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1-Introduction to the Human Body FS

The document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology, detailing the structure and function of the human body. It outlines various methods of studying anatomy, levels of organization from chemical to organism, and the concept of homeostasis, including feedback mechanisms that regulate internal conditions. Additionally, it distinguishes between negative and positive feedback mechanisms in maintaining homeostasis.

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Andrei
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6 views

1-Introduction to the Human Body FS

The document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology, detailing the structure and function of the human body. It outlines various methods of studying anatomy, levels of organization from chemical to organism, and the concept of homeostasis, including feedback mechanisms that regulate internal conditions. Additionally, it distinguishes between negative and positive feedback mechanisms in maintaining homeostasis.

Uploaded by

Andrei
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO THE

HUMAN BODY

Prepared by: JULIUS JOHN DP. SALAMANES, RN, MSc.


ANATOMY
¨ is the scientific discipline that investigates the
structure of the body
¨ comes from the Greek ana- meaning "up",
and tome- meaning "a cutting“
¨ means to dissect, or cut apart and separate, the
parts of the body for study
Andreas Vesalius
¨ Known as the “Father
of Anatomy”
METHODS OF STUDY IN ANATOMY

¨ Systemic
¨ Regional
¨ Surface
¨ Radiologic/Radiographic
1. Systemic
¨ an approach to
anatomic study
organized by
organ systems,
emphasizing an
overview of the
system throughout
the body
2. Regional
¨ an approach to anatomic study based on regions,
parts, or divisions of the body (e.g. the foot or the
inguinal region), emphasizing the relationships of
various systemic structures (muscles, nerves, and
arteries) within that area
3. Surface
¨ the study of the
structural relationships
of the external
features of the body
to the internal organs
and parts
4. Radiologic/Radiographic
¨ the study of the structure and morphology of the
tissues and organs of the body based on their x-ray
visualization and other imaging techniques
PHYSIOLOGY

¨ the scientific discipline that deals with the processes


or functions of living things
¨ the science of body functions
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL
ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
Chemical Level

Cell Level

Tissue Level

Organ Level

Organ System Level

Organism Level
1. Chemical level
¨ includes atoms, the
smallest unit of matter
and the molecules with
two or more atoms joining
together.
¨ Example of atoms: C, H,
O, Ca
2. Cell level
¨ Cells are the basic structural and functional units of
organisms, such as plants and animals
3. Tissue level
¨ A tissue is a group of
cells with similar
structure and function
that have similar
extracellular substances
located between them
4. Organ level
¨ An organ is composed of two or more tissue types
that together perform one or more common
functions
5. Organ system level
¨ An organ system is a group of organs classified as a
unit because of a common function or set of functions
¨ 11 Organ systems:
¤ Integumentary System
¤ Skeletal System
¤ Muscular System
¤ Lymphatic System
¤ Respiratory System
¤ Digestive System
¤ Nervous System
¤ Endocrine System
¤ Cardiovascular System
¤ Urinary System
¤ Reproductive System
6. Organism level
¨ An organism is any living
thing considered as a
whole, whether composed
of one cell, such as
bacterium, or trillions of
cells, such as a human
¨ All the parts of the
human body functioning
together constitute the
total organism.
HOMEOSTASIS
HOMEOSTASIS
¨ the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant
environment within the body
¨ the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal
environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s
many regulatory processes.
¨ Homeostasis is a dynamic condition.
¨ In response to changing conditions, the body’s
equilibrium can shift among points in a narrow range
that is compatible with maintaining life.
Homeostasis and Body Fluids
¨ An important aspect of homeostasis is
maintaining the volume and
composition of body uids, dilute,
watery solutions containing dissolved
chemicals that are found inside cells
as well as surrounding them.
¨ The uid within cells is intracellular
uid (ICF)
¨ The uid outside body cells is
extracellular uid (ECF)
¨ The ECF that lls the narrow spaces
between cells of tissues is known as
interstitial uid.
HOMEOSTASIS

¨ The organ systems help control the internal environment


so that it remains relatively constant.

¨ If the fluid surrounding cells deviate from homeostasis,


the cells do not function normally and may even die.
Disease disrupts homeostasis and sometimes results in
death.
Feedback System
¨ The body can regulate its internal environment through
many feedback systems.
¨ A feedback system or feedback loop is a cycle of
events in which the status of a body condition is
monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored,
reevaluated, and so on.
¨ Each monitored variable, such as body temperature,
blood pressure, or blood glucose level, is termed a
controlled condition.
¨ Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is
called a stimulus.
Three Basic Components of Feedback System

Ø receptor- a body structure that monitors changes in


a controlled condition and sends input to a control
center.
Ø This pathway is called an afferent pathway since
the information ows toward the control center.
Ø control center- such as the part of the brain; sets
the range of values within which a controlled condition
should be maintained (set point), evaluates the input it
receives from receptors, and generates output
commands when they are needed.
Ø Output from the control center typically occurs as
nerve impulses, or hormones or other chemical
signals. This pathway is called an efferent
pathway since the information ows away from
the control center.

Ø effector- a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect
that changes the controlled condition.
Ø Nearly every organ or tissue in the body can behave as an effector.
Feedback Mechanisms

1. Negative feedback mechanism


2. Positive feedback mechanism
Negative feedback mechanism

¨ Most systems of the body are regulated by negative-


feedback mechanisms, which maintain homeostasis
¨ Negative means that any deviation from the set point is
made smaller or is resisted.
¨ reverses a change in a controlled condition.
¨ Negative feedback DOES NOT PREVENT VARIATION,
but MAINTAINS VARIATION WITHIN NORMAL RANGE
Negative feedback:
Temperature Regulation
Positive feedback mechanism

¨ is usually NOT homeostatic and is rare in healthy individuals


¨ Positive implies that when a value deviates from normal, the
system’s response is to make the deviation even greater.
¤ tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s
controlled conditions.
¨ The control center still provides commands to an effector, but
this time the effector produces a physiological response that
adds to or reinforces the initial change in the controlled
condition.
¨ The action of a positive feedback system continues until it is
interrupted by some mechanism.
Positive feedback mechanism

¨ usually creates a cycle leading away from


homeostasis, and in some cases, results in death.

¨ Example:
¤ Non-homeostatic
n inadequate delivery of blood to cardiac (heart) muscle
¤ Homeostatic
n Labor and delivery
n Blood clotting
Homeostatic
Positive feedback:
Labor
Homeostatic
Positive feedback:
Blood clotting

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