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 Contents

List of Contributors page xi

Introduction xiv
List of Symbols xx

1 Sub-Nyquist Radar: Principles and Prototypes 1

Kumar Vijay Mishra and Yonina C. Eldar
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Prior Art and Historical Notes 3
1.3 Temporal Sub-Nyquist Radar 5
1.4 Doppler Sub-Nyquist Radar 15
1.5 Cognitive Sub-Nyquist Radar and Spectral Coexistence 18
1.6 Spatial Sub-Nyquist: Application to MIMO Radar 29
1.7 Sub-Nyquist SAR 39
1.8 Summary 43
References 44

2 Clutter Rejection and Adaptive Filtering in Compressed Sensing Radar 49

Peter B. Tuuk
2.1 Introduction 49
2.2 Problem Formulation 50
2.3 Interference Sources 53
2.4 Signal Processing Treatment of Clutter 55
2.5 Measurement Compression 58
2.6 Estimating Interference Statistics from Compressed Measurements 59
2.7 Mitigating Clutter in Compressed Sensing Estimation 66
2.8 Summary 68
References 69

3 RFI Mitigation Based on Compressive Sensing Methods for UWB Radar Imaging 72
Tianyi Zhang, Jiaying Ren, Jian Li, David J. Greene, Jeremy A. Johnston, and Lam H. Nguyen
3.1 Introduction 72
3.2 RPCA for RFI Mitigation 75
3.3 CLEAN-BIC for RFI Mitigation 82

vii
viii Contents

3.4 Enhanced Algorithms for RFI Mitigation 91

3.5 Performance Evaluations 92
3.6 Conclusions 101
3.7 Acknowledgment 102
References 102

4 Compressed CFAR Techniques 105

Laura Anitori and Arian Maleki
4.1 Introduction 105
4.2 Radar Signal Model 105
4.3 Classical Radar Detection 106
4.4 CS Radar Detection 110
4.5 Complex Approximate Message Passing (CAMP) Algorithm 112
4.6 Target Detection Using CAMP 115
4.7 Adaptive CAMP Algorithm 118
4.8 Simulation Results 120
4.9 Experimental Results 127
4.10 Conclusions 131
References 132

5 Sparsity-Based Methods for CFAR Target Detection in STAP Random Arrays 135
Haley H. Kim and Alexander M. Haimovich
5.1 Introduction 135
5.2 STAP Radar Concepts 137
5.3 STAP Detection Problem 145
5.4 Compressive Sensing CFAR Detection 148
5.5 Numerical Results 157
5.6 Summary 161
References 162

6 Fast and Robust Sparsity-Based STAP Methods for Nonhomogeneous Clutter 165
Xiaopeng Yang, Yuze Sun, Xuchen Wu, Teng Long, and Tanpan K. Sarkar
6.1 Introduction 165
6.2 Signal Models 166
6.3 Sparsity Principle Analysis of STAP 168
6.4 Fast and Robust Sparsity-Based STAP Methods 172
6.5 Conclusions 190
References 190

7 Super-Resolution Radar Imaging via Convex Optimization 193

Reinhard Heckel
7.1 Introduction 193
 Contents ix

7.2 Signal Model and Problem Statement 195

7.3 Atomic Norm Minimization and Associated Performance Guarantees 199
7.4 Super-Resolution Radar on a Fine Grid 204
7.5 Proof Outline 207
7.6 MIMO Radar 211
7.7 Discussion and Current and Future Research Directions 219
References 222

8 Adaptive Beamforming via Sparsity-Based Reconstruction of Covariance Matrix 225

Yujie Gu, Nathan A. Goodman, and Yimin D. Zhang
8.1 Introduction 225
8.2 Adaptive Beamforming Criterion 228
8.3 Covariance Matrix Reconstruction-Based Adaptive Beamforming 234
8.4 Simulation Results 240
8.5 Conclusion 252
References 252

