Logarithm And Its Applications 1st Edition - eBook PDF - Quickly download the ebook to never miss any content
Logarithm And Its Applications 1st Edition - eBook PDF - Quickly download the ebook to never miss any content
com
https://ebookluna.com/download/logarithm-and-its-
applications-ebook-pdf/
OR CLICK HERE
DOWLOAD EBOOK
https://ebookluna.com/download/titanium-dioxide-tio2-and-its-
applications-ebook-pdf/
ebookluna.com
https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-calculus-and-its-
applications-11th-edition/
ebookluna.com
https://ebookluna.com/download/ulam-stability-of-operators-ebook-pdf/
ebookluna.com
https://ebookluna.com/product/discrete-mathematics-and-its-
applications-8th-edition-ebook-pdf/
ebookluna.com
(eBook PDF) Linear Algebra and Its Applications 4th
Edition
https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-linear-algebra-and-its-
applications-4th-edition/
ebookluna.com
https://ebookluna.com/product/linear-algebra-and-its-applications-5th-
edition-ebook-pdf/
ebookluna.com
https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-calculus-its-
applications-14th-edition/
ebookluna.com
https://ebookluna.com/download/linear-algebra-and-its-applications-
global-edition-ebook-pdf/
ebookluna.com
https://ebookluna.com/product/ebook-pdf-calculus-and-its-applications-
expanded-version-media-update/
ebookluna.com
CRACK
Series™
Logarithm and
its Applications
approach to learn logarithm
and its implementation in Mathematics
G. Tewani
Logarithm
and
its Applications
G. Tewani
CENGAGE
3
Learning*
Andover • Melbourne • Mexico City • Stamford, CT • Toronto • Hong Kong • New Delhi • Seoul • Singapore • Tokyo
CENGAGE
• Learning-
Logarithm and its © 2016 Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd.
Applications
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
G. Tewani herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by
any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to
photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution,
information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all
requests online at
www.cengage.com/permissions
ISBN-13:978-81-315-3141-9
ISBN-10: 81-315-3141-4
Printed in India
Reprint 2018
Contents
ft • r J .1 d*U' ■
CHAPTER
Introduction to
1 Logarithm
Before we can deal with logarithms, we need to revise indices. This is because
logarithms and indices are closely related, and in order to understand logarithms, a
good knowledge of indices is required.
We know that 16 = 24
Here, the number 4 is the power. Sometimes we call it an exponent. Sometimes
we call it an index. In the expression 24, the number 2 is called the base.
What is a Logarithm?
Consider the expression 16 = 24. Remember that 2 is the base, and 4 is the power.
An alternative, yet equivalent, way of writing this expression is log216 = 4. This is
stated as ‘log to base 2 of 16 equals 4’. We see that the logarithm is the same as the
2 Logarithm and its Applications
power or index in the original expression. It is the base in the original expression
which becomes the base of the logarithm. The two statements 16 = 24 and log2 16 = 4
are equivalent statements. If we write either of them, we are automatically implying
the other.
Thus logarithm is the inverse operation to exponentiation. The logarithm of a
number to a given base is the exponent to which the base must be raised in order to
produce that number.
For example, the logarithm of 1000 to base 10 is 3, because 10 to the power of 3
is 1000, i.e., 103 = 1000. We write log101000 = 3. Here ‘10’ is called the base of the
logarithm.
In general, if x = a” then equivalently n = log(Jx. Note in x = a" the restriction on
the base is that it is not ‘0’ or ‘ 1 ’ as 0" = 0 and 1" = 1 and hence are constant and won’t
have many of the same properties that general exponential relations have. Also, we
avoid negative numbers as base. For instance, if we allow value of base ‘-4’ then we
have (-4)" for which (-4)° 5 is a complex number. We only want real numbers to arise
from such power calculations, so we require that base is not a negative number. Also,
in x = a", n can take any real value, so log„x can also take any real value. Also, x = a"
> 0, so log^v is defined only ifx > 0.
Note: • Since a° = 1 and a' = a, where a is any positive real number, we have
log„l = 0 and logyr = I.
• a“ = (a"), so we have log„(a") = n
(2633) = (2>/3)X
.-. (2V3)6=(2^f
Introduction to Logarithm 3
x=6
(iv) log,tan40”)(COt50°) = X
(tan 40°) = (cot50°)r
(cot 50°) = (cot50°)r
x= I
(v) x = 0.4 =0.4444444...
1 Ox = 4.4444444...
Subtracting, we get 9x = 4
x = 4/9
, 4
Now, log, 25 0.4 - log2.25g -
| = (2.25/
(2.25)-' = (2.25/
x = -l
(vi) log(72+7J)(5 + 2V6) = x
(5 + 2>/6) = (V2+>/3)1
(V2+^)2=(>/2+^r
x=2
Example 2 Find the value ofx in each of the following cases:
(i) log2x = 3 (ii) loggx = 2.5 (iii) logx81=4
(iv) 2*=7 (v) IO2*-'= 17
Sol. (i) log2x = 3
x = 23 = 8
(ii) log? x = 2.5
x = 92-5 = (32)2 5 = 35 = 243
(iii) logt81 =4
81 =x4
x=3
(iv) 2'= 7
x =log,7
(v) 10lr-' = 17
2x-l=logl017
2x = logio 17 + 1
x= i + iogiO 17
2
4 Logarithm and its Applications
=
=3
Example 4 Find the value of log5 log2log3log2 512.
Sol. log5 'og2 log3 log2(29)
= logs log2 logs 9
= logs logs logs 32
= logs logs 2
= logs 1
=0
= Iogl/3V729.^J
= logl/3#36-3-2
= >ogi/j3
2 1
Example 6 Prove that — < Iog10 3 < — .
