Operating System

Unit 1
Rahul Shyam
 CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Batch Systems
 Concepts of Multiprogramming & Time sharing
 Distributed and Real time systems
 SPOOLING
 Operating System Components
 Operating System Functions
 INTRODUCTION
An operating system is software(programs and data) that
provides an interface between the hardware and the user. The
operating system is responsible for:
 management and coordination of processes
 allocation and sharing of hardware such as RAM and disk space
 Acts as a host for computing applications running on the
operating systems.
Examples: MS-DOS, MS Windows, Windows NT, UNIX, LINUX
OBJECTIVES OF OPERATING SYSTEM:
 To control and coordinate the use of system resources like CPU time,
memory, IO devices etc.,
To provide a convenient environment for a user to access the
available resources
 To increase the productivity of processing resources
To use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
 Types of Operating System

Batch processing System

Definition:
Batch processing is a technique in which Operating System collects
programs and data together in a batch(group) before processing starts.

Operating system does the following activities related to batch

processing.
OS defines a job which has predefined sequence of commands,
programs and data as a single unit.
OS keeps a number of jobs in memory and executes them without any
manual information.
Jobs are processed in the order of submission i.e first come first
served fashion.
When job completes its execution, its memory is released and the
output for the job gets copied into an output spool for later printing or
processing.
Advantages of Batch systems:
Scheduling is very simple.
It does not require any critical device management.
Provides simple forms of file management.
Increased performance since it was possible for job to start as soon
as the previous job is finished as the operator needs to intervene only
at the start and end of a batch.

Disadvantages of Batch systems:

Turn-around time can be large from user’s point
A job could enter an infinite loop.
Because of slow I/O devices, the CPU is often idle.
 Result of each job is produced only at the end of a batch
A job could corrupt the batch monitor, thus can affecting pending jobs
Multi-programmed system
Advantages of Multiprogramming System:
Multiple jobs can be run concurrently.
System resources such as CPU, memory and peripheral
devices are utilized effectively.
Increased CPU and I/O utilization.
Increase the throughput rate.
Increase the efficiency of the system.

Disadvantages of Multiprogramming System:

 CPU scheduling is required
The user cannot interact with the job when it is executing
Programmers cannot modify the program as it executes
To accommodate many jobs in memory, memory
management is required.
 TIME SHARING SYSTEM

• It is a logical extension of multiprogramming.

• A time-share operating system allows many users to share the

computer simultaneously. The system switches rapidly from one user
to the next and hence user is given an impression that the entire
system is dedicated to his/her use, even though it is being shared
among many users.

•Similar to multiprogramming, even in time-sharing systems, several

jobs are kept simultaneously in memory
Advantages of Time-Sharing System.
Provide advantage of quick response.
Avoids duplication of software.
Reduces CPU idle time.
 Allows many users to share the computer simultaneously.
Users can interact with the job when it is executing.

Disadvantages of Time-Sharing System.

Problem of reliability.
Question of security and integrity of user programs and
data.
Problem of data communication/ inter-process
communication is complicated.
It is difficult to ensure job synchronization as multiple jobs
are under execution simultaneously.
 Distributed Systems

A distributed system is a collection of physically separate, possibly

heterogeneous computer systems that are networked to provide the
user with the access to the various resources that the system maintains.

Access to a shared resource increases computation speed,

functionality, data availability and reliability

Each processor communicates with one another through various

communication lines such as communication lines. These systems are
referred to as loosely coupled systems or distributed system.

Distributed systems also consist of multiple computers but differ from

networked systems in that the multiple computers are transparent to
the user. Often there are redundant resources and a sharing of the
workload among the different computers.
Advantages of Distributed Systems:
Resource sharing provides mechanisms for sharing files at
remote sites.
Reliability-if one site fails in a distributed system, then the
remaining sites can continue operating .
Communication can be enabled by passing messages
between process running on different computers.
Computation speedup as computations can be
partitioned into sub-computations which can be run
concurrently on various sites in a distributed system.

