• Be familiar with thunderstorm warning signs
• Remove dead or rotting trees and branches that could
fall and cause damage or injury.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• Secure outdoor objects such as furniture, toys and

tools that could blow away.
• Close windows, secure outside doors and unplug
electronic equipment.
• Get inside a home, building or hard-top automobile.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

➢What to do during a thunderstorm

If indoors:
• Avoid contact with electrical equipment such as
telephones and TVs.
• Avoid contact with plumbing. Do not take a shower,
wash the dishes, etc.
• Stay away from windows and doors, and stay off
porches.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

If outdoors:
• Try to take shelter in a nearby building or car.
• If no shelter is available, go to an open space in a low-
lying area.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

➢What to do after a thunderstorm

• Continue listening to a NOAA (National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration) weather radio or TV for
updated information.
• Assist injured people.
• Inspect your home.
• Be aware of the threat of flooding caused by heavy
rainfall.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• Stay away from flooded roadways, storm-damaged

areas and downed power lines.
• Avoid making phone calls except in serious
emergencies.

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FLOOD
 Hydrometeorological Hazards

➢Flooding is when areas usually not covered by water

are engulfed or submerged. It may be caused by:
• temporary rise in or overflowing of streams, rivers, or
confined bodies of water
• heavy and prolonged rainfall, tsunamis, and storm
surges

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• failure of manmade structures such as dams and

clogging of drainage systems
• In cases wherein there is rapid inundation, it is
considered a flash flood.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

Factors That Influence Flooding

• Rainfall intensity and duration. Most flash flooding is
the result of prolonged, heavy rainfall from typhoons or
slow-moving thunderstorms.
• Topography. Flooding is more common in low-lying
areas such as plains and deltas.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• Soil conditions. Surface runoff is more dominant in

impermeable materials such as clay, or in cases where
the soil is too saturated to allow infiltration.
• Ground cover. Runoff is high in urban areas since
much of the ground is covered by concrete. Vegetation
lessens runoff, as it absorbs water and improves the
ability of the ground to take in more moisture.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

Tools used to detect heavy rainfall

associat ed with flash floods
• Radar. WSR-88D radars graphically display detected
precipitation on a map. Radar can show the location of
the intense rainfall cores and estimate the duration of
rainfall.
• Rain gauges provide the most accurate method of
measuring rainfall at a single geographic point.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• Satellite. Estimates of rainfall from satellite data are

less direct and less accurate than either gauges or
radar but have the advantage of high resolution and
complete coverage over oceans, mountainous regions,
and sparsely populated areas where other sources of
rainfall data are not available.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

Preparednes s and Mitigation

➢What to do before a flood.
• Find out the frequency of occurrence of floods in the
locality.
• Know the flood warning system in your locality.
• If it has been raining hard for several hours, or steadily
raining for several days

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• Watch out for rapidly rising water and help prepare the
family for evacuation.
• Switch off the electricity and lock the rooms after all
have gone out.
• Have a handy survival kit.
• Use a radio or portable, battery-powered radio for
updated information.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

➢What to do during a flood.

• Stay calm and keep updated with the status of the
situation and safely reminders on what to do and
where to go in case of evacuation.
• Do not attempt to cross flowing streams unless
assured that the water is below knee high level.
• Avoid areas prone to flash flooding and be cautious of
water-covered roads, bridges, creeks and stream
banks and recently flooded areas.
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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

➢What to do after a flood.

• Report broken utility lines (electricity, water, gas, etc.)
immediately to appropriate authorities.
• Ensure that electrical appliances are checked by a
competent electrician before switching them on.
• Avoid affected areas.
• Return home only when authorities indicate it is safe to do
so.
• Stay away from any building that is still flooded.
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STORM SURGE
 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• A storm surge is an abnormal rise in seawater level

during a storm.
• Storm surge is produced by water being pushed
toward the shore by the force of the winds moving
cyclonically around the storm. The impact on surge of
the low pressure associated with intense storms is
minimal in comparison to the water being forced
toward the shore by the wind.

