CSMSS

Shahu College of Engineering Chh.Sambhajinagar

Electrical Department

Lab Manual
S.E. (Electrical Engineering)
Academic Year: 2023-24

Name:

Class: Div: Roll No.:

Year of the course:

Examination No.:
 CSMSS
Shahu College of Engineering Chh.Sambhajinagar
Electrical Department

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

Seat Number: ________________________ Roll No.__________ Div______ from Second Year

Electrical Engineering has successfully completed his / her Practical work of

Subject Power System at Shahu College ofEngineering, Chh.Sambahjinagar in the

partial fulfillment of the Bachelor’s Degree in Engineering.

(Prof. A. D. Salpe) (Prof. A. N.Muidraj) (Dr. U. B. Shinde)

Practical I/C Head of the Department Principal
 CSMSS Shahu College of Engineering Chh.Sambhajinagar
Electrical Engineering Department

POWER SYSTEM

INDEX

Sr. No. Description Date Sign

To Study the layout of thermal power plant with

1
its Components
To Study the layout, Classification & Components
2
of Hydro power plant.

To Study the alternator excitation system

3

To Study the types and Properties of various

4
overhead Insulators

5 To Study the types and Properties of various

overhead Conductors

6 To Study the power cable and its various

components and types

To study the layout of Substation along with its

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Components
Dos and Don’ts in Laboratory:-
1. Understand the matlab software
2. Understand the all the matlab library.
3. Study the use of all the equipment’s provided in the library of matlab.
4. Study the simulation demos provided by matlab.
5. Develop the program and simulation as per instructions in the manual.
6. Follow all the rules and regulation of the computer lab.
7. Carefully handle the devices in computer lab.
8. Familiarize yourself with the power system equipment, circuit breakers, transformers, meters,
and other components before using them.
9. Ensure all power systems and devices are properly grounded to avoid electrical shocks and
system failures.
10. Keep the lab clean and free from clutter, especially around high-voltage equipment to reduce
risks of fire, shorts, or accidental contact.
11. Never work alone in a lab with high-voltage power systems. Always have a partner or
supervisor nearby in case of emergencies.
 CSMSS Shahu College of Engineering, Chh.Sambhajinagar

Experiment No: - 1
Date:

Experiment name:

To Study the layout of thermal power plant with its Components.

Apparatus-
Wooden Thermal Plant Model

Objective:
1. Study about the layout of steam power plant.
2. Study about the Rankin cycle and different components steam power
plant.
Theory:

1. Steam Power Plant and its Operating Cycle.

The general layout of the modern power plant consists of mainly four circuits which are
➢ Coal and ash circuit.
➢ Air and gas circuit.
➢ Feed water and steam flow circuit.
➢ Cooling water circuit.

A thermal power station using steam as working fluid works basically on the Rankine
Cycle. Steam is generated in a boiler, expanded in a prime mover and condensed in a
Condenser and fed into the boiler again with the help of pump. However, in practice, there
are numerous modifications and improvements in this cycle with the aim of affecting heat

Fig.1Layout of Thermal Power Plant

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 CSMSS Shahu College of Engineering, Chh.Sambhajinagar

Conclusion:

• The experiment demonstrates the basic working of a hydropower plant: converting

water's kinetic or potential energy into electrical energy using a turbine and
generator.

QUESTIONS:

1. Explain different circuits of modern steam power plant.

2. Draw layout of modern thermal power plant.
3. Explain various site selection criteria required to consider for steam power plant.

REFERENCES:

11. Power Plant Engineering by P.K.Nag, TMH Publications.

2. Power Plant Engineering by Domkundwar and Arora, Dhanpatrai Publication

Signature of Teacher

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 CSMSS Shahu College of Engineering, Chh.Sambhajinagar

Experiment No-2
Date:-

Experiment name: To Study the layout, Classification & Components of Hydro power
plant.

Apparatus-
1. Hydro Power Plant Model

Objective:
To demonstrate how water flowing through a turbine can generate electricity.

THEORY:

The kinetic purposed plant of hydroelectric power plant is to provide power from water
flowing under pressure. It has two forms of energy, kinetic energy & potential energy depends
upon the mass velocity of flow while the potential energy exists as a result of difference in
water level below two points. The turbine converts potential and kinetic energy possessed
thus the turbine by water in to mechanical is a prime mover which when coupled to a produces
electricity.
Electric Power energy to a generator hydroelectric power can be develop when water
continuously flowing under pressure is available Dam is constructed to restrict the river water
flow. Essential components of a hydroelectric are as follows Power plant .

