1.

Nature of Light:

o Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation.

o It has dual nature: behaves as both a wave and a particle (photon).

2. Properties of Light:

o Reflection: The bouncing back of light rays when they hit a surface.

o Refraction: The bending of light rays when they pass from one medium to another.

o Dispersion: The splitting of white light into its constituent colors.

o Diffraction: The bending of light around obstacles or through slits.

o Interference: The phenomenon where two waves superimpose to form a resultant wave
of greater, lower, or the same amplitude.

3. Speed of Light:

o In a vacuum, the speed of light is approximately 3×10 8 m/s

4. Reflection of Light:

o Laws of Reflection:

 The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

 The incident ray, reflected ray, and the normal to the surface all lie in the same
plane.

o Types of Reflection:

 Regular Reflection: Occurs on smooth surfaces, forming clear images.

 Diffuse Reflection: Occurs on rough surfaces, scattering light in many directions.

5. Refraction of Light:

o Laws of Refraction (Snell's Law):

 The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
sin i
refraction is constant =Constant
sin r

6. Lens and Mirrors:

o Concave and Convex Mirrors:

  Concave Mirror: Converges light rays to a focal point.

 Convex Mirror: Diverges light rays, making them appear to come from a focal
point.

o Convex and Concave Lenses:

 Convex Lens: Converging lens that brings light rays to a focus.

 Concave Lens: Diverging lens that spreads out light rays.

7. Reflection:

o Property: Light bounces back when it hits a reflective surface.

o Daily Life Example: Mirrors allow us to see our reflection. Reflective road signs and cat's
eyes on roads increase visibility at night.

8. Refraction:

o Property: Light bends when it passes from one medium to another with a different
density.

o Daily Life Example: A straw appears bent when placed in a glass of water. Lenses in
glasses correct vision by bending light rays.

9. Dispersion:

o Property: White light splits into its constituent colors when it passes through a prism.

o Daily Life Example: Rainbows form when sunlight passes through raindrops, splitting
into different colors.

10. Diffraction:

o Property: Light bends around obstacles or passes through small openings.

o Daily Life Example: The patterns seen when light passes through a small hole or slit, like
in the design of certain lampshades.

11. Interference:

o Property: Two waves superimpose to form a new wave pattern.

o Daily Life Example: The colorful patterns seen in soap bubbles and oil films on water are
due to interference.

12. Polarization:
 o Property: Light waves oscillate in a particular direction.

o Daily Life Example: Polarized sunglasses reduce glare from surfaces like water or roads.

13. Scattering:

o Property: Light is scattered in different directions when it hits small particles.

o Daily Life Example: The sky appears blue because shorter (blue) wavelengths of sunlight
are scattered in all directions by the molecules in the atmosphere.

14. Total Internal Reflection:

o Property: When light passes from a denser medium to a less dense medium at an angle
greater than the critical angle, it reflects entirely within the denser medium.

o Daily Life Example: Optical fibers use total internal reflection to transmit light signals
over long distances with minimal loss.

15. Photoelectric Effect:

o Property: Emission of electrons from a material when it is exposed to light of sufficient

energy.

o Daily Life Example: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity using the photoelectric
effect.

16. Scintillation:

o Property: Fluctuations in the apparent brightness of a star due to the refraction of light
in the Earth's atmosphere.

Daily Life Example: The twinkling of stars is due to scintillation

1. Myopia (Nearsightedness):

o Problem: Difficulty seeing distant objects clearly; distant objects appear blurry.

o Cause: The eyeball is too long or the cornea has too much curvature, causing light to
focus in front of the retina.

o Rectification: Concave (diverging) lenses are used in glasses to spread the light rays so
that they focus on the retina.

2. Hyperopia (Farsightedness):

o Problem: Difficulty seeing close objects clearly; close objects appear blurry.
 o Cause: The eyeball is too short or the cornea has too little curvature, causing light to
focus behind the retina.

o Rectification: Convex (converging) lenses are used in glasses to converge the light rays so
that they focus on the retina.

3. Astigmatism:

o Problem: Blurred or distorted vision at all distances.

o Cause: Irregular shape of the cornea or lens, causing light to focus on multiple points of
the retina.

o Rectification: Cylindrical lenses are used in glasses to correct the uneven curvature of
the cornea.

4. Presbyopia:

o Problem: Difficulty focusing on close objects, common with aging.

o Cause: Loss of elasticity in the lens, making it harder to focus on close objects.

o Rectification: Bifocal or progressive lenses are used in glasses to provide clear vision at
both near and far distances.