9 Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radar via Model Sparsity Exploitation 257
Augusto Aubry, Vincenzo Carotenuto, Antonio De Maio, and Mark A. Govoni
9.1 Introduction 257
9.2 System Model and Problem Formulation 259
9.3 2-D Radio Environmental Map Recovery Strategies 263
9.4 Performance Analyses 270
9.5 Conclusions 280
References 280

10 Cooperative Spectrum Sharing between Sparse Sensing-Based

Radar and Communication Systems 284
Bo Li and Athina P. Petropulu
10.1 Introduction 284
10.2 MIMO Radars Using Sparse Sensing 286
10.3 Coexistence System Model 293
10.4 Cooperative Spectrum Sharing 297
10.5 Numerical Results 309
10.6 Conclusions 315
References 316

11 Compressed Sensing Methods for Radar Imaging in the Presence of Phase Errors
and Moving Objects 321
Ahmed Shaharyar Khwaja, Naime Ozben Onhon, and Mujdat Cetin
11.1 Introduction and Outline of the Chapter 321
11.2 Compressed Sensing and Radar Imaging 322
x Contents

11.3 Synthetic Aperture Radar Autofocus and Compressed Sensing 328

11.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar Moving Target Imaging and Compressed Sensing 333
11.5 Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging and Compressed Sensing 341
11.6 Conclusions 349
References 349

Index 355
Contributors

Laura Anitori
Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)

Augusto Aubry
University of Naples Federico II

Vincenzo Carotenuto
University of Naples Federico II

Mujdat Cetin
University of Rochester; Sabanci University

Antonio De Maio
University of Naples Federico II

Yonina C. Eldar
Weizmann Institute of Science

David J. Greene
University of Florida

Nathan A. Goodman
University of Oklahoma

Mark A. Govoni
US Army Research Laboratory

Yujie Gu
Temple University

Alexander M. Haimovich
New Jersey Institute of Technology

xi
xii List of Contributors

Reinhard Heckel
Rice University

Jeremy A. Johnston
University of Florida

Ahmed Shaharyar Khwaja

Sabanci University

Haley H. Kim
New Jersey Institute of Technology

Bo Li
Qualcomm

Jian Li
University of Florida

Teng Long
Beijing Institute of Technology

Arian Maleki
Columbia University

Kumar Vijay Mishra

Technion Israel Institute of Technology

Lam H. Nguyen
US Army Research Laboratory

Naime Ozben Onhon

Turkish-German University

Athina P. Petropulu
Rutgers, State University of New Jersey

Jiaying Ren
University of Florida

Tapan K. Sarkar
Syracuse University

Yuze Sun
Tsinghua University
 List of Contributors xiii

Peter B. Tuuk
Georgia Tech Research Institute

Xuchen Wu
Beijing Institute of Technology

Xiaopeng Yang
Beijing Institute of Technology

Tianyi Zhang
University of Florida

Yimin D. Zhang
Temple University
 Introduction

Digital signal processing (DSP) is a revolutionary paradigm shift that enables processing
of physical data in the digital domain, where design and implementation are consider-
ably simplified. The success of DSP has driven the development of sensing and pro-
cessing systems that are more robust, flexible, cheaper, and, consequently, more widely
used than their analog counterparts. As a result of this success, the amount of data gener-
ated by sensing systems has grown considerably. Furthermore, in modern applications,
signals of wider bandwidth are used in order to convey more information and to enable
high resolution in the context of imaging. Unfortunately, in many important and emerg-
ing applications, the resulting sampling rate is so high that far too many samples need to
be transmitted, stored, and processed. In addition, in applications involving very wide-
band inputs it is often very costly, and sometimes even physically impossible, to build
devices capable of acquiring samples at the necessary rate. Thus, despite extraordinary
advances in sampling theory and computational power, the acquisition and processing
of signals in application areas such as radar, wideband communications, imaging, and
medical imaging continue to pose a tremendous challenge.
Recent advances in compressed sensing (CS) and sampling theory provide a frame-
work to acquire a wide class of analog signals at rates below the Nyquist rate, and
to perform processing at this lower rate as well. Together with the theory, various
prototypes have been developed that demonstrate the feasibility of sampling and pro-
cessing signals at sub-Nyquist rates in a robust and cost-effective fashion. More specif-
ically, CS is a framework that enables acquisition and recovery of sparse vectors from
underdetermined linear systems. This research area has seen enormous growth over the
past decade and has been explored in many areas of applied mathematics, computer
science, statistics, and electrical engineering. At its core, CS enables recovery of sparse
high-dimensional vectors from highly incomplete measurements using very efficient
optimization algorithms. More specifically, consider a vector x of length n. The vector
is said to be k-sparse if it has at most k nonzero components. More generally, CS results
apply to signals that are sparse in an appropriate basis or overcomplete representation.
The main idea underlying CS is that the vector x can be recovered from measurements
y = Ax, where y is of length m  n as long as A satisfies certain mathematical
properties that render it a suitable CS matrix. The number of measurements m can be
chosen on the order of k log n, which in general is much smaller than the length of
the vector x. A large body of work has been published on a variety of optimization
algorithms that can recover x efficiently and robustly when m ≈ k log n. Loosely

