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Chapter 2

Principles of Programming and Software Engineering

1 /** findGCD – Find the greatest common divisor of two integers.

* This method takes two positive integer parameters, and finds the
* largest positive integer that divides into both without remainders.
* For example, the GCD of 42 and 30 is 6.
* Precondition: a >= 1 and b >= 1.
* Postcondition: a % gcd == 0 and
* b % gcd == 0 and
* for all x where a % x == 0 and b % x == 0,
* gcd is the largest such x.
*/

2 Use a class Money that stores the number of dollars and cents as private data
members. When declaring new objects or changing the data of existing ones, the
class methods should ensure that if the number of cents exceeds 99, the number
of dollars and cents are changed to represent the monetary amount in its most
reduced form.

public static main (String args[])

{
Money itemCost = new Money(dollars, cents);
Money amountPaid = new Money(d, c);
Money change = getChange(itemCost, amountPaid);
change.display();
}

public static Money getChange(Money price, Money payment)

// ----------------------------------------------------------------
// Computes the change remaining from purchasing an item costing
// price when paying with payment.
// Preconditions: price and payment are objects of class Money and
// have been initialized to their desired values.
// Postconditions: returns an object of class Money representing the
// change to be received. If price < payment, the amount owed is
// returned as a negative value.
// ----------------------------------------------------------------
3a /** incrementHour – add 1 hour to a Time object.
* The question asks us to increment the time by one day. But since we only
* store hours, minutes, and seconds, changing the day would have no effect.
* Instead, let’s consider the problem of advancing the time by 1 hour, which
* is something we would have to do once a year for daylight saving time.
* The interesting case to consider is wrapping around to the next day, since
* the hour 23+1 would have to be represented as 0. Note the 24-hour clock.
*
* Precondition: The parameter t is a Time object with appropriate attribute
* values of hour, minute, second within their proper ranges.
* We assume that a copy constructor exists for the Time class.
* Postcondition: Return value is a Time object representing a time 1 hour
* after t.
*/

3b public static void incrementHour(Time t) {

Time newTime = new Time(t);

int hour = t.getHour();

if (hour == 23)
newTime.setHour(0);
else
newTime.setHour(hour + 1);

return newTime;
}

// Throughout this program, corrected errors have been identified.

// 1. Bad idea to have "import java.io.*". Just import what you use.
// 2. Also, need to import classes from other packages besides io.
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.util.Scanner;

// 3. The keyword class is not supposed to be capitalized.

// 4. It's good style to capitalize the name of a class.
public class CountWord {

// 5. There is no need to have string constants for user prompts.

// 6. The example code forgot the "[]" before args.
// 7. A comment describing the entire program should be in javadoc,
// which appears before and not after the main() header.
/** Purpose: To count the number of occurrences of a word in a
* text file. The user provides both the word and the text file.
*/
public static void main(String [] args) {

// 8. We should prompt the user for the file name before

// grabbing the input.
// 9. Console input comes from System.in, not System.out.
// 10. It is better style to begin variable name with lowercase
// letter.
System.out.print("Enter the name of the text file: ");
 Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
String fileName = input.nextLine();

Scanner fileInput = null;

// 11. It's good style to indent the body of a try block.

// 12. If we can't open the file, program should halt, or
// we could ask user to re-enter file name.
// 13. The File class is not very helpful at reading text files.
// Let's instead try FileInputStream.
try {
fileInput = new Scanner(new FileInputStream(fileName));
} catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
System.exit(1);
}

// Use anything but a letter as a delimiter

fileInput.useDelimiter("[^a-zA-Z]+");

// 14. Again, we need to print prompt before grabbing input.

System.out.print("Enter the word to be counted in the file: ");
String word = input.next();

// 15. We should also indent bodies of loops and if-statements.

// 16. We should use meaningful identifiers,
// e.g. instances instead of color
// 17. We should be consistent about what identifier we use to
// refer to the word we read from the input file.
// 18. The count of words should be declared and initialized
// before this loop.
// 19. It's not necessary to print out all the words we
// encounter in the file, except for debugging.
int instances = 0;
while (fileInput.hasNext()) {
String fileWord = fileInput.next();
// System.out.println(fileWord);
if (word.equalsIgnoreCase(fileWord)) {
instances++;
}
}

fileInput.close();

// 20. There should be space before the word 'appeared',

// and a space after 'file' to make the output look good.
// 21. It would be desirable to print 'time' in the singular
// if the value of instances is 1.
if (instances == 1)
System.out.println("The word " + word + " appeared once in " +
"the file " + fileName);
else
System.out.println("The word " + word + " appeared " + instances +
" times in the file " + fileName);
}
}
5a We need to design a Person class. A Person possesses a list of friends, who are other Person objects. A
Person needs to have the ability (i.e. method) to extend a friend request to another Person, and this method
needs the ability to accept or reject the friend request. Finally, a Person needs to be able to send a message
to all friends.

5b At a minimum, the Person class will have three attributes: a name (String), a collection of friends (could be
implemented as array of Person), and a buffer containing the message(s) from friends (a single String, or
array of String).

The Person class should have a constructor. A Person begins with a name but no friends and a blank
message buffer.

Instance methods:
First, we need sendRequest(Person p), which identifies whether Person p can be friends with me. If this
method returns true, then we need to add p to the list of my friends, and make sure p adds me to the list of
his/her friends. For simplicity, let’s assume that a friend request will always be honored, unless a person
has reached some arbitrary maximum number. In this case, we need to have access to the number of
friends p has.

Second, we need findNumberFriends( ) to help us implement sendRequest( ). This is an implementation

detail inside sendRequest( ), so we don’t need to make this public.

We need an addFriend(Person p) method, so that the other person can add me to his/her list of friends.

We need sendMessage(String s), which broadcasts a message to all my friends. Each of my friends needs
to append this message string into his/her buffer of messages.

Finally, we need some way of modifying the buffer of one of my friends, so we do this with a
setBuffer(String s). This is an implementation detail inside sendMessage( ), so this does not need to be
made public.