5. Strabismus (Crossed Eyes):

o Problem: Misalignment of the eyes, where they do not look in the same direction.

o Cause: Imbalance in the muscles that control eye movement.

o Rectification: Special prismatic lenses or corrective surgeries are used to align the eyes.

Concave and Convex Lenses

1. Convex Lens (Converging Lens):

o Focal Length (f): Positive value.

o Image Formation:

 When the object is beyond 2F (twice the focal length), the image is real,
inverted, and smaller.

 When the object is at 2F, the image is real, inverted, and the same size.

 When the object is between F and 2F, the image is real, inverted, and larger.

 When the object is at F, no image is formed (image at infinity).

  When the object is between the lens and F, the image is virtual, upright, and
larger.

o Lens Formula: ( \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} - \frac{1}{u}

o
Dioptre Formula: The dioptre is the unit for a measure of the refractive index of a lens. The power of a
lens is specified as the inverse of the focal length in meters, or D =1/ f, where D is the power in dioptres.

Convex Lens (Converging Lens)

Concave Lens (Diverging Lens)

Concave Mirror (Converging Mirror)

Convex Mirror (Diverging Mirror)

Lens and Mirror Formulas

1. What is the speed of light in a vacuum?

o a) 3×1053 \times 10^53×105 m/s

o b) 3×1063 \times 10^63×106 m/s

o c) 3×1073 \times 10^73×107 m/s

o d) 3×1083 \times 10^83×108 m/s

o Answer: d) 3×1083 \times 10^83×108 m/s

2. Which phenomenon explains the bending of light when it passes from air to water?

o a) Reflection

o b) Refraction

o c) Diffraction

o d) Interference

o Answer: b) Refraction

3. What kind of mirror is used in car headlights to focus light into a beam?

o a) Plane mirror

o b) Concave mirror

o c) Convex mirror

o d) Parabolic mirror
 o Answer: b) Concave mirror

4. Which property of light is responsible for the formation of a rainbow?

o a) Reflection

o b) Refraction

o c) Dispersion

o d) Diffraction

o Answer: c) Dispersion

5. In which medium does light travel the fastest?

o a) Water

o b) Glass

o c) Diamond

o d) Vacuum

o Answer: d) Vacuum

6. What is the unit of measurement for the wavelength of light?

o a) Meter

o b) Nanometer

o c) Kilogram

o d) Second

o Answer: b) Nanometer

7. Which instrument is used to split light into its constituent colors?

o a) Microscope

o b) Telescope

o c) Prism

o d) Spectrometer

o Answer: c) Prism
8. What type of lens is used in magnifying glasses?

o a) Concave lens

o b) Convex lens

o c) Cylindrical lens

o d) Plane lens

o Answer: b) Convex lens

9. Which of the following phenomena demonstrates the wave nature of light?

o a) Photoelectric effect

o b) Compton effect

o c) Interference

o d) Blackbody radiation

o Answer: c) Interference

10. What type of image is formed by a plane mirror?

o a) Real and inverted

o b) Real and erect

o c) Virtual and inverted

o d) Virtual and erect

o Answer: d) Virtual and erect

1. Which property of light is responsible for the formation of shadows?

o a) Reflection

o b) Refraction

o c) Diffraction

o d) Rectilinear propagation

o Answer: d) Rectilinear propagation

2. Why does a pencil appear bent when partially submerged in water?

 o a) Reflection

o b) Refraction

o c) Dispersion

o d) Diffraction

o Answer: b) Refraction

3. Which phenomenon causes the sky to appear blue?

o a) Reflection

o b) Refraction

o c) Scattering

o d) Polarization

o Answer: c) Scattering

4. What causes a rainbow to form after rain?

o a) Reflection and refraction

o b) Refraction and dispersion

o c) Diffraction and interference

o d) Polarization and scattering

o Answer: b) Refraction and dispersion

5. Why do we see different colors in an oil film on water?

o a) Reflection

o b) Refraction

o c) Diffraction

o d) Interference

o Answer: d) Interference

6. Which property of light is used in fiber optic cables?

o a) Reflection
 o b) Refraction

o c) Total internal reflection

o d) Dispersion

o Answer: c) Total internal reflection

7. How do polarized sunglasses reduce glare?

o a) By reflecting light

o b) By refracting light

o c) By blocking scattered light

o d) By filtering out certain light directions

o Answer: d) By filtering out certain light directions

8. Which property of light allows us to see our image in a mirror?

o a) Refraction

o b) Reflection

o c) Dispersion

o d) Scattering

o Answer: b) Reflection

9. What is the reason for the formation of colorful patterns in soap bubbles?

o a) Dispersion

o b) Diffraction

o c) Interference

o d) Polarization

o Answer: c) Interference

10. Which property of light explains why the bottom of a swimming pool looks shallower than it
actually is?

o a) Reflection

o b) Refraction
 o c) Dispersion

o d) Scattering

o Answer: b) Refraction

o .

