ICH 301_MEB UNIT-2

MIXTURES / SOLUTIONS

HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS

UNITS OF CONCENTRATION

BY WEIGHT BY MOLE / EQUIVALENTS BY VOLUME OTHERS

WT FRACTION MOLE FRACTION VOLUME FRACTION PPM

WT PERCENT MOLE PERCENT VOLUME PERCENT PPB

MOLARITY

MOLALITY

NORMALITY

BASIS OF CALCULATION
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MATERIAL BALANCE

STATE STATEMENT

STEADY MASS IN = MASS OUT

UNSTEADY RATE OF MASS CHANGE OF SYSTEM = MASS IN – MASS OUT

 ICH 301_MEB UNIT-2

 Stream F contains 30 kg/min of O2 and 70 kg/min of CH4. Note that the component masses
must be added and be equal to the total mass. The total mass in F is 100 kg/min:

 Suppose that 100 kg/s of a mixture containing O2, N2, and CH4 is fed to a process.

 The stream contains 20% O2 by mass. The mass flow rate of component i in the stream, mi = F
× xi.
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General Guidelines

 If no chemical reaction is involved, nothing is gained by establishing material balances for the
several chemical elements present. In such processes, material balances should be based upon
the chemical compounds rather than elements, or of components of fixed composition even if
not pure chemical compounds.

 If chemical reactions occur, it becomes necessary to develop material balances based upon
chemical elements, or upon radicals, compounds, or substances which are not altered,
decomposed, or formed in the process.

 For processes wherein no chemical reactions occur, use of weight units such as grams or pounds
is desirable. For processes in which chemical reactions occur, it is desirable to utilize the gram-
mole or pound-mole, or the gram-atom or pound-atom.

 The number of unknown quantities to be calculated cannot exceed the number of independent
material balances available; otherwise, the problem is indeterminate.

 If the number of independent material balance equations exceeds the number of unknown
weights that are to be computed, it becomes a matter of judgment to determine which of the
equations should be selected to solve the problem.

 If all the analytical data used in setting up the equations were perfect it would be immaterial
which equations would be selected for use. However, analytical data are never free from error,
and a certain amount of discretion is needed to select the most nearly accurate equations for
solving the problem.

 In general, equations based upon components forming the largest percentage of the total mass
are most dependable.

 A substance which appears in but one incoming stream and one outgoing stream serves as a
reference for computations and is termed a tie-substance. Knowledge of the percentage of a tie-
substance in two streams establishes the relationship between the weights of the streams so
that if one is known the other can be calculated.

EXAMPLE

 The waste acid from a nitrating process contains 23% HNO3, 57% H2SO4, and 20% H2O by
weight. This acid is to be concentrated to contain 27% HNO3 and 60% H2SO4 by the addition of
concentrated sulfuric acid containing 93% H2SO4 and concentrated nitric acid containing 90%
HNO3.

 Calculate the weights of waste and concentrated acids which must be combined to obtain 1000
lb of the desired mixture.

SOLUTION
 ICH 301_MEB UNIT-2

 Basis: 1000 lb of final mixture

 Let x = weight of waste acid

 y = weight of conc. H2S04

 z= weight of conc. HNO3

MATERIAL BALANCE

SOURCE-1 SOURCE-II SOURCE-III

TOTAL
COMPONENT x y z
(lb)
(waste acid) (Conc. H2SO4) ( Conc. HNO3)

OVERALL X Y Z 1000

H2SO4 0.57X 0.93Y 0 (0.6*1000) = 600

HNO3 0.23X 0 0.90Z (0.27*1000) = 270

WATER 0.2X 0.07Y 0.10Z 130

 Overall balance: x + y +z = 1000 (a)

 H2SO4 balance: 0.57x + 0.93y = 1000 X 0.60 = 600 (b)

 HNO3 balance: 0.23x + 0.90Z = 1000 X 0.27 = 270 (c)

 ICH 301_MEB UNIT-2

Cool Drying Process

A gas stream containing 40% O2, 40% H2, and 20 mol% H2O is to be dried by cooling the stream
and condensing out the water. If 100 mol/h of a gas stream is to be processed, what is the rate
at which the water will be condensed out and what is the composition of dry gas?

 Known quantities: Feed gas stream compositions and flow rate.

 Find: Composition of dry gas and condensate rate

 Basis: 100 mol/h wet gas.

 Unknowns – D, C, x02,3 (Total Unknowns -3)

 Equations Required – 3

 Overall MB + 2 components (O2, H20) MB

(total equations -3)

 NDF = 0 ----- System – solvable

 ICH 301_MEB UNIT-2

Overall material balance:

100 = D + C ---------------(1)

Component balance (H2O), all water in the feed is condensed:

0.2 (100) = C ---------------(2)

Component balance (O2):

0.4(100) = xO2,3D

Solving the three material balance equations yields the result:

C = 20 mol/h, D = 80 mol/h, and xO2,3= 0.5

WET CONDENSATE
DRY GAS
STREAM GAS (WATER)
(OUTLET-1)
(INLET) (OUTLET-2)

FLOW RATE
100 80 20
(Mol/h)

oxygen 40 40 0

hydrogen 40 40 0
COMPOSITION

(mole)

water 20 0 20
 ICH 301_MEB UNIT-2

Partial Vaporization
A liquid mixture of benzene and toluene contains 55.0% benzene by mass. The mixture is to
be partially evaporated to yield a vapor containing 85.0% benzene and a residual liquid
containing 10.6% benzene by mass. Suppose that the process is to be carried out
continuously and under steady state, with a feed rate of 100.0 kg/h of the 55% mixture.

Let V (kg/h) and L (kg/h) be the mass flow rates of the vapor and liquid product streams,
respectively. Draw and label a process flowchart, and solve for unknown flow rates and
compositions.

Total mass balance:

100 = V + L -------------------(1)

Component balance (B):

0.55(100) = 0.85(V) + 0.106 (L) --------------------(2)

V = 59.68 kg/h

L= 40.32 kg/h

FEED V L
STREAM
(INLET) (OUTLET-1) (OUTLET-2)

FLOW RATE
100 59.68 40.32
(Kg/h)
COMPOS

BENZENE 55 50.728 4.27

ITION

(Kg)

TOLUENE 45 8.952 36.046

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COMBUSTION
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EXAMPLE
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A producer gas made from coke has the following composition by volume:

CO - 28.0%

CO2 - 3.5 %

O2 - 0.5 %

N2 - 68.0 %

(Total-100.0%)

This gas is burned with such a quantity of air that the oxygen from the air is 20% in excess of
the net oxygen required for complete combustion. If the combustion is 98% complete,
calculate the weight and composition in volumetric per cent of the gaseous products
formed per 100 lb of gas burned.
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The carbon monoxide is the limiting reactant, while the oxygen is the excess reactant.

The amount of oxygen supplied by the air is expressed as the percentage in excess of the
net oxygen demand, this latter term referring to the total oxygen required for complete
combustion, minus that present in the fuel.

Since the composition of the fuel is known on a molal basis, it is most convenient to choose
100 lb-moles of the fuel gas as the basis of calculation, and at the close of the solution

to convert the results over to the basis of 100 lb of gas burned.

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EOR

 The extent of reaction (ξ) is a method of quantifying how many "times" a reaction has
occurred.

 The extent of reaction (ξ ) is the amount (in moles or molar flow rate) of a species
converted in a reaction divided by the species stoichiometric coefficient.

(Stoichiometric coeff of reactants are taken NEGATIVE)

 For a continuous process and single reaction at steady state:

ICH 301_MEB UNIT-2