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Edited by
Stephen D. Hoath

Fundamentals of Inkjet Printing

Edited by
Stephen D. Hoath

Fundamentals of Inkjet Printing

The Science of Inkjet and Droplets

Editor All books published by Wiley-VCH are
carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors,
Dr. Stephen D. Hoath editors, and publisher do not warrant the
University of Cambridge information contained in these books,
Department of Engineering including this book, to be free of errors.
Institute for Manufacturing Readers are advised to keep in mind that
17 Charles Babbage Road statements, data, illustrations, procedural
Cambridge CB3 0FS details or other items may inadvertently
United Kingdom be inaccurate.

Cover image: © by Stephen D. Hoath Library of Congress Card No.: applied for

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication

Data
A catalogue record for this book is
available from the British Library.

Bibliographic information published by

the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
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Nationalbibliografie; detailed
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Internet at <http://dnb.d-nb.de>.

© 2016 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.

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 V

Contents

List of Contributors XV
Preface XXI

1 Introductory Remarks 1
Ian M. Hutchings, Graham D. Martin, and Stephen D. Hoath
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Drop Formation: Continuous Inkjet and Drop-on-Demand 2
1.3 Surface Tension and Viscosity 6
1.4 Dimensionless Groups in Inkjet Printing 8
1.5 Length and Time Scales in Inkjet Printing 9
1.6 The Structure of This Book 11
1.7 Symbols Used 11
References 12

2 Fluid Mechanics for Inkjet Printing 13

Edward P. Furlani
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Fluid Mechanics 13
2.3 Dimensions and Units 14
2.4 Fluid Properties 15
2.4.1 Density 15
2.4.2 Viscosity 16
2.4.2.1 Newtonian Fluids 17
2.4.2.2 Non-Newtonian Fluids 17
2.4.3 Surface Tension 18
2.5 Force, Pressure, Velocity 19
2.6 Fluid Dynamics 20
2.6.1 Equations of Fluid Dynamics 20
2.6.1.1 Conservation of Mass 21
2.6.1.2 Conservation of Momentum 21
2.6.1.3 Conservation of Energy 22
2.6.2 Solving the Equations of Fluid Dynamics 24
2.7 Computational Fluid Dynamics 25
VI Contents

2.7.1 Preprocessor 26
2.7.2 Solver 28
2.7.3 Postprocessor 28
2.8 Inkjet Systems 29
2.8.1 Inkjet Modeling Challenges 31
2.8.1.1 Free-Surface Analysis 32
2.8.1.2 Fluid–Structure Interaction 35
2.8.1.3 Phase Change Analysis 35
2.8.1.4 Ink–Media Interaction 35
2.8.1.5 Non-Newtonian Fluids 35
2.8.2 Inkjet Processes 36
2.8.2.1 DOD Droplet Generation 36
2.8.2.2 CIJ Droplet Generation 43
2.8.2.3 Crosstalk 45
2.8.2.4 Aerodynamic Effects 47
2.8.2.5 Ink–Media Interactions 48
Summary 52
Acknowledgments 53
References 53

3 Inkjet Printheads 57
Naoki Morita, Amol A. Khalate, Arend M. van Buul, and Herman Wijshoff
3.1 Thermal versus Piezoelectric Inkjet Printing 57
3.2 Thermal Inkjet 58
3.2.1 Boiling Mechanism 58
3.2.1.1 Theoretical Model 58
3.2.1.2 Observation of Boiling Bubble Behavior 59
3.2.2 Printhead Structure 63
3.2.3 Jetting Characteristics of TIJs 64
3.2.3.1 Input Power Characteristics and Heat Control of TIJs 64
3.2.3.2 Frequency Response and Crosstalk Control 65
3.2.4 Problems Associated with Pressure and Heat Generated in TIJs 66
3.2.4.1 Cavitation Damage on the Heater Surface 66
3.2.4.2 Ink Residue Scorching (Kogation) on the Heater Surface 67
3.2.5 Evaporation of Water in Aqueous Ink 69
3.2.5.1 Approaches to Compensate for Condensed Ink through
Evaporation 69
3.2.5.2 Measurement of Physical Properties of Flying Droplets 70
3.3 Future Prospects for Inkjets 72
3.3.1 Printing Speed Limit Estimated by Drop Behavior 72
3.3.2 Control of Bleeding Caused by High-Speed Drying 72
3.4 Continuous Inkjet (CIJ) 74
3.5 Examples and Problems (TIJ) 76
3.5.1 Example 76
3.5.2 Problem 76
 Contents VII