Disadvantages of Distributed Systems:

Implementation is complex.
Require memory and resource management and
protection.
 REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEM

A real time OS is used when rigid time requirements

have been placed on the operation of a processor or the
flow of data.
Used as control device in a dedicated application.
Systems used to control machinery, scientific
instruments and industrial systems are real time systems.
A real time system has well-defined, fixed time
constraints. Processing must be done within the defined
constraints, or the system will fail.
Guided missile systems and medical monitoring
equipment are examples of real time operating systems.
There are two types of real-time OS
Hard real-time systems
 Soft real-time systems
Hard real time systems: guarantee that critical tasks will complete
on time. Safety-critical systems are typically hard real-time systems.

Soft real-time systems: are less restrictive, simply providing that a

critical real time tasks get priority over the others and retains that
priority until it completes.

Advantages of Real Time Systems:

•Multitasking operation is accomplished by scheduling processes for
execution independently of each other.
•Memory management in real time systems is comparatively less
demanding than in other types of operating systems.
•File management in real-time systems is usually increases the speed of
access.
Disadvantages of Real Time Systems:
•There is a time limit is allocated to each event.
•Implementation is too costly.
 SPOOLING (Simultaneous Peripheral Operations
OnLine)
Defination:
Spooling is a process in which data is temporarily held to be used and
executed by a device, program or the system. Data is sent to and stored
in memory or other volatile storage until the program or computer
requests it for execution.

Spooling works like a typical request queue or spool where data,

instructions and processes from multiple sources are accumulated for
execution later on. Generally, the spool is maintained on the computer’s
physical memory, buffers or the I/O device-specific interrupts. The spool
is processed in ascending order, working on the basis of a FIFO (first in,
first out) algorithm.

For example, in printer spooling, the documents/files that are sent to

the printer are first stored in the memory or printer spooler. Once the
printer is ready, it fetches the data from that spool and prints it.
Advantages of Spooling:
 It overlaps the I/O operation of one job with the
computation of other jobs. For example, while reading the
input of one job, the spooler may be printing the output of
a different job.
The spooling operation uses a disk as a very large buffer.
It increases the performance of the system
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BUFFER AND
SPOOLING

BASIS FOR COMPARISON SPOOLING BUFFERING

Basic Spooling overlap the Buffer overlaps the I/O

I/O of one job with the of one job with the
computation of another computation of the
job. same job.

Full form Simultaneous peripheral No full form.

operation online

Efficient Spooling is more Buffering is less efficeint

efficient tha buffering. than spooling.

Size Spooling considers disk Buffer is a limited area

as a huge spool or in main mem
buffer.
 OPERATING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Protection System:
If a computer systems has multiple users and
allows the concurrent execution of multiple
processes, then the various processes must be
protected from one another's activities.

Protection refers to mechanism for controlling

the access of programs, processes, or users to the
resources defined by a computer systems.
 OPERATING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Command-Interpreter System:
•A command interpreter is the interface between the user
and the operating system.
•Many commands are given to the operating system by
control statements which deal with:
–process creation and management
–I/O handling
–secondary-storage management
–main-memory management
–file-system access
–protection
–networking
 Operating System Functions
•Memory management -The o/s keeps track of the memory, what
parts are in use and by whom.

•Process management - The o/s keeps track of processors and the

status of processes. It decides who will have a chance to use the
processor.

•Device management -The o/s keeps track of the devices, channels,

control units and decides what is an efficient way to allocate the device.

•Resource allocation – allocating resources to multiple users or

multiple jobs running at the same time.

•Accounting – keep track of and record which users use how much
and what kinds of computer resources for account billing or for
accumulating usage statistics.

•Protection & Security – ensuring that all access to system

resources is controlled. Security means to ensure that unauthorized
access is restricted.