5c Person
-------------------------------------------
- name: string
- friends: array of Friend
- buffer: string
-------------------------------------------
+ sendRequest(in p: Person) { query }
- findNumberFriends( ) { query }
+ addFriend(in p: Person)
+ sendMessage(in s: string)
- setBuffer(in s: string)

6 Automobile
--------------------------------------
- make: string
- model: string
- year: integer
- licencePlate: string
- mileage: integer
- gallons: double
 - location: string
--------------------------------------
+ getMake( ) { query }
+ getModel( ) { query }
+ getYear( ) { query }
+ getLicencePlate( ) { query }
+ getMileage( ) { query }
+ buyGas(in gallons: double)
+ drive(in gallons: double, in miles: integer)
+ getLocation( ) { query }
+ setLocation( ) { query }

Person
- name: string
- address: string
- ID: integer
+ getName( ) { query }
+ getAddress( ) { query }
+ getID( ) { query }

Course
- title: string Student
Faculty - code: string - campusAddress: string
- department: string - meetingTime: string - major: string
- salary: double 1 * + getCampusAddress( )
+ getDepartment ( ) + getTitle( ) { query } 1 *
{query}
{ query } + getCode( ) { query } + getMajor( ) { query }
- getSalary( ) { query} + getMeetingTime( ) + addCourse( in c:Course)
+ addCourse(in { query } + dropCourse(in c:Course)
c:Course )

Pass q rem Verify rem >= 0 Verify num = q * den + rem

Initially 0 17 true 17 = 0 * 17 + 17, which is true
1 1 13 true 17 = 1 * 4 + 13, which is true
2 2 9 true 17 = 2 * 4 + 9, which is true
3 3 5 true 17 = 3 * 4 + 5, which is true
4 4 1 true 17 = 4 * 4 + 1, which is true

9a Precondition: The array is nonempty, the elements are numerical, and each value in the array is in the
appropriate range of values for the application (e.g. 0 to 100).
 Postcondition: The method will return the average of the array elements.

9b Precondition: The height and weight are positive real numbers.

Postcondition: The method will return a positive real number representing the corresponding BMI.

9c Precondition: The loan amount and interest rate will be positive real numbers. The number of months will
be a positive integer. In particular, the interest rate will be expressed as a number of percent that loans are
typically quoted at: for example the number 5.0 will mean the annual interest rate is 5%.

Postcondition: The method will return the value of the loan payment.

10 Yes, an assertion statement can help isolate bugs. For example, you can verify that the preconditions to a
method are satisfied. If they are not, then you can conclude that a bug exists before the method was called.
Also, if the postcondition of a method guarantees some property of a return value (e.g. that it is positive),
then this can be checked as well.

11 This is an infinite loop. The loop will never terminate because the condition will always be true.

12 Transaction
----------------------------
- date: string
- time: string
- amount: double
- isChecking: boolean
-----------------------------
+ getDate( ) { query }
+ getTime( ) { query }
+ getAmount( ) { query }
+ getType( ) { query }

13 The value of numItems might be zero, negative, or larger than the size of the array. We should throw an
exception in case the value of numItems is out of range.

We should also take a step back and ask ourselves if we really need a method that averages the first
numItems values of an array. If the only time we ever average an array is to average all of its elements,
then this second parameter isn’t even necessary. Note that an array already has a built-in length
attribute.

14 a. The value of i is between 10 and 100, inclusive.

b. The value of product is the product of these i factors: 1 * 3 * 15 * … * (2i – 1).

c. The value of p is ac.

15 The value of sum is the sum of all of the positive values among the first index values in array item.
16 public class ex1_8
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
int n = 5;
int square = 1;
for (int i = 1; i <=n; i++)
{
square = i * i;
System.out.println(square);
}
}
}

17 The bug is in the while loop:

a.) Output is The floor of the square root of 64 is 7.

b.) The while loop condition should be

while(temp1 <= X)

Debugging involves printing the values of temp1, temp2 and result at the top of the loop.

c.) Supply user prompts and check the value of x to ensure that it is greater than 0.

18 A loan application can be broken down into these steps:

Get information about borrower

Name
Address
SSN
Residential history
For each of the places where borrower has lived over the last several years:
Get the start/end dates, address, name of landlord, amount of rent / mortgage info.
Employment history
For each of the jobs the borrower has had over the last several years:
Get the start/end dates worked, job title and name of the boss.
Balance sheet
Ask borrower to enumerate assets and liabilities.
Cash flow
Ask borrower to indicate sources and amounts of income, and current debt payments.
Get information about loan
Down payment, if applicable
Amount desired
Duration of loan
Interest rate
Loan process
Compute borrower’s net worth.
Compute borrower’s net cash flow per month.
What is the borrower’s credit score?
Can the borrower afford the monthly payment?
Does the borrower have a good credit history?
 Does the borrower have enough of a cushion to avoid missing a payment?

19

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Exercise0219 {

public static void main(String [] args) {
boolean needInput = true;
Scanner kbd = new Scanner(System.in);

int age = -1;

while (needInput) {
System.out.print("Please enter age: ");

try {
age = Integer.parseInt(kbd.nextLine());
}
catch(NumberFormatException e) {
System.out.println("Error: age should be integer.");
continue;
}

if (age < 0 || age > 122)

System.out.println("Not a realistic value for age.");
else
needInput = false;
}
}
}
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
Lo! deliverance is at hand;
Courtenay's made a noble stand;
He the tyrants has arous'd—
He has freedom's cause espous'd,

Britons must be, etc.

Courtenay's cause is good, is just,

Safely we in him may trust:
Truth and virtue's on his side,
We will still in him confide.

Britons must be, etc.

Men and devils still may rage,

Their united powers engage—
Infidelity shall fall,
Christ shall then be all in all.

Britons must be, etc.

Slav'ry's chains shall then be broke,

We shall soon cast off the yoke,
Independence is our right,
Victory soon shall crown the fight.

Britons must be, etc.