3.6 Piezo Inkjet Printhead 78

3.6.1 Introduction 78
3.6.2 Working Principle 79
3.6.3 Ink Channel Behavior 82
3.6.3.1 Residual Oscillations 82
3.6.4 Control of Inkjet Printhead 84
3.6.4.1 Constrained Actuation Pulse Design 84
3.6.4.2 Complex Actuation Pulse Design: Feedforward Control
Approach 86
3.6.5 Industrial Applications 88
References 89

4 Drop Formation in Inkjet Printing 93

Theo Driessen and Roger Jeurissen
4.1 Introduction 93
4.1.1 Continuous Inkjet Printing 93
4.1.2 Drop-on-Demand Inkjet Printing 94
4.2 Drop Formation in Continuous Inkjet Printing 95
4.2.1 Rayleigh–Plateau Instability 96
4.2.2 Satellite Formation 99
4.2.3 Final Droplet Velocity 99
4.2.3.1 Capillary Deceleration 99
4.2.3.2 Acceleration due to Advection 101
4.3 Analysis of Droplet Formation in Drop-on-Demand Inkjet
Printing 102
4.3.1 The Scenario of the Analyzed Droplet Formation 102
4.3.1.1 Head Droplet Formation 103
4.3.1.2 Tail Formation 105
4.3.1.3 Pinch-Off and Tail Breakup 108
4.4 Worked Examples 111
4.4.1 Tail Formation for the Purely Inertial Case 111
4.4.2 Dispersion Relation of the Rayleigh–Plateau Instability 112
Acknowledgment 114
References 114

5 Polymers in Inkjet Printing 117

Joseph S.R. Wheeler and Stephen G. Yeates
5.1 Introduction 117
5.2 Polymer Definition 117
5.3 Source- and Architecture-Based Polymer Classification 118
5.4 Molecular Weight and Size 118
5.5 Polymer Solutions 122
5.6 Effect of Structure and Physical Form on Inkjet Formulation
Properties 124
5.7 Zimm Interpretation for Polymers in High Shear Environments 125
VIII Contents

5.8 Printability of Polymer-Containing Inkjet Fluids 126

5.9 Simulation of the Inkjet Printing of High-Molecular-Weight
Polymers 129
5.10 Molecular Weight Stability of Polymers during DOD Inkjet
Printing 130
5.11 Molecular Weight Stability of Polymers during CIJ Printing 132
5.12 Molecular Weight Stability of Associating Polymers During DOD
Inkjet Printing 134
5.13 Case Studies of Polymers in Inkjet Formulation 135
5.13.1 Role of Polymer Architecture 135
5.13.2 Inkjet Printing of PEDOT:PSS 136
5.13.3 Inkjet Printing of Polymer–Graphene and CNT Composites 136
References 137

6 Colloid Particles in Ink Formulations 141

Mohmed A. Mulla, Huai Nyin Yow, Huagui Zhang, Olivier J. Cayre, and
Simon Biggs
6.1 Introduction 141
6.1.1 Colloids 141
6.1.2 Inkjet (Complex) Fluids 141
6.2 Dyes versus Pigment Inks 142
6.3 Stability of Colloids 143
6.3.1 DLVO Theory 144
6.3.2 van der Waals Attractive Force 144
6.3.3 Electrostatic Repulsive Force 145
6.3.4 Stabilization of Colloidal Systems 146
6.4 Particle–Polymer Interactions 149
6.4.1 Steric Stabilization 149
6.4.2 Bridging Flocculation 150
6.4.3 Depletion Flocculation 151
6.5 Effect of Other Ink Components on Colloidal Interactions 152
6.5.1 Surfactants 152
6.5.2 Viscosity Modifiers 153
6.5.3 Humectants 153
6.5.4 Glycol Ethers 154
6.5.5 Storage – Buffers and Biocides 154
6.5.6 Other Additives 155
6.6 Characterization of Colloidal Dispersions 155
6.6.1 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) 155
6.6.2 Electrophoretic Mobility (Zeta Potential) 156
6.6.3 Rheology 157
6.6.4 Bulk Colloidal Dispersion 157
6.6.5 Jetting 159
6.7 Sedimentation/Settling 160
6.7.1 Sedimentation Characterization Techniques 162
 Contents IX