xiv
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 Introduction xv

speaking, the theory of CS deals with conditions under which the recovery of informa-
tion has vanishing or small errors. The mathematical framework of CS has inspired new
acquisition methods and new signal processing applications in a large variety of areas,
including image processing, analog to digital conversion, communication systems, and
radar processing. In many of these examples the basic ideas underlying CS need to be
extended to include, for example, continuous-time inputs, practical sampling methods,
other forms of structure on the input, computational aspects, noise affects, different
metrics for recovery performance, nonlinear acquisition methods, and more.
Two books devoted to this topic have been published recently, which focus on
many of these aspects, as well as on the underlying mathematical results [1,2]. Their
main emphasis is on the basic underlying theory and its generalizations, optimization
methods, as well as applications primarily to image processing and analog-to-digital
conversion. The latter is also covered in depth in [3].
Radar signal processing represents a fertile field for CS applications. By their very
nature, radars collect data about surveillance volumes (search radars), targets (tracking
radars), terrain and ground targets (imaging radars), or buried objects (radar tomogra-
phy). From radar’s early days in World War II, through the emergence of digital radar in
the 1970s, to today’s advanced systems, the amount of data a radar system has to handle
has increased by orders of magnitude. While early digital radars had to contend with 10s
and 100s of kbps, today’s radars may be faced with data rates in the Gbps range or more,
leading to demanding requirements in cost, hardware, data storage, and processing. The
implications of applying CS to radar are potentially enormous: sampling rates could
be lowered, the number of antenna elements in large arrays might be reduced and the
computers required to handle the data may be downsized.
This book aims to present the latest theoretical and practical advances in radar signal
processing using tools from CS. In particular, this book offers an up-to-date review of
fundamental and practical aspects of sparse reconstruction in radar and remote sensing,
demonstrating the potential benefits achievable with the CS paradigm. We take a wider
scope than previous edited books on CS-based radars: we do not restrict ourselves to
specific disciplines (such as earth observation as in [4]) or applications (such as urban
sensing as in [5]), but discuss a variety of diverse application fields, including clutter
rejection, constant false alarm rate (CFAR) processing, adaptive beamforming, random
arrays for radar, space–time adaptive processing (STAP), multiple input multiple output
(MIMO) systems, radar super-resolution, cognitive radar [6] applications involving sub-
Nyquist sampling and spectrum sensing, radio frequency interference (RFI) suppres-
sion, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR).
The book is aimed at postgraduate students, PhD students, researchers, and engi-
neers working on signal processing and its applications to radar systems, as well as
researchers in other fields seeking an understanding of the potential applications of
CS. To read and fully understand the content it is assumed that the reader has some
background in probability theory and random processes, matrix theory, linear algebra,
and optimization theory, as well as radar systems. The book is organized into eleven
chapters broadly cathegorized into five areas: sub-Nyquist radar (Chapter 1); detection,
clutter/interference mitigation, and CFAR techniques (Chapters 2–6); super-resolution
xvi Introduction