1. What causes the twinkling of stars?

o a) Reflection

o b) Refraction

o c) Scintillation

o d) Dispersion

o Answer: c) Scintillation

2. Which principle allows periscopes in submarines to work?

o a) Reflection

o b) Refraction

o c) Dispersion

o d) Total internal reflection

o Answer: a) Reflection

3. Which property of light explains the working of a kaleidoscope?

o a) Reflection

o b) Refraction

o c) Dispersion

o d) Diffraction

o Answer: a) Reflection

4. Why do diamonds sparkle?

o a) Reflection

o b) Refraction
 o c) Dispersion

o d) Total internal reflection

o Answer: d) Total internal reflection

5. Which property of light is used in the functioning of optical fibers?

o a) Reflection

o b) Refraction

o c) Total internal reflection

o d) Dispersion

o Answer: c) Total internal reflection

6. What phenomenon is responsible for the red color of the sun at sunrise and sunset?

o a) Reflection

o b) Refraction

o c) Scattering

o d) Diffraction

o Answer: c) Scattering

7. Which effect explains the generation of electric current in solar cells?

o a) Reflection

o b) Refraction

o c) Photoelectric effect

o d) Interference

o Answer: c) Photoelectric effect

8. Why do fish appear closer to the surface of water than they actually are?

o a) Reflection

o b) Refraction

o c) Diffraction
 o d) Scattering

o Answer: b) Refraction

9. What causes the apparent position of a submerged object to be different from its real
position?

o a) Reflection

o b) Refraction

o c) Dispersion

o d) Polarization

o Answer: b) Refraction

10. Which phenomenon explains the use of anti-glare coatings on glasses?

o a) Reflection

o b) Refraction

o c) Polarization

o d) Interference

o Answer: c) Polarization

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. Which type of lens is used to correct myopia (nearsightedness)?

o a) Convex lens

o b) Concave lens

o c) Cylindrical lens

o d) Prismatic lens

o Answer: b) Concave lens

2. What is the main cause of hyperopia (farsightedness)?

o a) The eyeball is too long

o b) The eyeball is too short

o c) Irregular shape of the cornea

 o d) Loss of elasticity in the lens

o Answer: b) The eyeball is too short

3. Which condition is corrected by cylindrical lenses?

o a) Myopia

o b) Hyperopia

o c) Astigmatism

o d) Presbyopia

o Answer: c) Astigmatism

4. What type of lenses are used in glasses to correct presbyopia?

o a) Single vision lenses

o b) Concave lenses

o c) Convex lenses

o d) Bifocal or progressive lenses

o Answer: d) Bifocal or progressive lenses

5. Which condition is characterized by misalignment of the eyes?

o a) Myopia

o b) Hyperopia

o c) Strabismus

o d) Astigmatism

o Answer: c) Strabismus

6. What is the purpose of prismatic lenses in glasses?

o a) To correct nearsightedness

o b) To correct farsightedness

o c) To align the eyes in strabismus

o d) To correct astigmatism
 o Answer: c) To align the eyes in strabismus

7. Why do people with presbyopia need bifocal or progressive lenses?

o a) To correct astigmatism

o b) To provide clear vision at both near and far distances

o c) To reduce glare

o d) To enhance color perception

o Answer: b) To provide clear vision at both near and far distances

8. Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with aging?

o a) Myopia

o b) Hyperopia

o c) Astigmatism

o d) Presbyopia

o Answer: d) Presbyopia

9. What type of lens is used in glasses to correct farsightedness?

o a) Concave lens

o b) Convex lens

o c) Cylindrical lens

o d) Prismatic lens

o Answer: b) Convex lens

10. Which of the following is NOT a common eyesight problem?

o a) Myopia

o b) Hyperopia

o c) Astigmatism

o d) Chromatism

o Answer: d) Chromatism
1. Where is the image formed when an object is placed at 2F in front of a convex lens?

