KIOT

Wollo University
Department of Construction Technology& Mg’t

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 INTRODUCTION
 Concrete is a product obtained artificially by hardening of the mixture of:
i. binding material (cement),
ii. fine aggregate (sand),
iii. coarse aggregate (gravel),
iv. Admixtures in some cases, and
v. water, in predetermined proportions.
 Since concrete is made from different materials which form different
parts, it is known as a composite material.
 The cement and water form a paste that hardens and bonds the aggregates
together.
 Concrete is often looked upon as “man made rock”.

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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
1.AGGREGATE
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES
Aggregates

Based on mode of Based on Based on chemical

Based on source Based on size
formation weight composition

Igneous Light weight Fine Argillaceous

Natural

Sedimentary Normal weight Coarse Calcareous

Artificial

Recycled Metamorphic Heavy weight Siliceous

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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES
I. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SOURCE
 As regards the source aggregates may be natural,
artificial or recycled.
 Natural aggregates are obtained from river beds
(sand, gravel) or from quarries (crushed rock).
 Artificial aggregates are generally obtained from
industrial wastes such as the blast furnace slag.
 Recycled Aggregate – e.g. crushed concrete, clay
bricks

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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES
II. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MODE OF FORMATION

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

• Formed by the cooling of • Formed as strata as a result • They are originally igneous
molten magma or lava at the of sedimentation from the or sedimentary rocks which
surface of the crest or deep disintegration products are subsequently
beneath. derived from rocks. metamorphised due to
• Make highly satisfactory • They vary from soft to extreme heat or pressure.
concrete aggregates. hard, porous to dense and • Quartzite and gneiss have
• They are normally hard, light to heavy. been used for production of
tough and dense. • Degree of consolidation, concrete aggregate
• They have massive type of cementation, • E.g. quartzite, gneiss,
structure, entirely thickness of layers and amphibolites, slate, marble
crystalline or wholly contamination affects the
glassy. suitability.
• E.g. Basalt, trachyte, • E.g. Sand stone, lime stone,
granite shale.
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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES
II. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MODE OF FORMATION

Sedimentary rock
e.g. limestone, shale Igneous rock Metamorphic rock
7 e.g. granite e.g. marble
 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES
II. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MODE OF FORMATION

Sedimentary
rock

Shale Siltstone Sandstone Limestone

Igneous rock

Trap rock Pegmatite Granite Gabro

Metamorphic
rock

Amphibolite Gneiss Slate Marble

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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES
III. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON WEIGHT
 Based on weight aggregates are divided into three groups
A. Heavy weight aggregates: with specific gravity more than four.
These includes steel balls, bronze and other metals used in concrete
for radiation.
B. Normal weight aggregates: with specific gravity b/n 2.4 and 3.0. E.g.
basalt, granite, trachyte, etc.
C. Light weight aggregates: with specific gravity less than 2 such as
pumice, scoria, diatomite, etc. which are used to make light weight
concrete.
IV. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SIZE
 Aggregate bigger than about 4.75mm in diameter is classified as coarse
aggregate (Type CA) and the one smaller as fine aggregate (Type FA).
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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES
V. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
 Based on chemical composition aggregates are divided into three groups
A. Argillaceous: Composed primarily of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) the
chief component of clay.
B. Siliceous: Composed primarily of silicon dioxide (Si2O) the principal
ingredient of quartz sand.
C. Calcareous: composed primarily of calcium carbonate or lime (CaCO3).
VI. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CONDITION
 Crushed: From quarry - sharp, angular particles, rough surface, good bond
strength, low workability.
 Uncrushed: Uncrushed From river - round shapes, smooth surface, low
bonding properties, high workability.

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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES
GRADING OF AGGREGATE
 The maximum size of aggregate practicable to handle under a given set
of conditions should be used.
 Using the largest possible maximum size will result in:
 Reduction of the cement content,
 Reduction in water requirement, and
 Reduction of drying shrinkage.
 The maximum aggregate that can be used in any given condition may
be limited by the following conditions.
 Thickness of section
 Spacing of reinforcement
 Clear cover
 Mixing, placing and handling techniques.

