BIOCHEMISTRY VIVA QUESTIONS OF SIR

HANEEF AND GHULAM SARWAR

Specially thanks to ;
Dr Mamtaz Ali 52

Made by :Dr ISHFAQUE ALI MIRANI

BATCH 52

* Sir sarwar was mainly focusing on vitamins , minerals and carbs

* Where as sir haneef on lipids , proteins , ph and bilirubin

Biochemistry and Nutrition

1. Megaloblastic anemia: Caused by deficiency of vitamin B12 or
folate.

2. B6 tuberculosis: Vitamin B6 is important for immune function,

and deficiency can increase susceptibility to infections like
tuberculosis
.
3. Daily requirement more in vitamin C: Important for immune
function, collagen production, and iron absorption
.
4. Vitamin K function: Essential for blood clotting and bone health.
5. What is carbohydrate: A biomolecule composed of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen, serving as a primary source of energy for
cells.
6. Antioxidant vitamins: Vitamins C and E, which protect cells from
oxidative damage.
7. Vitamin E function: Protects cells from oxidative damage, supports
skin health, and enhances immune function.
8.Why pH is called negative log of hydrogen: Because pH is defined
as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in a
solution.

Medical Conditions
9. Iron deficiency: Can cause anemia, fatigue, and impaired
cognitive function.
10. Vitamin E: Important for antioxidant functions, skin health, and
immune function.
11. Antioxidant vitamin: Vitamins C and E.
12. Vitamin B9 dietary source: Leafy greens, legumes, and fortified
cereals.
13. Vitamin B12 dietary source: Animal products, fortified plant-
based milk, and cereals.

14. Inulin function: A fructan that serves as a prebiotic, promoting gut

health.
15. Reference sugar: Sucrose. (Glyceraldehyde)
16. Oncotic pressure: The pressure exerted by proteins in blood
plasma to maintain fluid balance.

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 Pernicious: autoimmune condition where b12 isn’t absorbed by body due to lack of intrinsic
factor
17. Fructose and function: A simple sugar that serves as a primary
source of energy for cells.
18. Polysaccharide: A complex carbohydrate composed of multiple
sugar units.
19. Cellulose: A polysaccharide that provides structural support in
plant cell walls.
20. Levorotatory: Describes a molecule that rotates plane-polarized
light to the left. Dextrototatoty rotate the plane polarise light to right

Medical Conditions
21. Vitamin B12 deficiency: Can cause megaloblastic anemia,
fatigue, and neurological symptoms.
Sugar cane , sugar beet , fruits
22. Sucrose present in: Table sugar, honey, and many foods.
23. Honey presence: Contains sucrose, glucose, and fructose.

Immunology
24. Secretion antibody: Immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE, IgD)
secreted by B cells to neutralize pathogens.
25. Vitamin deficiency and disease: Various vitamin deficiencies can
cause diseases, such as scurvy (vitamin C), rickets (vitamin D), and
beriberi (thiamine).

Cardiovascular Diseases
26. Examples: Atherosclerosis, hypertension, coronary artery disease,
heart failure.

Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate (polysaccharide) made up of repeating units of glucose

linked by ß-1,4-glycosidic bonds. It is the main structural component of plant cell walls,
providing strength and support. Humans can't digest cellulose because they lack the enzyme
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cellulase, which is required to break the ß-1,4-glycosidic bonds
27. Essential and non-essential fatty acids: Essential fatty acids (EFAs)
cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through
diet, while non-essential fatty acids can be synthesized.
Essential Fatty Acids:
Linoleic Acid (LA) – Omega-6 and Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) – Omega-3
Non-Essential Fatty Acids:
Vitamins Palmitic Acid, Stearic Acid, Oleic Acid – Omega-9 , Arachidic Acid
Myristic Acid

28. Vitamin causing microcytic and normochromic macrocytic

anemia: Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency can cause these types of
anemia.

Polysaccharides
29. What are polysaccharides: Complex carbohydrates composed
of multiple sugar units.
30. Classification of polysaccharides: Homopolysaccharides (e.g.,
starch) and heteropolysaccharides (e.g., glycoproteins).

Genetics
31. Point mutation and types: A point mutation is a single nucleotide
change in DNA, which can be classified into missense, nonsense,
and silent mutations.

Hemoglobin
32. Number of chains in globin: 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains.

Proteins
33. Compound protein: A protein composed of multiple polypeptide
chains, often with non-protein prosthetic groups.
"Proteins are the most abundant macromolecules in living cells, composed of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur, made up of one or more long chains of
amino acids linked by peptide bonds."
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 Lipoproteins
34. Function of lipoprotein: Transport lipids in the bloodstream.