Fig.2.Schematic block diagram of hydroelectric power Plant

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 CSMSS Shahu College of Engineering, Chh.Sambhajinagar

1) Storage reservoir; -anThe attachment area is Date: water available from Stored in a
reservoir So that it can be utilized to run the turbine for producing power according to
requirement.
2) Dam with control works:-of Dam is a structure ejected on a suitable site to provide for the
storage water and create head Dam may be built to make an artificial reservoir from valley or
it may be created in a river to control the flowing water.

3) Water Ways: - the water carried power house, it force and pipe way Consist Water way is a
passes through which from the storage reservoir to the of tunnel control, penstock. Tunnel is
water passage made by cutting the mountain to save the distance for bay in an enlarged
section of a canel spread out to accommodate the required width of intake. its function is to
store temporarily water ejected by plant.
4) Penstock: - It is a pipe of large diameter carrying water under pressure from storage to
turbine.

5) Power House:-Is a building to house the turbine, penstock and other for operating the
machines?
Rated quantities: - The rated quantities refer to the parameter for which the turbine is
designed. Efficiency of hydroelectric power plant: An appraisal of the performance of a
Hydraulic turbine is made by its overall efficiency Overall efficiency - Power available at the
shaft Power available at the water jet.

QUESTIONS:

1. Explain different circuits of hydro power plant.

2. Draw layout of hydro power plant.

Conclusion: -

Signature of teacher

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CSMSS Shahu College of Engineering, Chh.Sambhajinagar

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 CSMSS Shahu College of Engineering, Chh.Sambhajinagar

Experiment No: - 3
Date:

Experiment name:

To Study the alternator excitation system

Theory:

The system which is used for providing the necessary Field current to the rotor winding
of the Synchronous machine, such type of system is called an excitation system. In other
words, excitation System is defined as the system which is used for the production of the
flux by passing current the field winding the main requirement of excitation system is
reliability under all conditions simplicity of control, ease of maintenance Stability and fast
transient response. Of service at the load current and the power load power an The
amount of excitation required depends on factor and speed of the machine. The more
excitation is needed in the system. When the load current large, the speed is l…

Types of Excitation system:-

The excitation system is mainly classified into three
Types they are
1) DC Excitation System
2.) AC Excitation system
Rotor excitation system
- Brushless excitation system.
3) Static excitation system.

Their excitation explained below in details

DC Excitation system:-

The DC excitation system has two exciters-the main exciter and A pilot exciter. Exciter
output is adjusted by an field current.

Fig.3 Block Diagram for DC Excitation system

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 CSMSS Shahu College of Engineering, Chh.Sambhajinagar

Automatic Voltage regulator:- (AVR) for controlling the output terminal voltage of the
alternator transformer input to the AVR ensures limiting of the alternator current during
a fault When the field breaker is open, the field discharge resistor is connected across
the field winding so as to dissipate the stored energy the field winding which is…

Conclusion:

Signature of Teacher

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 CSMSS Shahu College of Engineering, Chh.Sambhajinagar

EXPERIMENT NO:-04
Date:-

Experiment Name: - To Study the types and Properties of various overhead Insulators

Apparatus:-
Pin insulator, Suspension insulator, Stray insulator, Shackle Insulator

Theory:-
Types of insulators
There are mainly three types of insulators

1) Pin insulator
2) Suspension insulator
3) Stray insulator
4) Shackle insulators
In addition to that there are other two types of electrical insulator available mainly for
low voltage Application, i.e stay insulator & shackle insulator
1) Pin type insulator:-
As the name suggests, the pin type insulator Upper is secured to the cross-arm on the pole
there is a groove on the and end of the insulator for housing the conductor the conductor
passes through this groove and is bound by the annealed wire of the Same material as the
conductor. Pin type insulators are used for transmission and distribution of electric power
at voltage…Causes of insulator failures: Insulators are required to withstand both
mechanical & electrical stresses. the latter type is primarily due to line voltage and may
cause breakdown of the insulator. the electrical breakdown of the insulator can occur
either by flash-over or the puncture puncture In flashover, an arc occurs between the tine
conductor and insulator pin & the discharge jumps across the air gaps, following shortest
distance In case of flash over, the insulator will continue to act in its proper capacity unless
extreme heat produced by the arc destroys the insulator. In case of the discharge occurs
from conductor to pin through the body of the insulator when such breakdown is involved,
the insulator is permanently destroyed due Excessive had heat. In practice, sufficient
thickness porcelain is provided in the insulator to avoid puncture by the line voltage.