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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS

 Sieve analysis is the name given to the

operation of dividing a sample of aggregate
into various fractions each consisting of
particles of the same size.

 The summation of the material retained on

the sieves divided by 100 is called the
fineness modulus.
 It is used as an index to the fineness or
coarseness and uniformity of aggregate
supplied.

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CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES
GRADING OF AGGREGATE
 Standard sieve sizes and square openings
For Fine Aggregates For Coarse Aggregates
ES Series ASTM Series Es Series ASTM Series
Sieve size & Sieve size Clear opening Sieve size & clear Sieve size Clear
clear opening opening opening
9.5 mm 3/8 0.375 in 75 mm 3 in 3.00 in
4.75 mm No. 4 0.187 in 63 mm 2 in 2.00 in
2.36 mm No. 8 0.0937 in 37.5 mm 1 ½ in 1.50 in
- - - - 1 in 1.00 in
1.18 mm No.16 0.0469 in 19 mm ¾ in 0.75 in
600 μm No. 30 0.0232 in 13.2 mm ½ in 0.50 in
300 μm No. 50 0.0117 in 9.5 mm 3/8 in 0.375 in
150 μm No. 100 0.0059 in 4.75 mm No.4 0.187 in
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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES
GRADING OF AGGREGATE
 Grading requirement for fine and coarse aggregate
For Fine Aggregates For Coarse Aggregates
ES Series ASTM Es Series ASTM Percentage passing
Designation series Nominal size of graded aggregate
Sieve size & Sieve Percentage Sieve size & Sieve 37.5-4.75 19-4.75 12.5-4.75
clear opening size passing clear size
opening
9.5 mm 3/8 in 100 75 mm 3 in 100
4.75 mm No. 4 95-100 63 mm 2 in
2.36 mm No. 8 80-100 37.5 mm 1 ½ in 95-100 100
1.18 mm No.16 50-85 19 mm ¾ in 30-70 95-100 100
600 μm No. 30 25-60 13.2 mm ½ in - - 90-100

300 μm No. 50 10-30 9.5 mm 3/8 in 10-35 25-55 40-85

150 μm No. 100 2-10 4.75 mm No.4 0-5 0-10 0-10

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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES
GRADING OF AGGREGATE
Ex-1 Sieve Analysis Results for Fine Aggregate (sample size = 500g)
Wt. of
Sieve Weight Sieve & Weight Percentage Cumulative Cumulative Lower Upper
Size of Sieve Retained Retained Retained Coarser Passing (%) Limit Limit
(mm) (g) (g) (g) (%) (%) (%) (%)
9.5 586 586 0 0.00 0.00 100.00 100.00
4.75 567 576 9 1.80 1.80 98.20 95.00 100.00
2.36 521 535 14 2.80 4.60 95.40 80.00 100.00
1.18 529 584 55 11.00 15.60 84.40 50.00 85.00
0.06 506 719 213 42.60 58.20 41.80 25.00 60.00
0.03 478 627 149 29.80 88.00 12.00 10.00 30.00
0.015 462 512 50 10.00 98.00 2.00 2.00 10.00
Pan 423 431 8 1.60 99.60 0.40
FM=2.66

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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES
GRADING OF AGGREGATE
Ex-2 Sieve Analysis Results for Coarse Aggregate (sample size = 5108g)

Wt. of
Sieve Weight Sieve & Weight Percentage Cumulative Cumulative Lower Upper
Size of Sieve Retained Retained Retained Coarser Passing Limit Limit
(mm) (g) (g) (g) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)

37.5 1188 1188 0 0.00 0.00 100.00 100.00

19 1419 1419 0 0.00 0.00 100.00 90.00 100.00
12.5 1166 3645 2479 48.53 48.53 51.47 40.00 80.00
9.5 1171 2682 1511 29.58 78.11 21.89 20.00 55.00
4.75 1194 2222 1028 20.13 98.24 1.76 0.00 10.00
Pan 1060 1150 90 1.76 100.00 0.00 0.00 5.00

FM=2.25

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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES
GRADING OF AGGREGATE

Well graded Uniform graded Gap graded

The range of size are Most particles are Most particles are
approximately in equal of the same size of large or small
amounts size
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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES
PARTICLE SHAPE
It affects the workability of concrete.