6.8 Conclusions/Outlook 165

References 166

7 Jetting Simulations 169

Neil F. Morrison, Claire McIlroy, and Oliver G. Harlen
7.1 Introduction 169
7.2 Key Considerations for Modelling 172
7.3 One-Dimensional Modelling 177
7.3.1 The Long-Wavelength Approximation 177
7.3.2 A Simple CIJ Model 178
7.3.3 Error Analysis for Simple Jetting 180
7.3.4 Validation of the Model by Rayleigh’s Theory 180
7.3.5 Exploring the Parameter Space 183
7.3.6 A Numerical Experiment 184
7.4 Axisymmetric Modelling 185
7.4.1 Continuous Inkjet 186
7.4.2 Drop-on-Demand 189
7.5 Three-Dimensional Simulation 194
References 196

8 Drops on Substrates 199

Sungjune Jung, Hyung Ju Hwang, and Seok Hyun Hong
8.1 Introduction 199
8.2 Experimental Observation of Newtonian Drop Impact on Wettable
Surface 201
8.2.1 Effect of Initial Speed on Drop Impact and Spreading 202
8.2.2 Effect of Surface Wettability on Drop Impact and Spreading 206
8.2.3 Effect of Fluid Properties on Drop Impact and Spreading 208
8.3 Dimensional Analysis: The Buckingham Pi Theorem 209
8.4 Drop Impact Dynamics: The Maximum Spreading Diameter 211
8.4.1 Viscous Dissipation Dominates Surface Tension 213
8.4.2 The Flattened-Pancake Model 214
8.4.3 The Kinetic Energy Transfers Completely into Surface Energy 215
8.4.3.1 Evaporation: A Scaling Exponent of the Radius 216
References 218

9 Coalescence and Line Formation 219

Wen-Kai Hsiao and Eleanor S. Betton
9.1 Implication of Drop Coalescence on Printed Image Formation 219
9.2 Implication of Drop Coalescence on Functional and 3D
Printing 220
9.3 Coalescence of Inkjet-Printed Drops 222
9.3.1 Coalescence of a Pair of Liquid Drops on Surface 222
9.3.2 Coalescence with Drop Impact 226
9.3.3 Coalescence of a Pair of Inkjet-Printed Drops 229
X Contents

9.3.3.1 Experimental Setup 230

9.3.3.2 Necking Stage Dynamics 230
9.3.3.3 Discussion 234
9.3.3.4 Summary 234
9.4 2D Features and Line Printing 235
9.4.1 Model of Drop–Bead Coalescence 236
9.4.2 Experiment and Observations 237
9.4.2.1 Effect of Drop Spacing 238
9.4.2.2 Effect of Drop Deposition Interval 242
9.4.3 Stability Regimes and Discussion 244
9.4.4 Summary 246
9.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks 247
9.6 Working Questions 248
References 249

10 Droplets Drying on Surfaces 251

Emma Talbot, Colin Bain, Raf De Dier, Wouter Sempels, and Jan Vermant
10.1 Overview 251
10.2 Evaporation of Single Solvents 252
10.3 Evaporation of Mixed Solvents 259
10.3.1 Marangoni Flows 260
10.3.1.1 Thermal Marangoni Flows 260
10.3.1.2 Solutal Marangoni Flows 262
10.4 Particle Transport in Drying Droplets 263
10.4.1 The “Coffee Ring Effect” 263
10.4.1.1 Disadvantages to the Ring-Shaped Pattern 265
10.4.1.2 Exploiting the Coffee Ring Effect 266
10.4.1.3 Avoiding the Coffee Ring Effect 267
10.4.2 Particle Migration 268
10.5 Drying of Complex Fluids 268
10.5.1 Contact Line Motion 269
10.5.2 Particle Character 269
10.5.3 Segregation of Solids 272
10.5.4 Local Environment 273
10.5.5 Substrate Patterning 273
10.5.6 Destabilization of Colloids during Drying 274
10.6 Problems 274
References 275

11 Simulation of Drops on Surfaces 281

Mark C T Wilson and Krzysztof J Kubiak
11.1 Introduction 281
11.2 Continuum-Based Modeling of Drop Dynamics 282
11.2.1 Finite Element Analysis 282
11.2.2 Finite Element Boundary Conditions for Free Surfaces 283
 Contents XI