and beamforming (Chapters 7 and 8); radar spectrum sensing/sharing (Chapters 9 and
10); radar imaging (Chapter 11). Each chapter is self-contained and typically covers
three main aspects: fundamental theoretical principles, overview of the current state of
the art, and emerging/future research directions. Some chapters are also complemented
with analyses on real data. Since the chapters are independent, there is flexibility in
selecting material both for university courses and short seminars.
In Chapter 1, the authors review several sub-Nyquist pulse-Doppler radar systems
based on the Xampling framework. Contrary to other CS-based designs, their formu-
lations directly address the reduced-rate analog sampling in space and time, avoid a
prohibitive dictionary size, and are robust in the face of noise and clutter. The chapter
begins by introducing temporal sub-Nyquist processing for estimating the target loca-
tions using less bandwidth than conventional systems. This paves the way to cognitive
radars, which share their transmit spectrum with other communication services, thereby
providing a robust solution for coexistence in spectrally crowded environments. Next,
without impairing Doppler resolution, the authors reduce the dwell time by transmitting
interleaved radar pulses in a scarce manner within a coherent processing interval or
slow time. Then, they consider MIMO array radars and demonstrate spatial sub-Nyquist
processing, which allows the use of few antenna elements without degradation in
angular resolution. Finally, they demonstrate application of sub-Nyquist and cognitive
radars to imaging systems such as SAR. For each setting, the authors present a state-
of-the-art hardware prototype designed to demonstrate the real-time feasibility of
sub-Nyquist radars.
Chapter 2 discusses the problem of clutter mitigation, which has posed challenges to
radar designers and engineers since the early days of radar. Early techniques matured to
current approaches like STAP, which use a coherently processed data cube to estimate
clutter statistics and to perform adaptive filtering. This chapter examines CS techniques
for the mitigation of structured interference, such as clutter. The author first introduces
the relevant sensing model and describes results in uncompressed adaptive filtering.
This paves the way to the development of models for measurement compression of the
coherent data cube and of approaches to estimate and filter clutter from compressed
measurements. The chapter includes recent results showing how clutter second-order
statistics can be reliably estimated from compressed measurements if the clutter has
well-controlled eigenspectrum. Additionally, the covariance of the interference can be
incorporated into the CS estimation process to improve performance.
RFIs pose serious threats to the proper operations of ultra wideband (UWB) radar
systems due to severely degrading their imaging and target detection capabilities. RFI
mitigation is a challenging problem, since dynamic RFI sources utilize diverse mod-
ulation schemes, hence they are difficult to model precisely. Fortunately, RFI sources
possess certain unique properties that can be exploited for their mitigation. In Chapter 3
the authors propose several sparse signal recovery methods for effective RFI mitigation.
They first show that the RFI sources possess a low rank property and are sparse in the
frequency domain, while in contrast the desired UWB radar echoes are sparse in the time
domain. Therefore, robust principal component analysis (RPCA) can be used to simul-
taneously exploit these properties for effective RFI mitigation. RPCA, however, requires
 Introduction xvii

a fine tuning of a user parameter, which is dependent on the signal-to-interference ratio