2
Sol. Let log103> —
5
2
3>105
Now , , 1
]ogio3<-
t
3 < 102
32 < 10, which is true
2 , , . 1
Hence - < log10 3 < -
5 '2
Example 7. Arrange log25, log0.55, log75, log35 in increasing order.
Sol. log25 = exponent of 2 for which we get 5
Visit https://testbankfan.com
now to explore a rich
collection of testbank or
solution manual and enjoy
exciting offers!
Introduction to Logarithm 5
hat
4 = 3X
x = log3 4
Example 11. If log3y = x and log2 z = x, find 72x in terms ofy and z.
Sol. log3 y = x
y = 3X
log2z = x
z-Y
Now 72x = (2332/ = 23x32x = (2X)3(3X)2 = y3z2
Example 12. Solve forx : log« log3 log^x = 0
Sol. Iog4 log3 log2x = 0
log3 logjx = 1
log2X = 3
x = 23 = 8
6 Logarithm and its Applications
Example 13. If b > 1, sin / > 0, cos t > 0 and logft(sin t) = x then prove that
log6(cos /) = y log6(l -i2').
Sol. logjsin t = x => sin t = bx
Let log6(cos /) -y
=> bv = cos t
=> b2y = cos2/ = 1 - sin2/ = 1 - b2'
=> 2y = Iog*(l -b2x)
y
i log6(l -b2^
=> log,(logA) = 1
=> logrr = q
=> x = F7 (I)
log<,(logr(logpx)) =(0
log/logjA) = 1
=> Iogpx = r
=> x=px (2)
From (1) and (2), F7 = pr
=> p = r»fr
Example 15 If logo x = b for permissible values of a and x then identify the
statement(s) which can be correct?
(a) If a and b are two irrational numbers then x can be rational.
(b) If a is rational and b is irrational then x can be rational.
(c) If a is irrational and b is rational then x can be rational.
(d) If a is rational and b is rational thenx can be rational.
Sol. (a, b, c, d)
log0 x = b => x = a6
■Ji 2 and 6 = Fl e Q;x= ^V2^
(a) for a = y/2 which is rational
Exercise 1
1. Find the value of each of the following:
(i) log,o 0.001 (ii) log2(l/32) (iii) 'ogsjjO-1
<iv) 10g<5+2V6)(5-2^)
7. Find the value of log tan I ° log tan 2° .... log tan 89°.
8. Prove that log4 18 is an irrational number.
9. Which one of the following is the smallest?
(a) log,07r (b) 7logio*2
,3
(C)
i y (d)
(d)
i
■ogio^J login
(vii) log4
72 + 1 ...... (2-73
(viii) log3
71-1 3
11. If log5.v = a and log2y = a, find 1002"-1 in terms of.v andy.
i
12. If logv log,8 (V2+ x/8) — then the value of x is
2
Exercise 2
1 1 1
2. Find the value of log79 2^ '6 '6 6
2^3 2a/3 2^3
4V
3. Find the value of log2 (2^/9 - 2) (12^3 + 4 + 4^9 ).
1
4. If log) 5 = a and log5 6 = 6 then prove that log3 2 =
2ab — 1
5. If log2 (log2 (log3 x)) = log2 (log3 (log2 y)) = 0 then find the value of (x - y).
6. If log|755x = log3437x, then find the value of log42(x4 - 2X2 + 7).
Q
7. If log^4 = log6B
S = log9(zf
(y4 + B) then find the value of — .
' A
8. Find the value ofx satisfying the equation 1 O' + 10 = 4.
9. If log6 n = 2 and log„26 = 2, then find the value of b.
m ax
= x-y
n a>’
(ax)"=<
a" - m
7.
Kun hän oli aikansa huudellut, kävi ilmi, että hän oli herättänyt
kahden halullisen, mutta maltillisen työmiehen huomion. He
sukelsivat hiljalleen esiin; aluksi oli näköpiirissä vain pari
tarkkaavaista päätä. Heidän avullaan saatiin vaunu jälleen tielle. Mr
Direck auttoi miehuullisesti pannen ohimennen merkille miesten mr
Britlingille osoittaman kunnioituksen ja heidän osakseen tulleet
shillingit. Miehet nostivat lakkia ja nimittivät mr Britlingiä "herraksi".
He tarkastelivat automobiilia loitolta, mutta hyväntahtoisesti. "Ei se
ole rikki mistään, ei kerrassaan mistään", sanoi toinen rohkaisevasti.
Automobiili olikin tosiaan eheä, paitsi että likasuojus oli hiukan
vääntynyt ja toisen sähkölampun johto irtautunut. Mr Britling istui
jälleen paikallaan; mr Direck nousi vakavana ja ääneti hänen
viereensä. Vaunu lähti liikkeelle nytkähtäen kuten aina, aivan kuin
olisi joku odottamatta ja hävyttömästi takaa sysäissyt. Ja siitä pitäen
mr Britling ajoi niin tavattoman varovasti, että saavuttiin perille
enemmittä onnettomuuksitta, ellei ota lukuun hänen varsin
miellyttävän puutarhansa veräjäpielen rikkiraapaisemaa astimen
metallireunaa.
8.
9.
"Niin, olin ajatellut ottaa selkoa, onko heitä vielä näillä seuduin…
Sanokaahan, olenko astunut nappoon?"
10.
"Tuskin uskotte minua", sanoi hän, "jos kerron että teidän miss
Cornerinne ihan ihmeellisesti muistuttaa erästä äidinäitini serkun
pienoiskuvaa, joka on hallussani kotona Amerikassa. Hän näyttää
erittäin miellyttävältä neitoselta."
11.
12.
1.
2.
Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.
ebookluna.com