Corp'rate bodies then shall cease,

They're destruction to our peace;
Party spirit shall no more
Tyrannize with lawless pow'r.

Britons must be, etc.

Then, when victory's palm is won,

Glorious as the summer sun,
Shall Lord Courtenay's cause arise,
Showing forth in cloudless skies.

Britons must be, etc.

Harrison Ainsworth, who has introduced Courtenay into his novel
Rookwood, thus accurately describes him: "A magnificent coal-black
beard decorated the chin of this worthy; but this was not all—his
costume was in perfect keeping with his beard, and consisted of a
very theatrical-looking suit, upon the breast of which was
embroidered in gold wire the Maltese cross; while on his shoulders
were thrown the ample folds of a cloak of Tyrian hue. To his side
was girt a long and doughty sword, which he termed, in his knightly
phrase, Excalibur; and upon his profuse hair rested a hat as broad in
the brim as a Spanish sombrero. Exaggerated as this description
may appear, we can assure our readers that it is not overdrawn."
He now resumed his rambles round Kent, and visited the cottages
wherever he went, giving himself out to be Jesus Christ come back
on earth to sift the wheat from the chaff before setting up his
millennial kingdom. He showed his hands and feet and side marked
with red—but there must have been conscious fraud on his part, for
after his death no such scars could be found. Many of the poor and
ignorant believed in him and followed him. His head-quarters were
for a while the house of one of his most devoted followers named
Wills, but he presently left that and removed to a farmhouse at
Boughton, where lived a farmer called Culver, who was also a
believer. He infatuated the women even more than the men, for he
was tall, dark, and handsome, and they took up his cause
passionately, and urged their husbands and fathers to follow him,
"because he was the very Christ, and unless they adhered to him fire
would come down from Heaven and consume them."
Instances occurred, and that by no means infrequently, in which he
presented himself to be worshipped as God by the ignorant
peasantry.
At length this excitement was destined to be brought to a
conclusion.
On Monday, May 28th, 1838, Tom, with about fifteen followers,
sallied forth from the village of Boughton without having any very
distinct object in view, and proceeded to the cottage of Wills. Here
they formed in column; and a loaf having been procured it was
placed at the top of a pole, which bore a flag of blue and white,
upon which a lion rampant was drawn. Wills having joined them,
they marched to Goodrestone, near Faversham; and on the way Tom
harangued the country people, who came out into the roads. From
thence they went to a farm at Herne Hill, where they received food,
and then on to Dargate Common. Here, by Tom's orders, all prayed.
After this they proceeded to Bossenden Farm, where they rested for
the night in a barn.
At three o'clock on Tuesday morning they went to Sittingbourne, and
there Tom provided them with breakfast, for which he paid twenty-
seven shillings. Thence they marched to Newnham, where, at the
George Inn, they received a similar treat. What they went marching
for not one of these deluded men seemed to know, unless it were to
gather recruits; and in this he was successful. Wherever he went—at
Eastling, Throwley, Sildswick, Lees, and Selling—he delivered
speeches, made promises, and obtained adherents. Then the whole
party returned to Bossenden Farm. Here there was an extensive
wood, in which the true Canterbury bell is found. The district is
called the Blean, and here a condition of affairs existed that greatly
helped on the cause of Tom. In the eighteenth century much of the
Blean was taken possession of by a number of squatters, who
settled on the ground, then extra-parochial, as a "free port," from
which none could dislodge them, and there they remained paying
rent to none. Now the poor deluded peasants of the neighbourhood
conceived the idea that Tom, or Courtenay, as he had called himself,
was the promised Messiah who was come to give to them all lands
to be their own, on which each man might sit under his own vine,
and that the rich and large-landed proprietors would be cast out and
consumed by the breath of his mouth.
During the tramp of these enthusiasts about the country, a farmer
named Curling lost some of his labourers, who were enticed away
from their work to follow with the rest. Curling at once mounted his
horse and went to a magistrate, and procured from him a warrant
for the apprehension of Courtenay alias Tom. Nicholas Meares, a
constable, and his brother were entrusted to execute the warrant;
and on Thursday morning, 31st May, about six o'clock, they
hastened to Culver's farm to secure the men. Upon their presenting
themselves, Courtenay stood forward, and before Meares could read
the warrant shot him dead. He then went into the house, exclaiming
to those who were there, "Now am I not your Saviour?" and then
issuing from the house again, he discharged a second pistol into the
body of Meares, and proceeded to mutilate it barbarously with his
sword.
The news of this murder was conveyed to the magistrates, and they
proceeded to take steps for the apprehension of Courtenay. But the
latter at once called out his men, and they marched into Bossenden
Wood, and there profanely he imitated the Last Supper and
administered to his dupes in bread and water. This over, a man
named Alexander Foad knelt down in the presence of the rest and
worshipped him as his Saviour, and demanded whether he were
required to follow him in body, or whether he might be allowed to
return to his home and follow him in spirit. Courtenay replied, "In
the body"; whereupon Foad sprang to his feet, exclaiming, "Oh! be
joyful, be joyful! the Saviour has accepted me. Now go on; I will
follow till I drop."
Another man, named Blanchard, also worshipped him, and
Courtenay then said, in reference to the murder of Meares, "I was
executing the justice of Heaven in consequence of the power that
God has given me."
At twelve o'clock Tom and his followers shifted their position to an
osier-bed, and there he harangued them, informing them that he
and all such as believed in him would be invulnerable. He defied the
magistrates and all the power of the world: his was the Kingdom of
Heaven; and then he advised his followers to take up a position in
ambush in the wood. At this time Tom noticed that a Mr. Handley, of
Herne Hill, was observing their actions, and Courtenay alias Tom
fired at him; but he was beyond the range, and he happily missed
his aim.
 PERCY HONEYWOOD COURTENAY, KNIGHT OF MALTA, ETC., ETC., AS HE
APPEARED AT THE ELECTION IN 1832