(SIR). This parameter tuning is not straightforward in practice due to the lack of prior
knowledge on the RFI sources and on the desired UWB radar echoes. To avoid the
user parameter tuning problem, the authors consider modeling the RFI sources within
a pulse repetition interval (PRI) as a sum of sinusoids. The CLEAN algorithm can
then be used with the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) to determine the number
of sinusoids and to estimate their parameters. They show that CLEAN-BIC is user-
parameter-free and can be used to remove dominant RFI sources effectively. However,
since the sparse property of the UWB radar echoes are not utilized by CLEAN-BIC, the
resulting SAR images appear noisy, especially for low SIR values. To take advantage
of the merits of both RPCA and CLEAN-BIC algorithms, the authors consider using
CLEAN-BIC to estimate SIR, and the estimated SIR value is then used to determine
the user parameter for the RPCA algorithm. Finally, the algorithms are applied to both
simulated and experimentally measured data for performance evaluation.
Chapter 4 is focused on target detection from a set of compressive radar measure-
ments corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise. The complications in the calculation
of false alarm and detection probabilities that are caused by the nonlinear nature of target
recovery schemes in CS have impeded the application of such systems in practice. In
this chapter, the authors aim to show how recent advances in the asymptotic analysis of
CS recovery algorithms help to overcome this challenge. Fully adaptive and practical
CS target detection schemes are provided together with a detailed analysis of their
performance through extensive simulated and experimental data.
In Chapter 5, the authors present CFAR detectors for STAP random arrays. The
problem is formulated as detection of sparse targets given space–time observations
from thinned random arrays. The observations are corrupted by colored Gaussian noise
of an unknown covariance matrix, but secondary data are available for estimating the
covariance matrix. It is shown that the number of elements required to constrain the
peak sidelobe level scales logarithmically with the array aperture, whereas the number
of elements of a uniform linear array (ULA) scales linearly with the array aperture. New
adaptive detectors are developed that cope with the high sidelobes of random arrays.
Performance and complexity analysis demonstrate high performance at a reasonable
computation cost with significantly fewer elements than a ULA.
In Chapter 6, sparse-based STAP methods are developed by exploiting the intrinsic
sparsity of the clutter spatial-temporal power spectrum and of the space–time adaptive
weight vectors. First, the signal model of received space–time data for an airborne
phased array radar is introduced, and the intrinsic model sparsity for radar STAP is
analyzed. Second, leveraging on the sparsity of clutter spatial-temporal power spectrum,
a robust and fast iterative sparse recovery method is introduced. It can not only alleviate
the effect of noise and dictionary mismatch but can also reduce the computational com-
plexity via recursive inverse matrix calculation. Finally, based on the sparsity of space–
time adaptive weight vectors, a fast STAP method based on projection approximation
subspace tracking (PAST) with a sparse constraint is discussed. It provides a robust
and stable estimation of the clutter subspace when a small set of training samples is
available. Based on both the simulated and actual airborne phased array radar data, it is
xviii Introduction

verified that the developed methods can provide satisfactory performance with a small
training sample support in a practical complex nonhomogeneous environment.
Chapter 7 considers the use of CS techniques for the resolution of multiple targets.
Estimating the relative angles, delays, and Doppler shifts from the received signals
allows for the determination of the locations and velocities of objects. However, due to
practical constraints, the probing signals have finite bandwidth B, the received signals
are observed over a finite time interval of length T only, and in addition, a radar typically
has only one or a few transmit and receive antennas. Those constraints fundamentally
limit the resolution up to which objects can be localized: the delay and Doppler reso-
lution is proportional to 1/B and 1/T , and a radar with NT transmit and NR receive
antennas can only achieve an angular resolution proportional to 1/(NT NR ). The author
shows that the continuous angle-delay-Doppler triplets and the corresponding attenua-
tion factors can be resolved at much finer resolution, using ideas from CS. Specifically,
provided the angle-delay-Doppler triplets are separated either by factors proportional
to 1/(NT NR − 1) in angle, 1/B in delay, or 1/T in Doppler direction, they can be
recovered at significantly smaller scale or higher resolution.
Traditional adaptive beamformers are very sensitive to model mismatch, especially
when the training samples for adaptive beamformer design are contaminated by the
desired signal. In Chapter 8, the authors propose a strategy to reconstruct a signal-
free interference-plus-noise covariance matrix for adaptive beamformer design. Using
the sparsity of sources, the interference covariance matrix can be reconstructed as a
weighted sum of the tensor outer products of the interference steering vectors, and the
corresponding parameters are estimated from a sparsity-constrained covariance matrix
fitting problem. In contrast to classical CS and sparse reconstruction problems, the for-
mulated sparsity-constrained covariance matrix fitting problem can be effectively solved
by using the a priori information on array structure rather than using convex relaxation.
Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed adaptive beamformer almost always
provides near-optimal performance.
Chapter 9 deals with two-dimensional (2-D) spectrum sensing in the context of a
cognitive radar to gather real-time space–frequency electromagnetic awareness. Assum-
ing a sensor equipped with multiple receive antennas, a formal discrete-time sensing
signal model is developed, and two signal processing techniques capable of recovering
the space–frequency occupancy map via block sparsity exploitation are presented. The
former relies on the iterative adaptive algorithm (IAA) and incorporates a BIC-based
stage to foster block-sparsity in the recovery process. The latter resorts to the regularized
maximum likelihood (RML) estimation paradigm, which automatically promotes block-
sparsity in the 2-D profile evaluation. Some illustrative examples (both on simulated and
real data) are provided to compare the different strategies and highlight the effectiveness
of the developed approaches.
In Chapter 10, a cooperative spectrum-sharing scheme for a MIMO communication
system and a sparse sensing-based MIMO radar is presented. Both the radar and the
communication systems use transmit precoding. The radar transmit precoder, the radar
subsampling scheme, and the communication transmit covariance matrix are jointly
designed in order to maximize the radar SIR, while meeting certain communication
 Introduction xix