Vitamin D
35. Concentration of vitamin D: Important for bone health and
immune function.

Alpha 1 Feto Protein

36. Function of alpha 1 feto protein: A tumor marker for certain
cancers, such as hepatocellular carcinoma.
Alpha-1-fetoprotein (AFP) is a glycoprotein primarily produced by the fetal liver, yolk
sac, it transport protein and regulate fetal growth and play role in immune function
Cardiovascular Diseases
37. Examples: Atherosclerosis, hypertension, coronary artery disease,
heart failure.

Mannitol is a type of sugar alcohol (polyol) used primarily as a diuretic

Mannitol and osmotic agent in medicine. It is derived from mannose
38. Function of mannitol: Causes forced diuresis, often used to
reduce intracranial pressure.
"Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon chains that can be either saturated
or unsaturated, and they serve as key building blocks of lipids in the body."
Fatty Acids
39. Oleic acid carbons and double bonds: An 18-carbon
monounsaturated fatty acid with one double bond.

Prostaglandins
40. Carbon atoms in prostaglandin: Typically 20-carbon fatty acids.
"Prostaglandins are bioactive lipids that act like hormones and regulate various bodily
functions such as inflammation, blood flow, and muscle contractions."Prostaglandins
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are a group of lipid compounds derived from arachidonic acid, a type of fatty acid.
They act as local hormones
Folic Acid
41. Folic acid in pregnancy which trimester: Important throughout
pregnancy, particularly during the first trimester

CA level
CA level refers to the Calcium level in the blood.
It’s varies slightly depends on age
In adults : 8.5 to 10.5 mg/dl

Inulin
Inulin is a type of fructan that serves as a prebiotic, promoting gut
health.

RBC
RBC stands for Red Blood Cell.

Oncotic pressure
Oncotic pressure is the pressure exerted by proteins in blood plasma
to maintain fluid balance.

Osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to prevent the flow of
solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane.

Plasma Proteins

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Glycogen is a branched polysaccharide made up of glucose units linked primarily by a
(1 4) glycosidic bonds and a (1 6) bonds at the branch points. It serves as the primary
storage form of glucose in animals and humans.
Plasma proteins are proteins present in blood plasma, including
albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen.

Factors affecting enzymes

Factors affecting enzymes include temperature, pH, substrate
concentration, and enzyme concentration.

Glycogen
Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate stored in the liver and muscles.

ETC
ETC stands for Electron Transport Chain, a series of protein complexes
in the mitochondrial inner membrane that generate ATP.

Antioxidant Vitamins
Antioxidant vitamins include Vitamins C and E, which protect cells
from oxidative damage.

Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs.
Deficiency of Vitamin B6

Vitamin Deficiency
Vitamin deficiency occurs when the body does not get enough of a
particular vitamin, leading to various health problems.

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Spina Bifida
1. Spina Bifida reversible or irreversible: Irreversible, but treatment
can manage symptoms and prevent complications.
*Due to deficiency Vit B9 (folic acid) during pregnancy
Vitamin D
2. Vitamin D dietary source: Fatty fish, fortified dairy products,
mushrooms, and sunlight exposure.

Spina Bifida
3. Spina bifida clincals: Symptoms include a visible opening on
the spine, muscle weakness, paralysis, and bowel/bladder
dysfunction.

Uric Acid
4. Uric acid accumulation cause: Can be caused by
overproduction of uric acid, kidney disease, or obstruction of
urine flow.

Neurotransmitters
5. Inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter: Inhibitory (e.g.,
GABA, glycine) reduce neuronal activity,
6. while excitatory (e.g., glutamate, aspartate) increase neuronal
activity.

Globulin
7. Concentration of globulin: Typically 2.0-3.5 grams per deciliter
(g/dL) in adults.

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Vitamin
8. Which vitamin form in flora: Vitamin K is produced by gut flora.

Protein and Biochemistry

1. Protein used as drugs: Insulin, growth hormone, and monoclonal
antibodies.
2. Inulin function: A fructan that serves as a prebiotic, promoting gut
health.

3. Vit B6 function: Involved in many enzymatic reactions, including

amino acid metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis.

4.Albumin function: Maintains blood volume, transports hormones,

vitamins, and drugs, and serves as a buffer for calcium and
potassium ions.

5. Bacterial flora: Refers to the community of microorganisms living in

the gut, which produce certain vitamins, such as vitamin K and
biotin.

Nutrition and Biochemistry

6. What is carbohydrates: A biomolecule composed of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen, serving as a primary source of energy for
cells.
7. What is Thiamine: Vitamin B1, essential for energy production and
nerve function.
8. What is beri beri: A disease caused by thiamine deficiency,
characterized by neurological and cardiovascular symptoms.