o a) At F

o b) At 2F

o c) Beyond 2F

o d) Between F and 2F

o Answer: b) At 2F

2. What is the nature of the image formed by a concave lens for any object position?

o a) Real, Inverted

o b) Virtual, Upright

o c) Real, Upright

o d) Virtual, Inverted

o Answer: b) Virtual, Upright

3. When an object is placed between the focal point (F) and the concave mirror, where is the
image formed?

o a) Between F and C

o b) Beyond C

o c) Behind the mirror

o d) At Infinity

o Answer: c) Behind the mirror

4. What type of lens is used to correct myopia (nearsightedness)?

o a) Convex lens

o b) Concave lens

o c) Cylindrical lens

o d) Prismatic lens

o Answer: b) Concave lens

5. Which mirror always forms a virtual, upright, and smaller image irrespective of the object
position?

o a) Concave mirror

o b) Convex mirror

o c) Plane mirror

o d) Parabolic mirror

o Answer: b) Convex mirror

6. Where is the image formed by a convex mirror when the object is placed at any position?

o a) Between F and C

o b) Beyond C

o c) Behind the mirror

o d) At the focal point

o Answer: c) Behind the mirror

7. What is the image nature when an object is placed at the focal length (F) of a concave mirror?

o a) Real, Inverted

o b) Virtual, Upright

o c) No image is formed (image at infinity)

o d) Real, Upright

o Answer: c) No image is formed (image at infinity)

8. For an object placed beyond the center of curvature (C) in front of a concave mirror, where is
the image formed?

o a) Between F and C

o b) At F

o c) At C

o d) Beyond C

o Answer: a) Between F and C

9. Which type of mirror is commonly used in vehicle rearview mirrors?

o a) Concave mirror

o b) Convex mirror

o c) Plane mirror

o d) Parabolic mirror

o Answer: b) Convex mirror

10. In a convex lens, where is the image formed if the object is placed between the lens and the
focal point (F)?

o a) At F

o b) At 2F

o c) Beyond 2F

o d) On the same side as the object, virtual and enlarged

o Answer: d) On the same side as the object, virtual and enlarged

1. Which phenomenon explains why the sky appears blue?

o a) Reflection

o b) Refraction

o c) Scattering

o d) Dispersion

o Answer: c) Scattering

2. What is the focal length of a concave mirror if the radius of curvature is 20 cm?

o a) 10 cm

o b) 20 cm

o c) 40 cm

o d) 5 cm

o Answer: a) 10 cm

3. Which type of lens is used to correct hyperopia (farsightedness)?

 o a) Convex lens

o b) Concave lens

o c) Cylindrical lens

o d) Prismatic lens

o Answer: a) Convex lens

4. When parallel rays of light pass through a convex lens, they converge at a point called the:

o a) Principal axis

o b) Optical center

o c) Focal point

o d) Center of curvature

o Answer: c) Focal point

5. Which mirror is used in solar cookers to focus sunlight?

o a) Plane mirror

o b) Convex mirror

o c) Concave mirror

o d) Spherical mirror

o Answer: c) Concave mirror

6. What is the mirror formula for concave and convex mirrors?

7. Which of the following is a characteristic of an image formed by a plane mirror?

 o a) Real and inverted

o b) Virtual and upright

o c) Real and upright

o d) Virtual and inverted

o Answer: b) Virtual and upright

8. The image formed by a convex lens when the object is placed at infinity is:

o a) Real, inverted, and diminished

o b) Virtual, upright, and magnified

o c) Real, inverted, and at the focus

o d) Real, upright, and same size

o Answer: c) Real, inverted, and at the focus

9. What type of image is formed by a concave lens for any object position?

o a) Real and inverted

o b) Virtual and upright

o c) Real and upright

o d) Virtual and inverted

o Answer: b) Virtual and upright

10. Which type of mirror is used as a rear-view mirror in vehicles?

o a) Concave mirror

o b) Convex mirror

o c) Plane mirror

o d) Parabolic mirror

o Answer: b) Convex mirror

11. What happens to the focal length of a lens when it is placed in a medium with a higher
refractive index than air?

o a) It increases
 o b) It decreases

o c) It remains the same

o d) It becomes zero

o Answer: b) It decreases

12. The power of a lens is measured in:

o a) Meters

o b) Diopters

o c) Centimeters

o d) Millimeters

o Answer: b) Diopters

13. Which phenomenon explains the formation of a rainbow?

o a) Reflection and refraction

o b) Dispersion and refraction

o c) Scattering and reflection

o d) Diffraction and interference

o Answer: b) Dispersion and refraction

14. What is the relationship between the object distance (u), image distance (v), and focal length
(f) for a lens?
15. A virtual image larger than the object can be formed by a:

o a) Concave mirror

o b) Convex mirror

o c) Plane mirror

o d) Concave lens

o Answer: a) Concave mirror