rate and power constraints. The joint design is implemented at a control center, which
is a node with which both systems share physical layer information, and which also
performs data fusion for the radar. Efficient algorithms for solving the correspond-
ing optimization problem are presented. The cooperative design significantly improves
spectrum sharing performance, and the sparse sensing provides opportunities to control
interference.
Chapter 11 discusses applications of CS to radar imaging problems with reference
to SAR and inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) sensors. The authors first provide
the relevant mathematical expressions for CS and SAR necessary to formulate the prob-
lem of CS SAR imaging. Thereafter, they consider the case where unknown motion
errors are present during the SAR acquisition process. Autofocusing, i.e., the blind
compensation of the aforementioned errors, is discussed, and general CS solutions are
presented. The chapter ends with a survey of CS methods for ISAR imaging of targets
with unknown motion.

References
[1] Y. C. Eldar and G. Kutyniok, Compressed Sensing: Theory and Applications. Cambridge
University Press, 2012.
[2] S. Foucart and H. Rauhut, A Mathematical Introduction to Compressive Sensing. Birkhäuser
Basel, 2013, vol. 1, no. 3.
[3] Y. C. Eldar, Sampling Theory: Beyond Bandlimited Systems. Cambridge University Press,
2015.
[4] C.-H. Chen, Compressive Sensing of Earth Observations. CRC Press, 2017.
[5] M. Amin, Compressive Sensing for Urban Radar. CRC Press, 2014.
[6] A. Farina, A. De Maio, and S. Haykin, The Impact of Cognition on Radar Technology. Scitech
Publishing, Radar, Sonar & Navigation, 2017.
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Waterfront. 1939.
NICHOLSON, MEREDITH.
Girl with the Red Feather. 1915.
House of a Thousand Candles. 1915, 1936.
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Rosalind at Red Gate. 1919.
NICOLAI, OTTO.
Merry Wives of Windsor. 1939.
NICOLINA.
Kuznetzoff and Nicolina in a Russian Rhapsody. 1930.
NIER, HENRY.
*Pride of America. © 1928.
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Love Thief. 1916.
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Among the Missing. © 1924.
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Why Girls Leave Home. 1921.
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*Manufacturing an Eight Inch Projectile. © 1917.
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Headlines. © 1925.
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Belle Boyd, a Confederate Spy. © 1913.
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*Maternité. 1928.
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 *Shame. © 1917.
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Price of Pride. © 1917.
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Whispering Sage. 1927.
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Fanny Fidget. 1935.
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NORDSTROM, FRANCES.
Dame Chance. 1926.
Her Market Value. 1925.
One Woman to Another. 1927.
Playing Around. 1930.
NORLHON, C. DE.
Nero and Britannicus. © 1913.
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Karyl Norman ... in Silks and Satins. 1928.
Karyl Norman in Types. 1928.
NORMAN, RICHARD EDWARD.
 *Sleepy Sam, the Sleuth. © 1915.