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Vitamins and Nutrition
9. Vitamin B6: Involved in many enzymatic reactions, including
amino acid metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis.
10. Folic acid: Essential for fetal development during pregnancy,
particularly in the first trimester.
11. Vitamin D: Important for bone health, immune function, and
mood regulation.
12. Lipids classification: Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and
waxes.
13. Protein used as drug: Insulin, growth hormone, and monoclonal
antibodies.
14. Folic acid given in which trimester: 1st trimester, specifically during
the 2nd month.

Medical Conditions and Biochemistry

15. Rickets reversible or irreversible: Reversible with vitamin D
treatment.
16. Vitamin D source: Sunlight exposure, fatty fish, fortified dairy
products, and supplements.
17. Vitamin B12 source: Animal products, fortified plant-based milk,
and cereals.
18. Calcium normal level: 8.5-10.5 mg/dL.
19. Tetany: A condition characterized by muscle cramps, spasms,
and weakness, often caused by low calcium levels.

Vitamins and Health

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20. Vitamins used in cancer, flu, and inflammation: Vitamins C, D,
and E, which have antioxidant and immune-modulating properties.

Biochemistry and Metabolism

21. Glutathione is tripeptide: Correct, composed of glutamic acid,
cysteine, and glycine.
22. NADPH is formed in HMP shunt: Correct, the hexose
monophosphate (HMP) shunt generates NADPH.
23. Ribose sugar is formed in HMP shunt: Correct, the HMP shunt
produces ribose-5-phosphate, which can be converted to ribose.
24. Glutathione function: Antioxidant, detoxification, and immune
system regulation.
25. Glutathione deficiency: Can lead to oxidative stress, immune
dysfunction, and increased risk of diseases.

Coenzymes and Vitamins

26. Coenzyme examples: NAD+, FAD, CoA, and tetrahydrofolate
(THF).
27. FAD is formed from: Riboflavin (vitamin B2).

28. Riboflavin deficiency cause: Can lead to ariboflavinosis,

characterized by cracks in the corners of the mouth, inflammation of
the tongue, and skin lesions.

Hematology and Biochemistry

29. Hb Synthesis: Involves the production of heme and globin chains.

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30. Hb Degradation: Occurs in the spleen, where old or damaged
red blood cells are broken down.

31. Folate Trap: Refers to the mechanism by which folate is trapped

in the body, making it unavailable for other uses.

Medical Conditions and Nutrition

32. Neural tube defects: Can be prevented by folic acid
supplementation during pregnancy.
33. Vitamins Hb def and types: Vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies
can cause megaloblastic anemia.
34. Bacterial flora produce which vitamin: Vitamin K and biotin.

Vitamins and Health

35. Vitamin D deficiency and normal conc: Deficiency <20 ng/mL,
normal 20-50 ng/mL.

36. Folate trap vitamin B12 deficiency: Can lead to megaloblastic

anemia and neurological symptoms.
37. Vitamin D deficiency in male or female: More common in
females, particularly during pregnancy and menopause.

Amino Acids and Biochemistry

38. Tryptophan Function: Involved in protein synthesis,
neurotransmitter production, and immune system regulation.

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39. Vit B6,9,12 D deficiency: Deficiencies in these vitamins can cause
various health problems, including anemia, neurological symptoms,
and impaired immune function.

Previous year Viva Questions of Biochemistry

1)Depression =L methyl folate
2)IG passing from Mother to placenta=IgG
3)Serotonin=tryptophan
4)Receptor transmit signal from extracellular into=Nucleus
5)Starch having branched chain=amylopectin
Pregnant women need which vitamin =folic acid
6)Normocytic ‘hypochromic’ megaloblastic Aniema=Vitamin C
7)globular protein =Aplha keratin
8)conjugated bilirubin =rotor syndrome
9)conjugated and uncongutaed bilirubin =hepatic jaundice
10)nitrogen fixation = mineral supported molybdenum

11)enzymes is different from catalyst=protenuois in nature

12)PH?? =Negative log of H
13) oxidoreduactaase reaction in mitochondria =cristae
14)richest source of vitamin A=halibut fish
15)archandioic acid=4 Double bond
16)thalassemia appear after 6 month of birth =single mutation in
beta globin chain
17)water in body =18g/dl

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18)mollion test=trysin
19) precursor of steriod harmone=Vitamin D
20)uronic acid doesn’t have =heprin