In the meantime the magistrates had taken steps to put an end to

this fiasco. They had despatched a messenger to Canterbury to
summon the military, and a detachment of a hundred men of the
45th Foot, under the command of Major Armstrong, was placed at
their disposal, and marched to Boughton. As the party of Courtenay
was in the wood, the magistrates and the soldiery and the
constables marched thither. The wood is of very considerable extent,
but was intersected by the main road from London and Chatham to
Canterbury, which was cut across by another road, a parish road, at
right angles. It was found that the insurgent party was so placed
that their front and rear were covered by the roads right and left.
The military were in consequence divided; and whilst one party of
fifty took the road leading to Canterbury, under the command of
Captain Reed, the other was conducted by Major Armstrong,
assisted by Lieutenants Bennett and Prendergast, along the road
that led to Boulton-under-Blean. Thus the insurgents were placed
between two bodies of troops, and their only chance of escape was
to retreat in a straight line through the wood. But Tom alias
Courtenay had no intention of retiring, and he boldly faced Major
Armstrong with the men behind him drawn up, armed with picks and
reaping-hooks. He was summoned to surrender, but turned and
bade his followers be of good cheer and prepare for conflict. These
numbered from thirty to forty men. Courtenay gave the order to
charge, and advanced on the soldiers, when Lieutenant Bennett
drew his sword and, heading the military, ran forward, and was shot
by Courtenay; the ball, entering his right side, passed completely
through the body of the young officer, who reeled and fell dead on
the spot. At this moment a constable named Millwood sprang
forward and felled Tom, but as the madman rose to his feet again,
he was struck by a ball from the military, for they had received
orders to fire from Major Armstrong, who was on horseback. By the
discharge eight men were killed on the spot and several were
wounded; but the wretched peasantry fought desperately, till at last
dispersed by the charge of the soldiers under Armstrong, and those
under Captain Reed taking them in flank, when they scattered and
fled through the wood.
In the course of the afternoon twenty-seven prisoners were taken,
of whom seven were suffering from wounds, two of whom died
shortly after.
Of the party employed in maintaining the law, George Catt, a
constable, was shot under a mistaken apprehension that he was one
of the rioters; and Lieutenant Prendergast received a contused
wound on the head from the bludgeon of an insurgent.
During the remainder of the week the coroner was engaged in
conducting the necessary inquiries into the cause of death of the
deceased persons. Verdicts of "Wilful murder" were returned in the
cases of the constable Meares, and of Lieutenant Bennett, against
Courtenay and his adherents; whilst in the case of Catt, the jury
found "That he had been killed upon an erroneous belief that he was
a rioter."
In the cases of death among the insurgents, the jury found a verdict
of "Justifiable homicide."
The coroner conducted the investigations at the Red Lion Inn,
Boughton, where the yard was full of the wives, widows, and
children of these deluded men; whilst the wounded lay on
stretchers, as also the bodies of the slain, in a stable; the prisoners
were in a lockup, whence they were brought handcuffed to the
tavern to be examined. During the sitting of the jury, two of the
wounded men died, and upon their decease being communicated to
those outside, they gave vent to their feelings in loud wails. The
body of Lieutenant Bennett lay in an upper chamber of the inn. He
was but about twenty-five years of age, and had just obtained leave
of absence when the news of the outbreak reached the barracks,
whereupon he applied and obtained permission to join the party. At
the conclusion of the proceedings before the coroner and the
magistrates nineteen prisoners were committed for trial. Ten of the
rioters had been killed. Out of the prisoners, Meares, a cousin of the
murdered constable, Foad, and Couchworth were wounded. Foad
was a respectable farmer, cultivating about sixty acres. A woman,
Sarah Culver, was kinswoman of the farmer who had first sent to the
magistrates. She was possessed of considerable property, and was
forty years of age. She had been a devoted follower of Courtenay;
but it may be presumed that she, like him, was insane.
On Tuesday, 5th June, the greater number of those who had been
killed in the riot were interred in the churchyard of Herne Hill.
Amongst these was Tom. Great crowds attended, amongst them his
adherents, who were in expectation that he would rise again and
confound his enemies. Some apprehensions were entertained lest
the mob should use violence to prevent the burial of their late
fanatical leader, but the whole affair passed off quietly.
At the Maidstone Assizes on Thursday, the 9th August, 1838, the
trial of the prisoners commenced before Lord Denman.
Ten of the prisoners were found guilty of murder and were
condemned to death, but were informed that the sentence would be
commuted, and their lives be spared. The prosecutions in the cases
of the other prisoners were not proceeded with, and they were
discharged.
From the admissions of the prisoners, it was ascertained that
Courtenay had promised his followers on the following Sunday to
lead them to Canterbury, to set fire to the city and to have "a
glorious but a bloody day."
Tom had assured his adherents that death had no power over him;
that even though he might seem to die he would rise again in a
month, if a little water were applied to his lips. Accordingly, for a
considerable time after he was buried, the ignorant people waited in
lively expectation that he would reappear.
Of the prisoners, Meares and Wills were ordered to be transported
for life; Price for ten years. The other seven were to undergo one
year's imprisonment with hard labour. A pension of £40 per annum
was granted to the widow of Meares the constable.
Good comes out of evil, and one result of this lamentable affair was
that attention was drawn to the abysmal ignorance of the peasantry