NORRIS, ALBAN JAMES.
Complete History of International Eucharistic Congress, Chicago,
Ill. June 20-24, 1926. © 1926.
Golgotha—That All Might Live. © 1939.
NORRIS, CHARLES GILMAN.
Brass. 1923.
Bread. 1924.
Seed. 1931.
NORRIS, FRANK.
Moran of the Lady Letty. 1922.
Pit. © 1917.
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Vital Question. 1916.
NORRIS, KATHLEEN (THOMPSON).
Callahans and the Murphys. 1927.
Change of Heart. 1934.
Christine of the Hungry Heart. 1924.
Harriet and the Piper. 1920.
Josselyn's Wife. 1926.
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Poor Dear Margaret Kirby. 1921.
Rose of the World. 1925.
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Sisters. 1922.
Walls of Gold. 1933.
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*Marriage Morals. 1923.
*Notoriety. 1922.
NORTH, CARRINGTON.
Headleys at Home. 1938.
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Remote Control. 1930.
NORTH, JACK.
Jack North, the Ban-Jokester. 1928.
NORTH, WILFRID.
Betty, the Boy, and the Bird. 1916.
Kid. 1916.
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*Beautiful Caverns of Luray. 1938.
*World of Rock-Ribbed Darkness. 1922.
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*Automobile Ignition. © 1920.
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Locked Door. © 1914.
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*Indian Life. 1918. LP12410, MP1207.
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*Fire the Destroyer. 1927.
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*Beginning the Sale. 1932.
*Clean-up Canvass. 1931.
*Complete Life Insurance Estate. 1932.
*Completing the Sale. 1932.
*Conserving the Insurance Estate. 1932.
*Converting Time into Money. 1931.
*Developing Your Personality. 1933.
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*What To Do and What To Say. 1931.
*Why Life Insurance. 1931.
NORTON, JANE.
McGann and His Octette. © 1913.
NORTON, ROY.
Mediator. 1916.
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Missing. 1917.
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Alchemist's Hourglass. 1936.
*Mills of the Gods. 1930.
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Scotland Yard Commands. 1937.
NORWICH UNIVERSITY.
*Scenes from 1914 Commencement, Norwich University. © 1914.
NORWOOD, ROBERT.
Power Within. © 1921.
NORWORTH, JACK.
Jack Norworth in Songs and Things. 1929.
Mr. & Mrs. Jack Norworth in Odds and Ends. 1929.
Mr. and Mrs. Jack Norworth in The Nagger. 1930.
Mr. and Mrs. Jack Norworth in The Naggers' Day of Rest. 1931.
Mr. and Mrs. Jack Norworth in The Naggers Go Rooting. 1931.
NOTARI, ELVIRA.
A. Piedigrotta. © 1921.
Holy Night. © 1922.
 O Festino e a Legge. © 1921.
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Outstanding Heavyweight Attractions of the Year, Between Max
Baer ... and Lou Nova. © 1939.
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Fool He Was. © 1914.
His Nephew's Crime. © 1914.
Society Crooks. © 1914.
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But the Flesh Is Weak. 1932.
Rat. 1938.
Symphony in Two Flats. 1931.
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Buck Rogers. (Serial)
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Cafe Rendezvous. 1938.
Carnival Show. 1938.
Rhythm in a Night Court. 1937.
Talent Auction. 1938.
