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Limit and Continuity

The document discusses the concepts of limits and continuity in mathematics, defining limits at points and at infinity, as well as the conditions for continuity of functions. It also outlines types of discontinuities, provides examples of limit computations, and includes problems related to continuity. Additionally, it explains asymptotes, including vertical, horizontal, and slant asymptotes.

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prasumabista1
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8 views16 pages

Limit and Continuity

The document discusses the concepts of limits and continuity in mathematics, defining limits at points and at infinity, as well as the conditions for continuity of functions. It also outlines types of discontinuities, provides examples of limit computations, and includes problems related to continuity. Additionally, it explains asymptotes, including vertical, horizontal, and slant asymptotes.

Uploaded by

prasumabista1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Limits and Continuity:

Limit:
Let 𝐴 ⊂ ℝ and 𝑓: 𝐴 → ℝ. Assume that 𝑐 is a limit point of
𝐴. We say that 𝐿 is the limit of 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 tends to 𝑐 and we
write lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 .
𝑥→𝑐
OR
A function 𝑓(𝑥) has limit 𝐿 at point 𝑎 if for any 𝜀 > 0 there
exists a number 𝛿 > 0 such that ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ,
0 < 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 𝛿 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝐿 < 𝜀.
Limits at Infinity

A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to has limit 𝐿 as 𝑥 tends to


∞ 𝑜𝑟 − ∞ if the numerical difference between 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝐿
can be made as small as we please by taking 𝑥 large (or
small) enough, i.e., for all ɛ > 0, there exists K such that
| 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝐿 | < ɛ whenever x> K (or x < K).
It is denoted by lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 𝑜𝑟 lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿.
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→−∞
1 1
𝑎) lim = = 0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 ∞
1 1
b) lim 2 = = 0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 ∞
3𝑥−5 ∞
c) lim 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→∞ 4𝑥+1 ∞
5
𝑥 3−
𝑥
= lim 1
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 4+
𝑥
5
3−
𝑥
= lim 1
𝑥→∞ 4+
𝑥
5
3− 3−0 3
∞
= 1 = =
4+ 4+0 4
∞
𝑥 2 −5𝑥+7
𝑑) lim 2
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 +2𝑥+3

𝑒) lim 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥−𝑎 [∞ − ∞ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚]


𝑥→∞
( 𝑥+ 𝑥−𝑎)
= lim 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥−𝑎 ×
𝑥→∞ ( 𝑥+ 𝑥−𝑎)
(𝑥−𝑥+𝑎)
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→∞ ( 𝑥+ 𝑥−𝑎)
𝑎 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→∞ ( 𝑥+ 𝑥−𝑎)
Dividing both numerator and denominator by 𝑥.
𝑥
𝑎
𝑥
= lim 𝑥+ 𝑥−𝑎
𝑥→∞
𝑥
𝑎
= lim 𝑥 𝑥−𝑎
𝑥→∞ +
𝑥 𝑥
𝑎
= lim
𝑥→∞ 1+
𝑥 𝑎
−
𝑥 𝑥
𝑎
= lim
𝑥→∞ 1+ 1−
𝑎
𝑥
𝑎
=
𝑎
1+ 1−
∞
𝑎
=
1+ 1−0
𝑎
=
2
2 1+𝑥− 2𝑥−1 ∞
𝑓) lim 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 ∞
2 1+𝑥− 2𝑥−1 2 1+𝑥+ 2𝑥−1
= lim ×
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 1+𝑥+ 2𝑥−1
2 2
2 1+𝑥 − 2𝑥−1
= lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥(2 1+𝑥+ 2𝑥−1)
4(1+𝑥)−(2𝑥−1)
= lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥(2 1+𝑥+ 2𝑥−1)
4+4𝑥−2𝑥+1
= lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥(2 1+𝑥+ 2𝑥−1)
2𝑥+5
= lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥(2 1+𝑥+ 2𝑥−1)
Dividing both numerator and denominator by 𝑥.
2𝑥 5
+
= lim 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 1
𝑥
5
2+
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→∞ (2 1 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 1)
2
=
∞
=0
Q.NO.1. Compute:
𝑎) lim 𝑥+1 − 𝑥
𝑥→∞
𝑏) lim 𝑥 𝑥+1 − 𝑥
𝑥→∞
𝑥 2 +7𝑥+3
𝐶) lim 2
𝑥→∞ 9𝑥 +7𝑥+2
𝑎𝑥+𝑏
Q.NO.2. If 𝑓 𝑥 = , lim 𝑓 𝑥 = −1 and
𝑥−5 𝑥→0
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 3, find the value of 𝑓 3 .
𝑥→∞
A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be continuous at the
point 𝑥 = 𝑎 if and only if lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑎 .
𝑥→𝑎

OR
A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be continuous at the
point 𝑥 = 𝑎 if and only if
a) lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists i.e. lim+𝑓 𝑥 = lim−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
b) 𝑓(𝑎) exists
c) lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑎 . 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑓 𝑎 = lim−𝑓 𝑥 = lim+𝑓 𝑥 .
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Types of Discontinuities
1. Ordinary or Jump Discontinuities:
lim− 𝑓 𝑥 ≠ lim+𝑓 𝑥 .
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

2. Removable Discontinuities:
lim 𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 𝑓 𝑎 .
𝑥→𝑎
3. Infinite Discontinuities:
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = ∞ 𝑜𝑟 − ∞
𝑥→𝑎
Q.NO.1. Test the continuity or discontinuity of the function
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4 at 𝑥 = 1.
Solution:
2
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 3𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 4
𝑥→1 𝑥→1
= 3 × 12 + 5 × 1 + 4
=3+5+4
= 12
And
2
𝑓 1 = 3 × 1 + 5 × 1 + 4 = 3 + 5 + 4 = 12
∴ 𝑓 1 = lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→1
Hence 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 1.
𝑥 2 −4
Q.NO.2. Is the function 𝑓 𝑥 = continuous at 𝑥 = 2 ?
𝑥−2
Solution:
𝑥 2 −4 0
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥−2 0
(𝑥−2)(𝑥+2)
= lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−2
= lim (𝑥 + 2)
𝑥→2
=2+2=4
And
22 −4 0
𝑓 2 = = , which is an indeterminate form
2−2 0
lim 𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 𝑓(2) . Hence 𝑓(𝑥) is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 2.
𝑥→2
Q.NO.3. Show that the function
𝑥 2 −9
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥≠3
𝑓 𝑥 = ቐ 𝑥−3 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 3.
6 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3
Q.NO.4. For what value of 𝑘 is the following function
continuous at 𝑥 = 1?
𝑥 2 −1
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥≠1
𝑓 𝑥 = ቐ 𝑥−1
𝑘 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1
Q.NO.5. Test continuity of a function 𝑓 𝑥 = |𝑥| at
𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 1.
Q.NO.6. Let a function 𝑓 𝑥 is defined by
3𝑥 − 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 1
𝑓 𝑥 = ൞ 3 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1
2𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 1
Verify that the limit of the function 𝑓(𝑥) exist at 𝑥 =
1. Is the function 𝑓(𝑥) continuous at 𝑥 = 1 ? If not, state
how can you make it continuous 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1.
Asymptotes
A vertical asymptote of a graph is a vertical
line x = a where the graph tends toward positive or negative
infinity as the inputs approach a.
A horizontal asymptote of a graph is a horizontal
line y = b where the graph approaches the line as the inputs
approach ∞ or –∞.
A slant asymptote of a graph is a slanted
line y = mx + b where the graph approaches the line as the
inputs approach ∞ or –∞.

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