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Hydrometeorological Hazards

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

Storm Surge Preparedne s s

• PAGASA makes use of a color-coded storm surge
warning system which is based on wave heights, with
an increasing danger level from green to red.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

➢What to do before a storm surge

• Know the storm surge risk zones and identify safer
grounds for relocation if necessary.
• Stay off the beach when weather disturbances exists.
• Ensure that everyone is familiar with the identified
escape routes of the family to higher grounds.
• Help establish evacuation plans and procedures.
• Participate in the regular conduct of drills and exercises.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

➢What to do during a storm surge

• Immediately move to higher grounds upon detection of
signs of a probable storm surge
• Be alert of and stay away from steep, high coastal areas
which are prone to landslides.
• Switch off power supply.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• Stay on the inland side away from the potential flow of

water.
• If caught in a storm surge, take hold of large boulders or
tree trunks which can provide protection from the force
of water or debris carried by the flowing water.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

➢What to do after a storm surge

• Do not eat fresh food that came in contact with flood
waters.
• Drinking water should be submitted to proper authorities
for testing.
• Check damage of the house to ensure that there is no
danger of collapse.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• Check house of electrical damage and open live wires.

Electrical fixtures should only be switched on after
making sure that it is safe to do so.
• Help clean all mud and debris immediately.

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EL NIÑO AND LA NIÑA

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• El Niño and La Niña are complex weather patterns

resulting from variations in ocean temperatures in the
Equatorial Pacific. These two phenomena are opposite
phases of what is known as the El Niño-Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) cycle.
• The ENSO cycle is scientific term that describes the
fluctuations in temperature between the ocean and
atmosphere in the east-central Equatorial Pacific.

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66
 EL NIÑO
• El Niño was originally observed in Southern America
as unusually warm seawater.
• El Niño in the Philippines usually starts between
December and February.
• It is indicated by a delayed onset or early termination
of the rainy season, and weak monsoon and tropical
cyclone activity.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• It is also associated with severe dry spells or droughts

which can be just as damaging.
• A primary concern during El Niño season is water
supply.

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 LA NIÑA
• La Niña is characterized by sea surface temperatures
lower than average.
• La Niña is caused by the upward movement of cold
water by unusually strong trade winds and ocean
currents in a process called upwelling.
• La Niña in the Philippines is also correlated with
destructive typhoons, heavy rainfall, and associated
landslides and floods.
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SIGNS OF EMPENDING EL NIÑO/LA NIÑA
• We can not see the signs of El Niño/La Niña.
However, using sophisticated instruments, scientist
can gather data that are subjected into different
modelling analysis to predict and monitor different
parameters that affect El Niño Southern Oscillation
phenomenon.

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 M O N I TO R I N G E N S O
• El Niño and La Niña are monitored, assessed, and
predicted through the Ocean Niño Index (ONI).
• ONI as the average deviations in sea surface
temperatures (SST’s) in the Niño region over a period
of three months.
• La Niña has been declared in the Philippines by
PAGASA in November 2017 and was predicted to last
until February 2018.
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 FORECASTING ENSO

• ENSO phenomenon happens in the Equatorial Pacific

region
• Though there are some indicators in the land that the
phenomenon is happening, predicting it requires
intensive study, monitoring and analysis.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• Scientists from NOAA (National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration) and other agencies use a
variety of tools and techniques to monitor and forecast
changes in the Pacific Ocean and the impact of those
changes on global weather patterns.
• In the tropical Pacific Ocean, El Ni ñ o is detected by
many methods including satellites, moored buoys,
drifting buoys, sea level analysis, and expandable
buoys.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• Large computer models of the global ocean and

atmosphere use data from the ENSO observing system
as input to predict El Ni ño.

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 TECHNOLOGY USED IN PREDICTION
• Satellites provide data on tropical rainfall, wind, and
ocean temperature patterns, as well as changes in
conditions for hurricane formation.
• Ocean buoys help in monitoring sea-surface and upper
ocean temperatures.
• Radiosondes help in monitoring global weather and
climate patterns, and to monitor and predict El Niño
and La Niña influences on weather.
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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• Super computers are used to gather all of the weather

data around the world and put in into useful formats
used by scientists.
• They also run sophisticated computer models to help
scientists better understand and predict El Niño and La
Niña.
• An entire suite of diagnostic and prediction tools run on high -
speed computers that allow El Niño and La Niña to be
monitored in near real-time.