11.2.3 The Moving Contact-Line Problem 284

11.2.3.1 The Contact Angle as a Boundary Condition 285
11.2.3.2 An Interface Formation Model 285
11.2.4 The Volume of Fluid Method 286
11.3 Challenging Contact Angle Phenomena 288
11.3.1 Apparent Contact Angles 288
11.3.2 Contact Angle Hysteresis 289
11.3.3 Dynamic Contact Angles 291
11.3.4 Dynamic Contact Angles in Numerical Simulations 292
11.3.5 Resting Time Effect 293
11.4 Diffuse-Interface Models 294
11.5 Lattice Boltzmann Simulations of Drop Dynamics 296
11.5.1 Background and Advantages of the Method 296
11.5.2 Multiphase Flow and Wetting 299
11.5.3 Capturing Contact Angle Hysteresis 301
11.5.4 Rough Surfaces 305
11.5.5 Chemically Inhomogeneous Surfaces 306
11.6 Conclusion and Outlook 307
Acknowledgment 309
References 309

12 Visualization and Measurement 313

Kye Si Kwon, Lisong Yang, Graham D. Martin, Rafael Castrejón-Garcia,
Alfonso A. Castrejón-Pita, and J. Rafael Castrejón-Pita
12.1 Introduction 313
12.2 Basic Imaging of Droplets and Jets 314
12.3 Strobe Illumination 317
12.4 Holographic Methods 320
12.5 Confocal Microscopy 325
12.6 Image Analysis 330
12.6.1 Binary Image Analysis Method 330
12.6.1.1 Edge Detection Method (Droplet Volume Calculation Using
LabVIEW) 331
12.6.1.2 Edge Detection Method (Threshold Detection Using
MATLAB) 335
References 336

13 Inkjet Fluid Characterization 339

Malcolm R. Mackley, Damien C. Vadillo, and Tri R. Tuladhar
13.1 Introduction 339
13.2 The Influence of Ink Properties on Printhead and Jetting 340
13.3 The Rheology of Inkjet Fluids 341
13.3.1 Base Viscosity 342
13.3.2 Viscoelasticity (LVE) 344
13.4 The Measurement of Linear Viscoelasticity for Inkjet Fluids 347
XII Contents

13.5 The Measurement of Extensional Behavior for Inkjet Fluids 351

13.6 Linking Inkjet Rheology to Printhead Performance 356
13.7 Conclusions 361
Acknowledgments 362
References 362

14 Surface Characterization 365

Ronan Daly
14.1 Introduction 365
14.1.1 Understanding Surface Characterization Requirements 366
14.2 Process Map to Define Characterization Needs 367
14.2.1 Prejetting Surface Quality 367
14.2.1.1 Example 1: Graphical Printing 367
14.2.1.2 Example 2: Printed Electronics 370
14.2.1.3 Summary 373
14.2.2 Drop Impact Behavior 373
14.2.2.1 Example 1: 3D Printing 374
14.2.2.2 Example 2: Reactive Inkjet Printing and High-Throughput
Screening 375
14.2.2.3 Summary 376
14.2.3 Delivery of Function 376
14.2.3.1 Example 1: Graphical Printing 377
14.2.3.2 Example 2: Advanced Functional Materials 378
14.2.4 The Final Functionalized Surface 379
14.2.5 Long-Term Behavior 380
14.2.5.1 Example 1: Paper 380
14.2.5.2 Example 2: Protein Printing 380
14.2.5.3 Example 3: Cured Ink Adhesion 381
14.3 Surface Characterization Techniques 381
14.3.1 Chemical Analysis of Surfaces 381
14.3.1.1 Surface Tension and Wettability Studies 381
14.3.1.2 Liquid Drops on Solid Surfaces 382
14.3.1.3 Example of Contact Angle Measurement 385
14.3.1.4 Liquid Drops on Liquid Surfaces 385
14.3.1.5 Role of Surface Chemistry on Imbibition 386
14.3.2 Mechanical Testing of Surfaces 387
14.3.2.1 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 388
14.3.2.2 Nanoindentation 388
14.3.3 Electrical Analysis of Surfaces 389
14.3.4 Optical Analysis 390
14.3.5 Biological Analysis 393
14.4 Conclusion 394
14.5 Questions to Consider 394
References 395
 Contents XIII