From the standpoint of economy in cement for a given

w/c ratio, rounded aggregates are preferable to angular
aggregates.

Angular aggregates give higher strength and

sometimes greater durability as a result of interlocking
texture in the hardened concrete.
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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES
PARTICLE SHAPE

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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES
PARTICLE TEXTURE
 Surface texture is the property, which depends upon the relative degree to
which particle surfaces are polished or dull, smooth or rough.
 Surface texture depends on hardness, grain size, pore structure, structure
of the rock, etc.
 Hard, dense, fine-grained materials will generally have smooth structure
surfaces.
 As surface smoothness increases, contact area decreases, hence a highly
polished particles will have less bonding area with the matrix than a rough
particle of the same volume.

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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
 In computation of quantities for concrete mixes it is the specific gravity of
the SSD aggregates that is always used.
Bulk specific gravity
Rock group Average Range
Basalt 2.75 2.7-2.9
Granite 2.65 2.6-2.7
Limestone (firm) 2.65 2.6-2.7
Sandstone 2.5 2.0-2.6
Trap rock 2.9 2.7-3.0

 In metric units, the specific gravity of a material is numerically equal to its

weight in grams per cubic centimeter (sometimes called solid unit weight).

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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES
POROSITY, ABSORPTION AND SURFACE MOISTURE
 Porosity: is the ratio of the volume of the pores (small holes in
aggregate through which water can go inside) in a particle to its total
volume.
 The porosity of aggregate is important since it affects its bulk specific
gravity, permeability and absorption which in turn affect the properties
of the resulting concrete.
 Some of the pores are wholly within the solid, and others are on the
surface.

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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES
POROSITY, ABSORPTION AND SURFACE
MOISTURE
 As regards the moisture content, the
various states in which an aggregate may
exist are:
 Oven-dry: completely dry
 Air dry: dry at the surface, some internal
moisture, but less than the amount
required to saturate the particle.
 Saturated surface dry condition: no free
moisture on the particle, but all voids with
in the particle filled with water.
 Damp or wet: saturated and with free or
surface moisture on its surface.

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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES
POROSITY, ABSORPTION AND SURFACE MOISTURE

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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES
POROSITY, ABSORPTION AND SURFACE MOISTURE
 Absorbed moisture: Weight of water absorbed by dry aggregate
particles in reaching the saturated surface dry condition. No water
on the surface of a particle but all the pores are filled with water.
 Surface moisture: The moisture that is in excess of absorbed
moisture.
 Total moisture content: The total amount of water present on the
external and internal surfaces of aggregates.
Total moisture content = Surface moisture + absorbed
moisture

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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES
POROSITY, ABSORPTION AND SURFACE MOISTURE
 The absorption capacity is the measure of the porosity of an aggregate.

Material Absorption capacity % by

weight
Sand 0-2
Gravel 0.5-1
Basalt 0-0.5
Granite 0-0.5
Limestone (firm) 0.5-1
Sand stone 2-7
Trap rock 0-0.5

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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES
BULKING OF SAND
 Because of their small size and weight, sand particles are easily
pushed and held apart by surface water thereby increasing the
total volume per given weight of sand. This phenomenon is
known as bulking.
 The finer the sand the more pronounced the bulking.

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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
TESTING OF AGGREGATES
 The different types of tests conducted on aggregate:
 Test for determination of flakiness index
 Test for determination of elongation index
 Test for determination of inorganic impurities
 Test for determination of specific gravity
 Test for determination of bulk density and voids
 Test for determination of porosity and absorption
 Test for determination of bulking of sand
 Test for determination of sieve analysis
 Test for determination of aggregate crushing value
 Test for determination of ten percent value
 Test for determination of aggregate impact value
 Test for determination of abrasion value

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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
PRODUCTION OF AGGREGATES
COARSE AGGREGATE
 Production of aggregate involves the following processes.