of the Blean, and that schools were at once erected at Dunkirk, to
introduce a better knowledge and sense into the heads of the rising
generation.
A full account of the whole affair was published at Faversham
directly after the event, of which this is the title: "An account of the
desperate affray which took place in Blean Wood, near Boughton,
Thursday, 31st May, 1838, between a party of agricultural labourers,
headed by the self-styled Sir William Courtenay, and a detachment
of the 45th Regiment of Foot, commanded by Major Elliott
Armstrong, acting under the orders of the County Magistrates,
together with the whole of the evidence taken before T. T. Delasaux,
Esq., coroner, the Rev. Dr. Bow, N. J. Knatchbull, Esq., and W. C.
Fairman, Esq., drawn from authentic documents. With an account of
the funerals of the parties."
There is another work, a copy of which is now in the British
Museum, and is illustrated with a portrait of Tom, a plate
representing the murder of Meares, soldiers entering Bossenden
Wood; the scene of action, the "Red Lion," where the bodies lay; the
interior of the stable with six of the bodies; Sir William Courtenay as
he appeared after the post-mortem examination, and portraits of
Tyler and Price, two of the rioters. The title of the work is: "The Life
and Extraordinary Adventures of Sir William Courtenay, Knight of
Malta, alias John Nichols Tom, formerly spirit merchant and maltster
of Truro in Cornwall, being a correct detail of all the incidents of his
extraordinary life, from his infancy to the dreadful battle of
Bossenden Wood ... with facsimiles of that eccentric character,
concluding with an accurate account of the trial of the rioters at the
Maidstone Assizes. By Canterburiensis. Canterbury: published by
James Hunt, and sold in London by T. Kelly, Paternoster Row, 1838."
Passages from the Autobiography of a Man of Kent, edited by R.
Fitzroy Stanley (i.e. Robert Coutars) 1866, may be consulted; also
The Times for June, 1838.
 THE BOHELLAND TRAGEDY
In the parish of Gluvias by Penryn is Bohelland. Fifty years ago there
was a ruin here of a roofless house, with the gables standing. Now
all that remains is a fragment of wall. Tradition regarding the field in
which the house stood is, that it invariably brings ill luck to him who
owns or rents it. The way from Penryn to Enys, a lane, leads by it,
and the fragment of wall abuts on the lane. Bohelland is not marked
on the one-inch, but is on the six-inch ordnance map. Anciently it
was called the Behethlan, and Gluvias Church was called Capella de
Behethlan under S. Budock.
In the possession of J. D. Enys, Esq., of Enys, is a MS. pedigree of
the family to whom Bohelland belonged. It runs as follows: "John
Behethlan was seized of lands in agro Behethlan, and had issue two
daughters, Margery and Joan, and the said Margery took to husband
Roger Polwheyrell, and had issue Nicholas Polwheyrell; the said
Nicholas Polwheyrell had issue James Polwheyrell; the said James
Polwheyrell had issue Richard, Margery, Joan and Isabel, and the
said Richard married Maud Polgiau, and they had issue Nichola, and
the said Nichola took to husband John Penweyre, and had issue
Thomas Penweyre, who died without heirs. The said Margery took to
husband Symon Martharwyler, and had issue Elsota and Meliora. The
said Elsota took to husband Nicholas Mantle, now living, and had
issue Isabel, who took to husband John Restaden, now living. The
said Meliora took to husband Michael John, vicar,[36] and had issue
Joan, Elizabeth, and Margaret.
"The said Joan took to husband Hugh Sandre, now living. The said
Elizabeth took to husband Laurence Michell, now living; the said
Margaret took to husband James Curallak, now living. The said Joan,
second daughter of the said James Polwheyrell, took to husband
John Trelecoeth, and had issue Marina and Joan. The said Isabel,
third daughter of the said James, took to husband William son of
John Tryarne, and died without issue."
Unfortunately this pedigree does not contain a single date, but we
should obtain one approximately by the marriage of Meliora,
daughter of Simon Martharwyla, with Michael John, vicar, if we could
trace him. With her descended the inheritance of Behethlan to her
daughter Joan who married Hugh Sandry.
The story of the Bohelland or Behethlan tragedy is contained in a
pamphlet of eight leaves, black letter, and accompanied by rude
woodcuts, entitled News from Penrin, in Cornwall, 1618. A unique
copy is in the Bodleian Library.
Sanderson, in his Annals of King James, 1656, gives the same story.
Sir William Sanderson says that "the imprinted relation conceals the
names, in favour of some neighbours of repute and kin to the
family," and that "the same sense made him thereon silent also."
Now, according to the story, there were four deaths, one a murder,
and two by suicide, and one might expect to obtain these names
from the parish register. But this register, which goes back into the
middle of the sixteenth century, has the page or pages removed for
the burials of 1618; that is to say, from the first days of 1618 to the
middle of 1621. This looks much as if the family sought to destroy
every trace of the crime.
Hals, in his MS. History of Cornwall, under the head of Gluvias, does
not mention Bohelland. There is no help to be obtained from the title
deeds of the estate. Our sole clue is the descent in the pedigree.
Meliora, who married Michael John, vicar, cannot have done this
before the reign of Edward VI, and it is not probable that the
marriage took place till that of Elizabeth. They were not married at
Gluvias, and Michael John was not the vicar then. Now the pedigree
carries down the descent, with possession of Bohelland to John
Restadon and his wife Isabel. The name Restadon does not occur in
the Visitations of Cornwall. The only other possible owner would be
Hugh Sandry and his wife Joan, daughter of the vicar, Michael John.
But whether it were either the Sandrys or the Restadons, or some
one else, cannot be determined till further light enters on this
extremely dark occurrence.
The owner of Bohelland was a man of some consideration and
substance, "unhappy only in a younger son, who taking liberty from
his father's bounty, with a crew of like condition, that wearied on