2) Suspension type:-Used for high voltages (> 33 kV), it is a used) practice to use
suspension type insulators shown Fig. consist of a number of porcelain discs. Connected
in series by metal links in the form the conductor is suspended at the Of a String bottom
end of this string while the other ofthe string is secured to the cross-arm of the tower each
unit or disc is designed for low Voltage, say 11 KV The number of discs in series would
obviously depend upon the working voltage for instance, if the working voltage is os ky,
then Six discs in series will be provided on the string.
Advantages of suspension type:-
1. Suspension type insulators are cheaper than pin type insulators for voltages beyond
33 KV
2. Each unit or disc of suspension type insulator is designed for low voltage, usually 11
kV

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 CSMSS Shahu College of Engineering, Chh.Sambhajinagar

3) Strain insulators:-When there is a dead end of the line or there is corner or sharp
curve, the line is subjected to greater tension. In order to relieve the line of

Excessive tension, strain insulators are used for low voltage lines (<11 kV), shackle
insulators are as strain insulators. However, for high voltage transmission lines, strain
insulator consist of an assembly of suspension insulators. Used The disc of strain insulators
are used in the vertical plane when the tension in lines is Exceedingly high, at long river
spans, two or Strings are used in parallel more
[4) Shackle insulators:-
In early days, the shackle insulators as strain insulators. But now a were used day, they
are frequently used for low voltage distribution lines. Such insulators can be used either
in a horizontal position or in a vertical position. They can be directly fixed to the pore with
a bolt or to the cross arm.

Conclusion:-

Signature of Teacher

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 CSMSS Shahu College of Engineering, Chh.Sambhajinagar

Experiment no:-05

Name of Experiment: - To study the layout of Substation along with its Components

Date:
Apparatus:-
Insulator, fuse, Pole, Circuit Breaker, Transformer, Conductor

Theory:-
Conductor: Which Carry electrical power From the Sending and station to the
receiving End station.
Properties of Conductor:-
i) High electrical conductivity
ii) High tensile strength in order to withstand Mechanical stress.
iii) Low cost so that it long distance can be used
iv) Low specific gravity so that weight per unit Volume is small.

Types of conductors
1) Copper :-Copper is an ideal material for Overhead lines owing to its high electrical
Conductivity and greater tensile strength it is always used in the hard drawn from as stranded
conductor. Copper has high current Current carrying capacity of density i..., the copper per
unit of x-sectional area is quite large, this leads two advantages The area offered by the
conductor to wind loads is reduced Move over, this metal is quite homogeneous, durable and
has high scrap value. There is hardly any doubt that copper is an ideal material for transmission
and distribution of electric power.

2) Aluminum = Aluminum is cheap and light Compared to Copper as but it has much smaller
Conductivity and tensile strength, the relative Comparison of the two materials.
i) The conductivity of aluminum is 60% that the smaller conductivity of aluminum
Copper. Means that for any particular transmission efficiency
ii) Aluminum conductor being light, is liable to greater Swing and hence larger cross-
Arms are required.

3) Steel cored Aluminum:-Due to the low tensile strength, aluminium Conductors produce
greater sag. this prohibit their use for longer spans and makes them unsuitable for long
distance transmission The composite conductor thus obtained is known as Steel cored
aluminum and is abbreviated as A.C.S.R (Aluminium Conductor steel reinforced.) Steel cord
aluminum conductor consist of central core of galvanized Steel wires. Surrounded by a
number of aluminum Stands. Usually, diameter of both steel and aluminum wires is the same.

4) Galvanized steel = Can Steel has very high tensile strength. Therefore galvanized steel
conductors be used for extremely long spans or for Short line sections exposed to
abnormally high stress due to climatic condition They have been found very suitable in rural
areas where cheapness in the main consideration.

5) Cadmium Copper:-Copper the conductor material now. Being employed in certain cases.
In alloyed with cadmium an addition of 1% or 2% cadmium to copper increases the tensile
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 CSMSS Shahu College of Engineering, Chh.Sambhajinagar

Strength by about 50% and the conductivity is only reduce by 15% below that of pare copper
therefore, cadmium copper conductor can be useful for exceptionally long span 5. However
due to high cost of cadmium used.