21)linoleic acid have double bond at =9 10 and 11 12 C

22)chaulmorgic =liproscopy
23)glycogen =1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bond
24)vitamin not in vegetarian =Vitamin E
25)modification and packing =golgi bodies
26) buffer=weak acid strong base
28)optical rotation =metarotation
29)buffer solution is=pka
30) water is neutral because =h and OH is equal

31)xanthomas =are yellow plaque due to acclimation of TAG and

Cholestrol
32)fragility of rbc and muscle weakness =Vitamin B12
33)repeated from above
34)ADP ribosylation = ADP-PARylation formation of. (Poly(ADP-
ribosyl)ation)

*Lipotropic factor example Phospholipid, methionine, inositol , folic

acid
Classification of lipid
Simple ,compund , derived ,misscleneos Lipid.

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Trypsion is Produced in small intestine

Cellulose Advantage (prevent constipation) and disadvantage

(decrease absorption of Fat Soluble

Vit B12 deficiency cause Megaloblastic anemia

Sulphur contaning amino acids are cystein systine methionine.

Activation of vit D?
Ans: Hydroxylation of 7-dehydrocholestrol in liver and kidney.

Normal constration of cholesterol 120_200

Provitamin of D is cholecaliciferol in animal and ergocalciferol in
plants.

Increased Cholesterol concentration causes Coronary Disease.

Types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.

Nucleus orgnelles are (nucleolus , chromosome , DNA , )
Function of prostaglandin ( Contractions of smooth muscle ,
vasodilator ,works like hormones and Control Blood Pressure)

Deficiency Of niacin cause Pellagra

Function of Trptophan; Used for the Formation of Niacin.
Example of cerebrosoids is sulphatide

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Carbohydrate is Polyhydroxy Alcohol with potentially active carbonyl
group of ketone or aldehyde.

Difference bw glucose and fructose?

Glucose is Aldo sugar fructose is keto sugar

Glucose is Dextrorotatory and fructose is levorotatory.

Entry of gulcose in Cell need insulin while no Need of Insulin in
fructose entry .

Glucose can not be given to diabetic patient while fructose can be

given

Fructose is More Sweater than Glucose.

Antioxidants Mineral are Copper , Zinc and Selenium.

Classes of Nutrition
Carbohydrates, protein, lipid and Mineral Vitamin.

Which enzyme is elevation in myocardial infarction and liver chirosis?

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

Function of plasma Proteins

Albumin Transfers biluribin , free fatty acid , iron.

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Importance of quaternary structure of Proteins?
It also allows for a protein to undergo complicated conformational
changes. This has several Mechanisms. First, an individual subunit can
change shape.

Function of Trptophan? Serotonin formation, nurotransmitter

formation and 60mg of Trptophan forms Niacin

Function of calcium?
Calcium is very essential in muscle contraction, oocyte activation,
building strong bones and teeth, blood Clotting, nerve impulse,
transmission, regulating heart beat and fluid balance within cells.

What is eicosanoid? Eicosanoids are signaling molecules made by

the enzymatic or non-enzymatic

Examples are prostaglandin , prostacyclin ,leukotriens ,

thromboxane.

Immunoglobulin in Secretion is IgA.

Some reasons
Oligosaccharides with more than 3 monosaccharide units are not
usually digested by human enzymes because:
1. *Limited enzyme specificity*

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 2. :Complex glycosidic bonds*:.
3. Limited access to enzymes*:
*Oxidation of Certain Substances and Formation of Free Radicals
1. *Polyunsaturated fatty acids*:
2. *Transition metals*:

Causes of Hemolysis of RBCs

Hemolysis of RBCs can be caused by:
1. *Oxidative stress*:
2. *Autoimmune disorders*:
3. *Inherited disorders*:
4. *Infections*: Certain infections, like malaria, can cause hemolysis.
5. *Mechanical trauma*:

1. Isoelectric pH
The pH at which a protein or molecule has no net charge, meaning
the number of positive charges equals the number of negative
charges.

2. Zwitter ion
A molecule that contains both positive and negative charges, but
has no net charge. Amino acids are classic examples of zwitterions.

3. Saponification Number
A measure of the amount of alkali required to hydrolyze a fat or oil
into its constituent fatty acids and glycerol.

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 4. Iodine Number (Iodine Value)
A measure of the amount of iodine absorbed by a fat or oil,
indicating its degree of unsaturation. Higher iodine numbers indicate
more unsaturated fatty acids.

Metabolic alkalosis causes

1. Vomiting
2. Diuretics
3. Excessive bicarbonate intake
4. Potassium depletion (Hypokalemia)
5. Aldosterone excess
6. Cushing's syndrome
7. Milk-alkali syndrome
8. Certain medications

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