land, they went roving to sea, and in a small vessel southward, took
booty from all they could master, and so increasing force and wealth,
ventured in a Turk's man in the Streights; but by mischance their
own powder fired themselves, and our gallant, trusting to his skilful
swimming, got on shore upon Rhodes with the best of his jewels
about him; when, offering some to sale to a Jew, who knew them to
be the Governor's of Algier, he was apprehended, and as a pirate
sentenced to the gallies among other Christians, when miserable
slavery made them all studious of freedom, and with wit and valour,
took opportunity and means to murther some officers, got on board
of an English ship, and came safe to London, where his misery and
some skill made him servant to a surgeon and sudden preferment to
the East Indies. There by this means he got money, with which,
returning back, he designed himself for his native county, Cornwall.
And in a small ship from London, sailing to the west, was cast away
upon that coast. But his excellent skill in swimming and former fate
to boot, brought him safe to shore, where, since his fifteen years'
absence, his father's former fortunes much decayed, now retired him
not far off to a country habitation, in debt and danger.
"His sister he finds married to a mercer, a meaner match than her
birth promised. To her at first he appears a poor stranger, but in
private reveals himself, and withall what jewels and gold he had
concealed in a bow-case about him, and concluded that the next day
he intended to appear to his parents, and to keep his disguise till
she and her husband should meet, and make their common joy
complete.
"Being come to his parents, his humble behaviour, suitable to his suit
of clothes, melted the old couple to so much compassion as to give
him covering from the cold season under their outward roof, and by
degrees his travelling tales, told with passion to the aged people,
made him their guest so long by the kitchen fire, that the husband
took his leave and went to bed, and soon after, his true stories
working compassion in the weaker vessel, she wept, and so did he;
but, compassionate of her tears, he comforted her with a piece of
gold, which gave assurance that he deserved a lodging, to which she
brought him; and, being in bed, showed her his girdled wealth,
which he said was sufficient to relieve her husband's wants, and to
spare for himself, and being very weary, fell fast asleep.
"The wife, tempted with the golden bait of what she had, and eager
of enjoying all, awakened her husband with this news, and her
contrivance what to do; and though with horrid apprehensions he oft
refused, yet her puling fondness (Eve's enchantments) moved him to
consent, and rise to be master of all, and both of them to murder
the man, which instantly they did, covering the corpse under the
clothes till opportunity to convey it out of the way.
"The early morning hastens the sister to her father's house, when
she, with signs of joy, enquires for a sailor that should lodge there
the last night. The parents slightly denied to have seen such, until
she told them that he was her brother, her lost brother. By that
assured scar upon his arm, cut with a sword in his youth, she knew
him, and were all resolved this morning to meet there and be merry.
"The father hastily runs up, finds the mark, and with horrid regret of
this monstrous murder of his own son, with the same knife cuts his
own throat.
"The wife went up to consult with him, when in a most strange
manner beholding them both in blood, and aghast, with the
instrument at hand, readily rips herself up, and perishes on the
same spot.
"The daughter, doubting the delay of their absence, searches for
them all, whom she found out too soon, and with the sad sight of
this scene, and being overcome with horror and amaze of this
deluge of destruction, she sank down and died; the fatal end of that
family."
There are several points in this narrative that awaken mistrust. How
is the story of the son's life known? He tells it to his sister, but she
dies. Then we have an account of what went on in the house
between the parents and the son, and the wife urging her husband
to commit the murder. As both killed themselves on discovering what
they had done, all this part must be painted in by guesswork.
That there is a substratum of fact cannot be doubted. The
mysterious mutilation of the parish register for the year of the
murder indicates a desire that the names might not be known.
Lillo turned the story into a tragedy, The Fatal Curiosity, 1736.
According to him the name of the family was Wilmot. He took a
slight liberty with the story, in that he made the returned sailor
present himself to the girl he had loved fifteen years before, and not
to his sister. But he laid the scene at Penryn.
 MARY KELYNACK
The Kelynack family has been one of fishermen and seamen at
Newlyn and its neighbourhood for many generations.
Philip Kelynack was the first to fly to the rescue of John Wesley
when pursued by a mob while preaching on the Green between
Newlyn and Penzance 12th July, 1747. He was a remarkably
powerful man, and was known by the name of Old Bunger. His son
Charles was the first to engage the Mount's Bay boatmen to take
part in the Irish Sea fishing in 1720.
Mary, the subject of this notice, was the daughter of Nicholas Tresize
and the wife of William Kelynack. She was born at Tolcarne, in
Madron, 1766.
In 1851 was the Great Exhibition in London, and the tidings of
opening of a Crystal Palace and the wonders that it contained
reached to the extremity of Cornwall. Said Mary Kelynack, "I'll go
and see'n too, I reckon!" and away she trudged.
The Illustrated London News for October 26th, 1851, gives the
following account of her:—
"On Tuesday, September 24th, among the visitors of the Mansion
House was Mary Callinack, eighty-four years of age, who had
travelled on foot from Penzance, carrying a basket on her head, with
the object of visiting the Exhibition and of paying her respects
personally to the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress. As soon as the
ordinary business was finished the aged woman entered the justice-
room, when the Lord Mayor, addressing her, said, 'Well, I
understand, Mrs. Callinack, you have come to see me?'
 MARY KELYNACK

