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The document discusses the limitations of the Beer-Lambert Law in relation to absorbance and concentration, highlighting factors such as high concentration deviations and light scattering. It also outlines various types of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometers (AAS) and their applications across multiple fields, including environmental analysis, food safety, pharmaceuticals, and more. Additionally, it explains the significance of Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) for identifying and quantifying elements in samples.

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3 views

Lec4

The document discusses the limitations of the Beer-Lambert Law in relation to absorbance and concentration, highlighting factors such as high concentration deviations and light scattering. It also outlines various types of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometers (AAS) and their applications across multiple fields, including environmental analysis, food safety, pharmaceuticals, and more. Additionally, it explains the significance of Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) for identifying and quantifying elements in samples.

Uploaded by

foyov88767
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Limitations of the Beer-Lambert Law

 Under certain conditions Beer-Lambert law fails to maintain a


linear relationship between absorbance and concentration of the
solution.
 Deviations in absorptivity coefficients at high concentrations
(>0.01M) due to electrostatic interactions between molecules in
close proximity.
 Scattering of light due to particles present in the sample.
 Chemical deviations due to the specific chemical species of the
sample under investigation (depending on the surrounding environment,
such as changes in pH and concentration, the analyte chemical equilibrium
shifts resulting in new chemical species with different maximum absorption
wavelengths.)
 Non-monochromatic radiation.
 Fluorescence or phosphorescence of the sample.
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETER
 Determination of metallic elements in food industry
 Determination of Na, K, Ca, Mg etc. in serum
 Determination of lead in petrol etc.
What Are the Types of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
(AAS)?
There are several types of atomic absorption spectrophotometers
(AAS) based on their design and features.
The main types include:
•Single-Beam Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer:
 This is the most basic type of AAS, where the instrument
measures the absorbance of the sample by comparing it to a
reference blank.
 It uses a single light beam that alternately passes through the
sample and the reference solution.

•Double-Beam Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometers:


 In this type, the instrument splits the light beam into two paths,
one passing through the sample and the other through a
reference solution simultaneously. The absorbance of the
sample is then determined by comparing the two beams.
 Double-beam AAS compensates for drifts in the light
source or other optical components, providing improved
stability and accuracy.
•Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometers:
 Flame AAS instruments are designed specifically for analyzing
samples in a flame atomization system.
 They utilize a nebulizer to introduce the liquid sample into
the flame and measure the absorption of light by the atoms in the
vapor phase.

•Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometers:


 Graphite furnace AAS (GFAAS) instruments are used for
analyzing small sample volumes and trace elements. They
employ a graphite furnace as the atomization and measurement
cell.
 The sample is introduced into the graphite tube, and the
temperature is ramped up to vaporize and atomize the sample for
analysis.

•Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometers:


 Hydride generation AAS instruments are used for the
determination of elements that can form volatile hydrides.
 They involve the generation of volatile hydride species from the
sample, which are then introduced into the atomization system
and measured for absorption.
What Is Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS)?
• Atomic absorption is a process involving the absorption by free
atoms of an element of light at a wavelength specific to that
element.

• In Atomic Spectrometry, emission, absorption and fluorescence,


energy is put into the atom population by thermal, electromagnetic,
chemical and electrical forms of energy and are converted to light
energy by various atomic and electronic processes before
measurement.

• Atomic Absorption Spectrometry is useful not only for the


identification but also the quantitative determination of elements
present in samples.

• The technique is specific, in that individual elements in each


sample can be reliably identified and it is sensitive, enabling small
amounts of an element to be detected down to around 1ppm (i.e.
one part in one million) using straightforward flame procedures.
Applications of atomic spectroscopy in various fields

Environmental
• In the environment we live in, understanding heavy-metal contamination is
critical. The accurate measurement of concentrations of these metals is
imperative to maintain clean air, water and soil for a safer world.
Food
• Accurate analysis of food for nutritional content, contamination or authenticity
– the exact geographic source of the product – is critical for regulatory and quality
assurance.
Pharmaceutical
• Drug research, development and production is dependent on elemental
analysis, starting with the testing of individual ingredients and continuing through
production to final quality control, as impurities can affect drug efficacy and
metabolism.
Petrochemical
• From petroleum refining to a broad spectrum of applications using lubricants
and oils, many industries require the determination of metals – particularly
analytes that can lead to degradation and contamination – to ensure conformity
as well as monitor and control processes.
Chemical/Industrial
• From the analysis of raw materials and components to finished product testing
and quality control, industrial and chemical manufacturers require accurate
analytical techniques to ensure the safety and performance of their products.
Agriculture
• Trace metals are essential for plant growth. Atomic spectroscopy also
facilitates precise soil analysis to ensure that metals are not at levels that could
unduly affect the food source (livestock and/or crops).
Semiconductor
• Determining lower and lower values in a variety of materials – rapidly and
affordably – has become necessary in the increasingly competitive
semiconductor industry.
Nuclear Energy
• Operating under constant scrutiny, the nuclear field is required to monitor
and measure the levels of a variety of elements to an exacting degree.
• Atomic spectroscopy is commonly used to determine trace elements in
everything from process water to low-level waste.
Renewable Energy
• As the world continues to move toward eco-friendly technologies and energy
sources, there’s an ever-increasing need for accurate elemental analysis.
• Applications include testing biofuels for batch consistency and quality
control, as well as trace elemental analysis on solar panels to ensure optimum
performance.
Nanomaterials
• For applications of nanomaterials, the need to eliminate material uncertainty
on a particle by-particle basis continues to grow.
• There is a growing requirement for sensitivity to conduct accurate, precise
work.
Chemical/Industrial
• From the analysis of raw materials and components to finished
product testing and quality control, industrial and chemical
manufacturers require accurate analytical techniques to ensure
the safety and performance of their products.
Geochemical/Mining
• With myriad applications from date stamping to precious
metals testing, atomic spectroscopy offers a fast, accurate
solution for broad geological surveys as well as an invaluable
means of testing potential mining areas before incurring the high
costs associated with digging.
Biomonitoring
• Instrumentation for accurate measurements of metals in
biological matrices is vital when assessing human exposures to
natural and synthetic chemicals.
• Speciation is also becoming increasingly important due to its
ability to provide additional information on element valence state
or molecular form.

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