Stripping drilling crashing

Stock
screening
pilling
 Aggregates are produced in Ethiopia in one of the following methods:
A. Crushing by human labor and hand tools
B. Low scale mechanized crashing
C. Medium to large scale crushing plants.

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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
PRODUCTION OF AGGREGATES
COARSE AGGREGATE

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 CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS
PRODUCTION OF AGGREGATES
COARSE AGGREGATE
 Production of sand in Ethiopia is very primitive.
 Sand production sites are not mechanized. The production is done by
local people of the area using traditional method of collecting the sand
from the river bed by donkey

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 Types of Concrete
Classification based on state
Fresh
Hard

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 Properties of Fresh Concrete
1. Workability
2. Consistency
3. Bleeding
4. Segregation
5. Heat of Hydration
6. Thermal Crack

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 The ease with which concrete can be mixed, handled
and placed without segregation.
 It is the amount of useful internal work necessary
to produce full compaction

The degree of plasticity of fresh concrete or mortar.

(Ability of concrete to flow). The normal measure of
consistency is slump for concrete and flow for mortar.
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 Concrete could have dry, plastic, semi-fluid, and
fluid consistency.
Concrete of plastic consistency can be shaped into
ball.
 Concrete of semi-fluid consistency spreads out
slowly without segregation of aggregate.
Concrete of fluid consistency spreads out fast
and results in segregation of aggregates, and hence
unacceptable.

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 It is known as also ‘’Water gain’’ in which some of the water
in the mix tends to rise to the surface of freshly placed
concrete.

Caused by: Excess water, insufficient fines (cement,

sand) in mix.
Problem: Cause weakness on concrete surface or develop
line of weakness between pours.
Can be avoided by using : - finer cement,
- well graded aggregate,
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- less water content .
 It is the tendency :
I. Separation of sand-cement
mortar from coarse
aggregate .
II. Separation of cement paste
from fine aggregate.

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 Excessive or inadequate vibration.
Dropping fresh concrete from a height.
Placing concrete in heavily reinforced
members.
High workability (excess water content)
or poor grading (excess coarse aggregate).
The primary cause of segregation is
difference in size of particles (concrete by
its nature).
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 Result : Reduction in strength
• Heat liberated due to the exothermic chemical
reaction between cement and water.
• In massive structures, the heat cannot be readily
released causing high internal temperatures esp.
during hot weather.
• As the interior concrete increases in temperature
and expands, the surface concrete may be cooling
and contracting.
• If the temperature differential between the surface
and the center is too great, thermal crack may
occur or if the pour is restrained, crack due to
39 drying shrinkage can occur.
  Four widely used tests

Vebe Time test

Slump Test

Compacting factor test

Flow table test

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 Most useful test at site. Useful in checking the consistency of
concrete mix at site.
 It is the subsidence of concrete cone after mould is lifted up
Method:

41 Slump cone :300 mm high, 200 mm at bottom & 100mm top.

  Cone is filled and level off.

 It is then carefully lifted.

 The amount of slump is then measured.

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 Collapse Slump
Shear Slump
True Slump

 Concrete slump must be in  Concrete lack of cohesiveness

this form. or too wet. Not allowed for
 Normal slump range (12 structural work.
mm – 115 mm)
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  Measure the degree of compaction required for a
concrete. Suitable for all mixes.
Method
 Concrete mixture is put in
top hopper.
 Allowed to fall into 2nd
hopper then cylinder.
 Top of cylinder is struck
off. Concrete is weighed.
 Compared with weight of
fully compacted concrete
in cylinder
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 weight of partially compacted concrete
 Compaction factor =
weight of fully compacted concrete
(compacted in 4 layers, 25 x tempering each
layer )

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 Measures the work (time) needed to compact concrete.
Method
 The concrete is packed into a cone (similar to slump test). The cone
stands within a special cylinder on a platform and lifted.
 The container is vibrated and the time taken for the concrete to be
compacted flat by glass plate is Vebe time.

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 Determine the flow of cement pastes and cement
mortars by measuring the spread in mm (width)
of a standard cone on a dropping table.
 This value is a measure of the plasticity of the
mortar.

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 .

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