"She replied, 'Yes, God bless you. I never was in such a place before
as this. I have come up asking for a small sum of money, I am, sir.'
"The Lord Mayor: 'Where do you come from?'
"Mrs. C.: 'From the Land's End.'
"The Lord Mayor: 'From what part?'
"Mrs. C.: 'Penzance.'
"She then stated that she left Penzance five weeks ago, and had
been the whole of that time walking to the metropolis.
"The Lord Mayor: 'What induced you to come to London?'
"Mrs. C.: 'I had a little matter to attend to as well as to see the
Exhibition. I was there yesterday, and mean to go again to-morrow.'
"The Lord Mayor: 'What do you think of it?'
"Mrs. C.: 'I think it very good.'"
She then said that all her money was spent but 5-1/2d. After a little
further conversation, which caused considerable merriment, the Lord
Mayor made her a present of a sovereign, telling her to take care of
it, there being a good many thieves in London. The poor creature,
on receiving the gift, burst into tears and said, "Now I will be able to
get back."
She was afterwards received by the Lady Mayoress, with whom she
remained some time, and having partaken of tea in the
housekeeper's room, which she said she preferred to the choicest
wine in the kingdom (which latter beverage she had not tasted for
sixty years), she returned thanks for the hospitality she had received
and left the Mansion House.
Her next visit was to the Exhibition.
She was also presented to the Queen and to Prince Albert, and there
is mention of this presentation in Sir Theodore Martin's Life of the
Prince Consort (1876), II, p. 405.
In the notice in the Illustrated London News it is said: "Our portrait
of the Cornish fish-wife has been sketched from life at her abode,
Homer Place, Crawford Street, Mary-le-bone. She was born in the
parish of Paul, by Penzance, on Christmas Day, 1766, so that she
has nearly completed her eighty-fifth year. To visit the present
Exhibition, she walked the entire distance from Penzance, nearly
three hundred miles; she having 'registered a vow' before she left
home, that she would not accept assistance in any shape, except as
regarded her finances. She possesses her faculties unimpaired; is
very cheerful, has a considerable amount of humour in her
composition; and is withal a woman of strong common sense, and
frequently makes remarks that are very shrewd, when her great age
and defective education are taken into account. She is fully aware
that she has made herself somewhat famous; and among other
things which she contemplates, is her return to Cornwall, to end her
days in 'Paul parish,' where she wishes to be interred by the side of
old Dolly Pentreath, who was also a native of Paul, and died at the
age of 102 years."
Mary Kelynack died in Dock Lane, Penzance, 5th December, 1855,
and was buried in S. Mary's churchyard.
Messrs. Routledge published the story of her walk to London and
back in one of Aunt Mavor's Storybooks, with illustrations.
 CAPTAIN WILLIAM ROGERS
Captain William Rogers, son of Captain Rogers, who died in
November, 1790, was born at Falmouth, 29th September, 1783. He
married Susan, daughter of Captain John Harris, of S. Mawes. In
1807, Rogers was master, in temporary command of the Windsor
Castle, a packet-boat from Falmouth to Barbados. She mounted six
long 4-pounders and two 9-pounder carronades, with a complement
of twenty-eight men and boys.
On October 1st, 1807, as the packet was on her passage to
Barbados with the mails, a privateer schooner was seen approaching
under all sail.
As it seemed quite impossible to escape, Captain Rogers resolved on
making a stout resistance, though the odds against him were great.
In fact, the privateer mounted six long 6-pounders and one long 18-
pounder, with a complement of ninety-two men.
At noon the schooner got within gunshot, hoisted French colours,
and opened fire, which was immediately returned from the chase-
guns of the Windsor Castle. This was continued till the privateer,
whose name was Le Jeune Richard, came near, when she hailed the
packet in very opprobrious terms, and desired her to strike her
colours. On meeting with a prompt refusal, the schooner ran
alongside, grappled the packet, and attempted to board. But the
crew of the Windsor Castle made so stout a resistance with their
pikes that the French were obliged to abandon the attempt with the
loss of ten killed and wounded. The privateer, finding she had a hard
nut to crack, lost heart, and sought to cut away the grapplings and
get clear; but the packet's mainyard, being locked in the schooner's
rigging, held her fast.
Captain Rogers evinced great judgment and zeal in ordering some of
his men to shift the sails as circumstances required, or to cut them
away in the event of the privateer succeeding in the conflict.
At about 3 p.m. one of the packet's guns, a 1-pounder carronade,
loaded with double grape, canister and a hundred musket balls, was
brought to bear on the deck of the privateer, and was discharged at
the moment when a fresh boarding party was collected for a second
attempt. The result was a frightful slaughter, and as the French
reeled under this discharge, Captain Rogers, followed by the men of
his little crew, leaped upon the deck of the schooner, and
notwithstanding the apparently overwhelming odds against him,
succeeded in driving the privateer's men from their quarters, and
ultimately in capturing the vessel.
Of the crew of the Windsor Castle three had been killed and two
severely wounded; but of that of Le Jeune Richard there were
twenty-one dead upon the deck, and thirty-three were wounded.
From the very superior number of the privateer's crew still remaining
—thirty-eight men—whereas Captain Rogers had only fifteen
available, great precautions had to be taken in securing the
prisoners. They were accordingly ordered up from below, one by
one, and each put in irons. Any attempt at a rescue being thus
effectually guarded against, the packet proceeded, with her prize, to
the port of her destination, which fortunately for the former was not
far distant.
 CAPTAIN W. ROGERS