15 Applications in Inkjet Printing 397

Patrick J. Smith and Jonathan Stringer
15.1 Introduction 397
15.2 Graphics 398
15.3 Inkjet Printing for Three-Dimensional Applications 399
15.4 Inorganic Materials 404
15.4.1 Metallic Inks for Contacts and Interconnects 404
15.4.2 Ceramic Inks 405
15.4.3 Quantum Dots 406
15.5 Organic Materials 407
15.6 Biological Materials 410
15.6.1 Biomacromolecules for Analysis and Sensing 411
15.6.2 Tissue Engineering 412
References 414

16 Inkjet Technology: What Next? 419

Graham D. Martin and Mike Willis
16.1 Achievements So Far 419
16.2 The Inkjet Print-Head as a Delivery Device 420
16.3 Limitations of Inkjet Technology 421
16.3.1 Jetting Fluid Constraints 421
16.3.2 Control of Drop Volume 421
16.3.3 Variations in Drop Volume 422
16.3.4 Jet Directionality and Drop Placement Errors 423
16.3.5 Aerodynamic Effects 424
16.3.6 Impact and Surface Wetting Effects 424
16.4 Today’s Dominant Technologies and Limitations 424
16.4.1 Thermal Drop-on-Demand Inkjet 425
16.4.2 Piezoelectric Drop-on-Demand Inkjet 427
16.5 Other Current Technologies 428
16.5.1 Continuous Inkjet 428
16.5.2 Electrostatic Drop-on-Demand 429
16.5.3 Acoustic Drop Ejection 429
16.6 Emerging Technologies and Techniques 431
16.6.1 Stream 431
16.6.2 Print-Head Manufacturing Techniques 431
16.6.3 Flextensional 434
16.6.4 Tonejet 435
16.6.5 Ink Recirculation 435
16.6.6 Indirect Inkjet Printing 436
16.6.7 Wide Format Printing 438
16.6.8 Failure Detection 438
16.7 Future Trends for Print-Head Manufacturing 439
16.8 Future Requirements and Directions 440
16.8.1 Customization of Print-Heads for Nongraphics Applications 440
Other documents randomly have
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Forever is Not
So Long
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Forever is Not So Long

Author: F. Anton Reeds

Illustrator: Paul Orban

Release date: February 24, 2020 [eBook #61504]

Most recently updated: October 17, 2024

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Greg Weeks, Mary Meehan and the Online

Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOREVER IS NOT

SO LONG ***
FOREVER IS NOT SO LONG
 By F. Anton Reeds

Given that much-sought knowledge of

the future, how many would have courage
to enjoy what life was to be theirs?

[Transcriber's Note: This etext was produced from

Astounding Science-Fiction May 1942.
Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that
the U.S. copyright on this publication was renewed.]
September, 1931.
The lights of Europe still burned.
The black hulk of Ploving Manor was broken by the squares of
brilliant, friendly light from its many windows that gave the old
country seat almost a cheerful aspect. From the stone terrace to the
south of Professor Ploving's study long strings of bobbing, soft-
glowing lanterns stretched across the close-cropped lawn to the dark
outline of the orchard. Beyond the orchard was the pounding beat of
the Channel.
On a platform under the lights young men and young women
danced to the strange new throbbing music from the Americas. It
was a pulsing tom-tom beat, that music, that called for a measure of
gay abandon and a great deal of muscular dexterity. But not quite
the same sort of abandon that their mothers and father had known.
For those lovely women at the terrace tables and the gray-templed
men at their sides had been the fabulous, almost forgotten "lost
generation" of an almost forgotten "post-war" period. These
youngsters dancing under the English stars and pressing hands in
the orchard's shadow were the fortunate chosen ones who would
build at last the brave new world that had been their fathers' dream.
Stephen Darville stood in the shadows of a great clump of
rhododendrons at the terrace edge watching the swirl of color on the
lawn, his eyes searching the laughing crowd for a sight of Jean. His
eyes found her and followed her across the lawn. When she came
near he called her name.
She hurried to him and took his hands in a friendly tug.
"One dance together, Steve, before you go out to the workshop."
He shook his head.
"Just one," she pleaded.
He pressed her hands, watching the way the stiff sea breeze ruffled
the gay silk kerchief at her throat.
"There's no time. Your father's waiting for me now."
"Confound father, confound you and confound science."
She laughed, but there had been a note of real annoyance in her
voice.
Darville looked at the soft curve of her throat and the high-lighted
sheen of her close-cropped brown hair and beyond the moving
figures on the lawn. He suddenly wanted it all; the music and the
laughter and the gaiety and the feel of her in his arms. But he
wanted the other, too; the thing that awaited him out there in John
Ploving's workshop. The feel of metal cold in his hands, metal that
his own hands had helped to shape, and the crazy swaying of the
thin needles on the control board before him. The age-old call of the
twin, conflicting fires in the blood of youth—Duty and Romance.
She, too, was looking out toward the dancing couples. He took her
impulsively in his arms and for a moment she clung to him.
"You can come back to me later on this evening when you and
father are through," she whispered.
He wanted to crush her to him, wanted to whisper "If I do come
back, if there is a 'later on this evening' for me." But he only pressed
her fingers lightly.
"Save me a dance," he said, and hurried away down the narrow path
to Professor Ploving's shop.

