N 1901 first Nobel Prize in

Physics ↑
: F,
X-ray X-ray

X-ray
> Ele
bHF-B
-

X-ray 55 2 ,

XPS

XAS- (2

EJ HDS XES

The one-dimensional
Chap 4 monatomic lattice
<
[
S
phonon &
Ze
AEED(t)
↑ ThEFISTE
more
·

eg equilibrium position
:

x8 = na

my =
F lattice wave >
-

SXn = Xn-Xn8

potential Vtotal EXED15

Vtotal =
Veg + &(3xi-SXi 1) +

F = D)-

Fn =
- k[SXn + -SXn] + k[SXn- SXn]

Fn mS *
=
n
= k[SXn +1
-

fxn +
1
-

2SXn]
 *
let "normal mode"
all particles move same
frequency [F
SXn =
Ali (Ina-wt
Sin -WSXn =

-
mus eigna in =
KA(eigin+ + fig(n
a -

1
_

iga]int
ze
eiga + j ig9 -

mw2 = 2
k(1-cos(g9])
↓
C050-SinG
X COSLO =

1-Sino-Sin-O
=
=

= 4ksin
1-2SinG

w =

2)E(sing
DKISIAB

w
=
= <1-coSEA]
= B sin()
W= 2/B sin

Wmax =
)I
J
-
st B 2
Case I
14 Case It
gavo
.

!
=
I

g
2 W=
I

W= Wmax =

!
- >
=
J
 *7 gano
Xf k=
C
Vg Vs
=
=

= 2 f
Up Vs =

=
w = ck3
How about the motion of atoms

~ #EYK ,

fork
SSt

Us
Vs Ja =
Us A =
&Liksa-wt]
)a w+]
A g[ik(s
+ -

Us+ =

phase velocity Up UsH = elk

Vp = for other k' k = +

= k+G

W =
2 sin
Ust i(k + n)a
== V IsinS
= e
Us
Vp
= gikazin25
I
group velocity Vg
Vg =

dwd The displacement can

always be
descirbed within
by a waverector
Vg = the first BZ .

=
2
Vg Vs Costa

"
in
=

1st at Boundary
zone
⑬
G=
KErk + EGFP FEES
Vg =
0
 I-dimensional
First Brillonin Zone
The range k
for the warerector k

covers all independent values

all the information is

in the 1st B) .

periodic of K :

w(k) w(k + =

=
w(E + G)

G :
reciprocal lattice vector

& the motion of atoms withe

warector k is identical to

the motion with k + G

13
at .
2
boundary
Vg
k =
[ , Vg = 0
1
Standing wave
13 k
⑰

% 1 -

DE
1XF -