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 P R E PA R E D N E S S A N D M I T I G AT I O N
➢What to do before El Nino/La Nina
• Know what heat hazard may occur where you are and
learn how to plan for extreme heat.
• Plan changes in your daily activities to avoid strenuous
work during the warmest part of the day.
• Consult a physician when affected by extreme heat.
• Undergo training on first aid.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• Interview local physicians and paramedics about the

dangers of sunburn, heat exhaustion, heat stroke and
other possible conditions caused by excessive heat.
• Turn the faucet off firmly to prevent leakage.
• Use the water dipper and pail instead of the shower
while taking a bath.
• Instead of running water, use a glass of water while
brushing your teeth.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• Buy new, water-efficient toilet bowls that consume only

2.6-4 liters of water every flush.
• Discard leftover food before washing dishes.
• Wash all your clothes at once.
• Reuse water from your laundry to flush your toilet, clean
your car, or water your garden plants.
• Instead of a water hose, use only a pail and a towel in
washing your car.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• Water your plants only before sunrise or after sunset to

prevent water loss due to vaporization.
• Collect rainwater with pails and basins and store it for
future use (e.g., watering the plants, cleaning the
house).

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➢What to do during El Nino/La Nina
• Switch off the water valve in buildings that are not
operational at night.
• Report broken pipelines and illegal water connections
to proper authorities.
• Fix the leaks of your home before it rains.
• Clean out your gutters and downspouts.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• Plan changes in your daily activities to avoid strenuous

work during the warmest part of the day.
• During a drought, conserve water by placing a brick, or
another large solid object in your toilet tank to reduce
the amount of water used in flushing.
• Stay indoors as much as possible.
• Avoid extreme temperature changes like cool shower
immediately after coming in from hot temperatures.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• Keep cool.
• Vacuum air conditioner filters weekly during periods of
high use.
• Wear loose-fitting, lightweight, light-colored clothing that
will cover as much skin as possible.
• Protect face and head by wearing a wide brimmed hat.
• Drink plenty of water even if you do not feel thirsty, to
prevent dehydration.

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 Hydrometeorological Hazards

• Take frequent breaks if you must work outdoors.

• Use a buddy system when working in extreme heat.
• Eat frequent small meals for easy digestion.
• Never leave children or pets alone in closed vehicles.

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TOOLS USED FOR
MONITORING
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
HAZARDS
 F O R M E A S U R I N G T E M P E R AT U R E

➢Thermometer
• A thermometer measures the extent of a given
substance's hotness or coldness. Mercury is one
of the liquids which is overly sensitive to
temperature changes. The mercury expands and
rises in the capillary tube when the substance to
be measured is warm. Instead, mercury
contracts. That is, principle of thermal expansion.

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➢Thermograph
• This tool records air temperature
continuously on graphing paper
during a period in a given area. It
uses digital infrared imaging to record
slight changes in temperature.

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 FOR MEASURING
AT M O S P H E R I C P R E S S U R E
➢Mercurial Barometer
• In a mercurial barometer, the atmospheric
pressure balances the mercury column, the
height of which can be measured precisely.
Corrections and adjustments are made for
temperature expansion of the instrument,
gravity and latitude in order to obtain
accurate measurements. Millibars,
millimeters, or inches of mercury are the
units of measurements of pressure readings.
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➢Aneroid Barometer
• A sealed box (blue, sometimes called
an aneroid cell) is built around an
aneroid barometer, which expands or
contracts with increasing pressure.
As it moves, it pulls or pushes a
spring and a system of levers,
moving a pointer up or down the dial
yellow.

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➢Barograph
• A barograph is a recording barometer.
The pen point that traces the pressure
curve on the paper is made to move up
or down by means of a series of levers
attached to aneroid cells (metallic boxes)
in tandem. The use of aneroid cells in
tandem provide a more pronounced
response to changes in atmospheric
pressure than would be indicated by a
single aneroid cell of the same size.

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 F O R M E A S U R I N G AT M O S P H E R I C
R E L AT I V E H U M I D I T Y

➢Sling Psychrometer
• A dry and wet-bulb thermometer is made of the sling
psychrometer. The term bulb refers to the portion of the glass
tube that contains mercury. In building the dry and the wet
bulbs are exactly the same.

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• Dew point is the temperature at which
the water vapor condenses while the
relative humidity is the ratio of the
amount of water vapor actually present
in the air to the maximum amount of
water vapor that the air at a given
temperature can hold.

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➢Hygrometer
• This system uses an organic material
(normally human hair) that expands
and contracts as a result of the
humidity around. This change can be
made to move an indicator needle
that moves across a scale, with
graduations ranging from 0 to 100%.