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Arcade Varieties. 1939.
Hello Mama. 1939.
Radio Hook-Up. 1938.
Salt Shakers. 1938.
Skyline Revue. 1938.
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Shadow of Her Past. © 1916.
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Local Boy Makes Good. 1931.
Poor Nut. 1927.
Wise Girls. 1929.
NUGENT, JOHN CHARLES.
 Alibi. 1929.
Local Boy Makes Good. 1931.
Poor Nut. 1927.
Wise Girls. 1929.
NUGENT, MAUDE.
Sweet Rosie O'Grady. 1926.
NUGENT, WILBUR W.
*Official Motion Pictures of New York Fashion Show. 1913.
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*Return of Tarzan. © 1920, 1920.
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*Canzone del Sole. 1936.
*Don Bosco. 1936.
*Lorenzino de' Medici. 1935.
*Milizia Territoriale. 1936.
*Re Burlone. 1936.
*Scarpe Al Sole. 1936.
NUS.
Reckoning. © 1914.
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Enticement. 1925.
Sinners in Heaven. 1924.
NUTT, ROBERT H.
How To Remember Names and Faces. 1938.
NYITRAY, EMIL.
My Lady Friends. 1921.
No, No, Nanette. 1930.
Reckless Romance. 1924.
 O
OAKESHOTT, BLANCHE.
Fine Feathers Make Fine Birds. 1914.
OAKLAND, VIVIEN.
John T. Murray and Vivien Oakland in Satires. 1929.
John T. Murray and Vivien Oakland in The Hall of Injustice. 1929.
OAKLAND, WILL.
Will Oakland ... Sings Dreamy Melody.... 1927.
Will Oakland ... Sings While We Dance Till Dawn.... 1927.
OAKLEY, ANNIE.
Annie Oakley. 1935.
OAKMAN, WHEELER.
Man in Black. 1914.
Tragedy in Panama. 1915.
OAKS, DOROTHY.
Joe May and Dorothy Oaks in A Perfect Understanding. 1930.
OBER, ROBERT.
Fighting Lady. 1934.
Robert Ober in A Regular Business Man. 1928.
O'BRIAN, HARRY.
Rube. © 1914.
O'BRIEN, FREDERICK.
White Shadows in the South Seas. 1928.
O'BRIEN, J. B.
Obstinate Sheriff. 1915.
O'BRIEN, J. F.
Cy's Triumph. © 1915.
O'BRIEN, JOHN.
Destiny's Toy. © 1916.
O'BRIEN, NEIL.
James J. Corbett and Neil O'Brien. 1929.
O'CASEY, SEAN.
Plough and the Stars. 1937.
O'CONNOR, MARY H.
Anne of the Golden Heart. 1913.
Back to Eden. 1913.
Cross Currents. 1915.
Deception. 1913.
Ghosts. 1913.
Lonesome Heart. © 1915.
Love Will Out. 1914.
Old Oak's Secret. 1914.
Paris Hat. © 1915.
Penitentes. 1915.
Sacrifice. 1913.
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Thieves. 1913.
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*Master Mystery. (Serial)
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Limestone and Marble. 1927.
Mohawk Valley. 1927.
Panama Canal. 1927.
ODDLEIFSON, AUGUST G.
Purifying Water. 1928.
Wheat. 1928.
O'DEA, ANNE CALDWELL.
Flying Down to Rio. 1933.
Marry Me. 1925.
ODETS, CLIFFORD.
Golden Boy. 1939.
ODLIN, SUSAN I.
*Peter Rabbit Goes to School. © 1927.
ODLUM, JEROME.
Dust Be My Destiny. 1939.
Each Dawn I Die. 1939.
O'DONNELL, JACK.
Sap from Syracuse. 1930.
O'DWYER, MARTHA.
Reckless Living. 1931.
Subway Express. 1931.
OEMLER, MARIE CONWAY.
Slippy McGee. 1923.
OES, INGVALD C.
*Great Ocean Disaster. © 1913.
OESTERREICHER, RUDOLF.
Garden of Eden. 1928.
Once a Lady. 1931.
Three Sinners. 1928.
OFFHOUSE, CHARLES D.
*Algebra—Pre-View. 1933.
O'FLAHERTY, LIAM.
Informer. 1935.
OGDEN, GEORGE WASHINGTON.
Bondboy. 1922.
Duke of Chimney Butte. 1921.
Poor Folk's Boy. 1914.
Winner Takes All. 1918.
OGDEN, GUSSIE D.
*Hearts of Alsace. © 1921.
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