This achievement reflected the highest honour upon every officer,

man, and boy that was on board the Windsor Castle, but especially
on Captain Rogers. Had he stayed to calculate the chances that were
against him, the probability is that the privateer would have
ultimately succeeded in capturing the packet, whose light carronades
could have offered very little resistance at the usual distance at
which vessels engage; and where any small crew, without such a
coup de main—indeed, without such a leader—could never have
brought the combat to a favourable issue.
For his intrepid conduct Rogers received the thanks of H.M.
Postmaster-General; promotion to the rank of captain, with
command of another packet, 100 guineas besides his share of the
prize (although no prize allowance was usual); the freedom of the
City of London; and an illuminated address, with a sword of honour,
from the inhabitants of Tortola.
In London, a gentleman named Dixon, unacquainted with Rogers,
sought and obtained his friendship, and then commissioned Samuel
Drummond to make a picture of the action, in which the hero's full-
length portrait should appear. Whilst the painting was in progress,
one day Rogers ran up against a man in the street so closely
resembling the officer he had shot, that he held him by the button
and begged as a favour that he would allow a distinguished artist to
paint his portrait. The gentleman was not a little surprised, but when
Rogers informed him who he was and why he desired to have him
painted, he readily consented. He was conducted to the studio, and
there stood as portrait-model for the French swordsman by whom
Rogers had been so nearly cut down. When completed, the painting
was retained by Mr. Dixon, but it was engraved in mezzotint by
Ward.
The painting in course of time passed to the first owner's grandson,
Mr. James Dixon, whose daughter at his decease in 1896 became
possessed of it, and presented it to the nation, and it is now in the
Painted Hall at Greenwich Hospital.
Captain Rogers died at Holyhead January 11, 1825. His and his
wife's portraits were preserved by her relatives, and eventually given
to the only surviving daughter or her descendants.
In Johns and Nicolas's Calendar of Victory, 1855, is an account of
this sea-fight; also in the European Magazine of 1808, with a portrait
of the gallant captain. Also in James's Naval History of Great Britain
(1820), Vol. IV.
Rogers's own account, condensed, is to be found in a paper by Rev.
W. Jago, "The Heroes of the Old Falmouth Packet Service," in the
Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, XIII, 1895-8.
 JOHN BURTON, OF FALMOUTH
Joseph Burton, of Stockport, Lancashire, came, for what reason is
unknown, to Cornwall in 1830, and set up a china and glass shop at
Bodmin; and married at Launceston a Miss Clemo.
Old Joseph was a sturdy Radical and Nonconformist. He was a
vigorous and loud supporter of the Ballot Society, the Liberation
Society, and the United Kingdom Alliance. He was also a vehement
and "intemperate" teetotaler. He died at Bodmin 19th July, 1876.
John was one of a whole string of children, and as the "cloam" shop
did not bring in a large profit, and John was one among many, he
had to go into life very inefficiently equipped with education. But he
had inherited from his father a masterful spirit, and had his own
independent views, and it was soon a case between them of flint
and steel, and sparks flew out.
John and his brother Joe were sent round the country hawking pots
and glass.
"I well remember the 24th December, 1853," said John Burton.
"Myself and brother Joe (who afterwards became a well-known
auctioneer) rose at five o'clock in the morning, fed the horse, and
made a start at 5.45 a.m. with a wagon-load of goods. The morning
was dark, and when we came to Callywith turnpike gate it was
closed. We knocked Henry Mark, the toll-keeper, up to let us
through. He looked out of the window and at first refused to let us
pass until daylight. We firmly told him that we would certainly
unhang the gate and pass through without paying the toll. This
fetched the old man down, with his long coat, knitted night-cap, with
horn lantern in his hand. He opened the gate and told us, 'You
Burtons ought to be poisoned for breaking a man's rest.' A lot we
cared for his curses. Fairly on the road, we were as happy as
sandboys. Having delivered the goods, and fairly on the way home,
we stopped at the Jamaica Inn, where the old mail-coaches used to
change their horses, to feed our horse, not forgetting ourselves.
After giving old Dapper his feed of oats, we went into the inn
kitchen, where we ordered a hot meal. The landlady asked, 'What
would you like?' She suggested a hot squab pie, which she took out
of a huge kitchen range well loaded with burning turf, the odour of
which increased our appetite considerably. We polished off the pie
and pocketed the crust to eat on the moors when homeward
bound."
The Jamaica Inn is in the midst of the Bodmin Moors. In the time of
the mail-coaches from London by Exeter to Falmouth it was a house
of great repute. But when the trains ran, and coaches were given
up, it fell from its high estate, was converted into a temperance
house, was far from clean, harboured innumerable fleas, and did
little business. Of late it has entirely recovered its credit. It stands
nine hundred feet above the sea. There are now there at Bolventor a
church and a school. A bleak, wind-swept moor all about it. Dozmare
Pool, haunted by Tregeagle, is near by—and in June the meadows
around are a sheet of gold from the buttercups. But to return to
John Burton's reminiscences.
"When the landlady came in and saw that we had finished the pie,
she looked with amazement towards us.
"'Why, drat you boys, whativer have 'ee done with the pie?'
 JOHN BURTON OF FALMOUTH

"'Why, ate'n, missus. Do'y think us called the horse in to help us, or
what?'
"'No,' she smartly replied, 'I should 'a thawt you had the Bodmunt
Murlicha (Militia) here to help 'ee out. I never seed such gluttons in
my life.'
"When we asked what we had got to pay, she said, 'Sixpunce for the
crist, threepunce for the suitt, ninepunce for the gibblets, and
eightpunce for apples, onions, spice, currants and sugar, and
fourpunce for baking 'un; two dishes of tay, tuppunce; that'll be two
and eightpunce altogether, boys.'
"'All right, missus, here's the posh.'
"She asked us out of bravado if we could eat any more. We said,
'Yes, we could do with some Christmas cake.'
"She politely told us that she shouldn't cut the Christmas cake until
the next day. 'But you can have some zeedy biscays, if you like.'
"'All right.' And in she brought them, which we also polished off.
Afterwards she demanded fourpence for them.
"'All right, missus, the fourpunce charged for baking the pie will pay
for the biscuits, so us'll cry quits,' which joke the old woman
swallowed with a good laugh."
John Burton proceeds to describe the Christmas merry-making at the
inn that night. Jamaica Inn had not then become a temperance
hotel. The moormen and farmers came in, the great fire glowed like
a furnace. The wind sobbed without, and piped in at the casement
—"the souls on the wind," as it was said, the spirits of unbaptized
babes wailing at the windowpane, seeing the fire within, and
condemned to wander on the cold blast without.
To the red fire, and to the plentiful libations, songs were sung,
among others that very favourite ballad of the "Highwayman"—

I went to London both blythe and gay,

My time I squandered in dice and play,
Until my funds they fell full low,
And on the highway I was forced to go.

Then after an account of how he robbed Lord Mansfield and Lady

Golding, of Portman Square—

I shut the door, bade all good night,

And rambled to my heart's delight.
After a career of riot and robbery, the Highwayman at length falls
into the toils of Sir John Fielding, who was the first magistrate to
take sharp and decisive measures against these pests of society.
Then the ballad ends:—

When I am dead, borne to my grave,

A gallant funeral may I have;
Six highwaymen to carry me,
With good broadswords and sweet liberty.

Six blooming maidens to bear my pall;

Give them white gloves and pink ribbons all;
And when I'm dead they'll say the truth,
I was a wild and a wicked youth.

One of the local characters who was present on that Christmas Eve
was Billy Peppermint. As he was overcome with drink, the young
Burtons conveyed him from the Jamaica Inn about ten miles, and
then turned him out of their conveyance, and propped him up
against the railings of a house in Bodmin, as he was quite unable to
sustain himself.
That night the carol singers were making their round, and as they
came near they piped forth: "When shepherds watched their flocks
by night, all seated on the ground, an angel of the Lord appeared,
and——"
Whereon Billy roared forth—

When I am dead they'll say the truth,

I was a wild and a wicked youth,

and rolled over and fell prostrate on the ground.

In 1857 an event occurred which altered the direction of John
Burton's activities.
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