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 F O R M E A S U R I N G P R E C I P I TAT I O N

➢8-inch Rain Gauge

• An 8-inch rain gauge, so-called because the
collector's inner diameter is exactly 8 inches
above a funnel which leads rain into a cylindrical
measuring tube or receiver. The collector's
volume is 10 times that of the measuring tube. As
a result, the actual precipitation depth is
increased ten times when collected in a smaller
measuring tube.
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➢Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge
• By capturing a small volume of water
in one of two small buckets, the
tipping bucket gauges act. Once the
rain is caught, the tips of the bucket
are empty. This tip is recorded and
precipitation volumes and rates are
transmitted as the number of tips and
the rate at which they occurred.

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 F O R M O N I TO R I N G C L O U D S
➢Ceiling Light Projector
• A projector with ceiling light project a small
beam of light vertically onto a cloud
foundation. The cloud base height is
determined by using a clinometer positioned at
a known distance from the projector to
calculate the elevation angle contained on the
cloud by the illuminated spot, the
measurement, and the projector.

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➢Ceiling Balloon
• A ceiling balloon is a meteorological
balloon whose rate of ascent has
been predetermined. It is filled with
gas lighter than air, usually hydrogen,
and released. The time of release
and the time the balloon disappears
into the cloud are recorded. The time
difference multiplied by the rate of
ascent will give the height of the
cloud base.

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 SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS

➢Pilot Balloon/Theodolite
• A Pilot Balloon is a weather balloon
lighter than air filled with gas. When
used in conjunction with a theodolite the
pilot balloon is used to determine wind
speed and direction at different
atmospheric levels.

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• Theodolite is similar to a transit
made by an engineer. It consists of
a sighting telescope mounted in
such a way that it is free to rotate
around a horizontal and vertical
axis and has graduated scales so
that the rotation angles may be
measured while tracking the pilot
balloon.

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➢Radiosonde
• The radiosonde is an airborne
instrument used in the upper air for
measuring sound, temperature, and
relative humidity. A meteorological
balloon inflated with hydrogen takes
the instrument up aloft.

100
➢Rawin
• Rawin is short for Radar and
Wind. It is an electronic device
that measures pressure,
temperature and humidity.

Rawin Set AN/GMD-1B Ground Meteorological

101 Device
➢Wind Finding Radar
• It determines the speed and direction
of winds aloft by means of radar
echoes. A radar target is attached to
a balloon and it is this target that is
tracked by ground radar. The bearing
and time of interval of the echoes is
evaluated by a receiver.

102
➢Weather Surveillance Radar
• A Weather Surveillance Radar is of the long range type which
detects and tracks typhoons and cloud masses at distance of
400 kilometers or less. This radar has a rotating antenna disk
preferably mounted on top of a building free from any
physical obstruction. Radio energy emitted by the transmitter
and focused by the antenna shoots outward through the
atmosphere in a narrow beam.

103
PERFORMANCE
TASK 1
 P E R F O R M A N C E TA S K : B R O C H U R E

• Create a Be Prepared Brochure about the signs of hydro-

meteorological hazard exposure. Visit a community using
google map (you can choose your own community or
barangay). Determine all the elements exposed to
hydrometeorological hazard in the locality. Use your
resources to create a creative brochure. Be creative and
include emergency hotlines as much as possible. You will be
graded based on rubrics given.

105
 5 4 3 2 1
Layout is logical and Layout is organized; Layout is haphazard; Layout is confusing; Layout is confusing;
Organization appealing; Written Written communication Written communication Written communication not enough of required
communication is is effective is functional but not fully is limited elements of project
focused and interesting developed

Text fonts and sizes are Text fonts and sizes are Text fonts and sizes may Text fonts and sizes
Attractiveness well chosen; readable; attractive cause distraction; make the brochure
exceptionally attractive formatting unattractive formatting difficult to read;
formatting distracting and
unattractive formatting
Brochure contains many Brochure contains Brochure contains some Brochure contains very Brochure is off topic, and
Content details from the research several details from the of the details from the few, if any, details and is contain false information
and is exceptionally research and is research and is not very interesting to
interesting to read interesting to read marginally interesting to read
read
No errors are evident No more than 2 errors No more than 4 errors No more than 5 errors More than 5 errors
Spelling after proofreading are evident after are evident after are noted
proofreading proofreading
Graphics go well with the Graphics go well with Graphics go well with Graphics do not go with No Graphics
Graphics text and there is a good the text but there are so the text but there are too the accompanying text
mix of text and graphics many that they distract few and the brochure or appear to be
from the text seems "text heavy" randomly chosen

106
Timeliness