Conclusion:

Signature of Teacher

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 CSMSS Shahu College of Engineering, Chh.Sambhajinagar

Experiment No: - 6
Date:

Experiment name:

Theory:-
Construction of Cables
i) Cores or conductors more than one core or A cable have one (Conductor) depending
upon the type of sevice for which it is intended for instance, the 3- conductor cable shown
in fig. 6.1 is used for 3-phase service. The conductors are made of tinned copper or
aluminum and are usually stranded in order to provide flexibility to the cable.
ii) Insulation: Each core or conductor is provided them with a suitable thickness of
insulation thickness of layer depending upon the voltage to be withstood by the cable
The commonly used materials for insulation are impregnated paper,Varnished combric
or rubber mineral compound.
iii) Metallic sheath: In order to protect the Core

Fig.6.1 Armoring cable

iv) Bedding Over the metallic sheath is applied a layer of bedding which consists of a
fibrous materials like jute of hessian tape. The purpose of bedding is to protect the
metallic Sheath against corrosion and from mechanical injury due to armouring.of
v) Armouring Over the bedding, armouring is provided which consist one or two layers
of galvanised steel wire or steel tape. Its purpose is to protect the cable from mechanical
injury while laying it and during the course of handling Armouring may not be done in the
case of some cables.from
Vi) Serving = In order to protect armouring atmospheric conditions, a layer of fibrous
material (like jute) Similar to bedding is provided over the armouring This is known as
serving.
Underground Cables. Consist of An underground cables essentially one Or more
conductors with Suitable insulation & surrounded by a protecting

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) Single conductor wire

2) Single phase wire
3) bingle standerd wire +
4) Flexible aire =
5 Iron wire
6) Core cable =
(7) Coaxial Cable :
8) Freeze wize

Conclusion:-

Signature of Teacher

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 CSMSS Shahu College of Engineering, Chh.Sambhajinagar

Experiment 7 Date:-

Aim: To study equipment in a transmission substation

Objective: study the equipment’s of in transmission Sub-station

Theory:- The assembly of apparatus used to change Same characteristics of electric

supply is called a a sub-station Bus-bar : When a numbers of line operating of the Same
voltage have to be directly connected electricity bus-bar are used as the common
electrical component Bus- bars are copper or aluminium bars and operate of constant
voltage.
i) Single bus-bar arrangement
ii) Double bus - bar arrangement
iii) Single bus-bar sys with sectionlisation
Insulator: the insulator serve two purpose they Support of conductor and confine the
current to the conductors are most commonly used material for the insulator precision.
Isolating …
ix) Circuit Breaker A circuit breaker is an which can open or close equipment a ckt under
normal as well as fault condition it is so designed that it can be operate normally under
normal condition automatically under fault conditions.
v) Power Transformer Power transformer is used in a sub-station to step the voltage
except at the power station all the substation
Vi) Instrument transformer the line is substations operate to high voltage and current,
of thousands of ampere the measuring instruments and protective devices
Designed for low rating and current are
A) Current transformer (C.T)"
B) Potential transformer (P.T)
Vii) Metering and indicating instrument there are several metering and indicating
Instrument installed in a sub-stations to maintain watch over the current quantities the
instrument transformers are invariable used with then for
Satisfactory operations.
Vii) Miscellaneous equipment. In addition to above there may be following equipment
in a substation.
i) Fuses Carrier currents equipment
iii) Substations auxiliary supplies

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 CSMSS Shahu College of Engineering, Chh.Sambhajinagar

11KV Pole Mounted Substation:

Sr. Description of Technical Primary Secondary
Unit
No. Parameter side Side

1 Nominal system voltage kVrms 11 kV 440 V

2 Maximum system voltage kVrms 12 kV 400 V

3 Power frequency with kVrms 28 kV 1000 V

stand voltage
lightning impulse withstand voltage
KVp 75 KVp 6 KVp
4 a) Line to earth
b) Across isolating gap KVp 85 KVp 85 KVp

5 System frequency Hz 50 50

7 Variation in frequency % 1.5 0.5

8 Continuous current rating Amp 1000 800

9 Symmetrical short circuit kA 25 25

current
10 Duration of short circuit Second 2 2
fault current
Conductor spacing for AIS
11 a) Phase to ground meters 3 3

b) Phase to phase meters 1 1

12 Design ambient temperatures Deg 50 50

13 Maximum fault clearing ms <150ms <150ms

time

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Conclusion:-

Signature of Teacher