The things that Professor Ploving and his young assistant did there
in the shop were known only to themselves; even those in the
immediate family had long ago learned to ask no questions and,
above all, never to "snoop." Ploving was no more immune than
others to longings for fame, but years of observing with his keen,
analytical mind the affairs of men both in and out of laboratories,
had taught him caution. A professor of the august University of
London, even a professor of independent wealth and impeccable
family, could hardly dare lay himself open to ridicule.
Had he been seeking to release atomic energy he could have spoken
glibly and weightily of corpuscular radiations and electrodes and
atom-smashing and even the news-reporters would have managed
to splash him upon the Sunday feature pages as a brainy and
adventurous fellow and a chap to know. But let him once point to his
much discussed mathematical equations on his theory of the time-
curve and suggest that he intended to utilize his theory in a most
practical way and the world, he knew, would shout "time machine"
and "crack-pot." For time machines, in 1931, were things to be left
to H. G. Wells and to the rising crop of talented and imaginative
English and American fantasy writers. It was no doings for a man of
action and, above all, for a man of science.
Steve Darville closed the workshop door behind him, muting the
tom-tom rhythms of the music from the terrace lawn.
The Ploving Tube stood with its small door, not unlike the door of a
Channel transport plane, swinging open. The professor was beside
it, wiping his glasses on a linen kerchief, trying to hide the
nervousness that made the knotty blue veins of his hands jerk
spasmodically. He had thrown open the small window at the south
wall and through it Steve caught a glimpse of the rooftops of the
newly-built Ploving Laboratories which lay just under the hill, almost
beside the Channel. The laboratories that were to mean so much—or
nothing.
Intricate calculations, founded upon his own theories of the "time-
curve," had been utilized by Professor Ploving in creation of the
Ploving Tube, a cylinder most undramatic in appearance. But the
heart of the tube was the tiny Ploving Button, a small incased
mechanism no more than an inch in thickness and a couple of inches
in diameter. If the tube were to be a success, it must depend upon
that one tiny button.
The button in the present tube was the result of nearly ten years of
intensive labor. If it failed, another five to ten years would be needed
to duplicate the experiment. According to his figures, Ploving felt the
button capable of sending the tube no more than ten years into the
future and return.
The professor's plan, based upon that single assumption, was
unique.
Already the first wing of the new Ploving Laboratories was complete.
There, in the building that would absorb nearly his entire fortune,
the carefully assembled corps of young experimenters would work
night and day to perfect the Ploving Button, although they could
only guess at its ultimate purpose. Within ten years, if things went
well, Ploving felt that a button should have been developed capable
of opening the entire time-curve to the adventurous exploration of
mankind.
"But I'm an old man," the professor had snorted in the confidence of
the little workshop. "I've no time to be dawdling about for a decade
waiting for something to happen."
The Ploving plan was as simple as it was astounding. He meant to
use that single button already created to go ten years into the
future, take the finished products of his laboratories—the Ploving
Button of ten years hence—return with them to his own time and
proudly present them to their creators, the technicians who were so
far only fumbling with the problem of their perfection.
The technicians would "save" themselves ten years of labor and the
new sweeping highway into the future and the past would be open
to mankind within the life of its discoverer.
Only cold, inexorable logic kept the old man from insisting that he
should be at the controls when the Ploving Tube met its first test.
But logic was a god to whom the professor could always bow
gracefully, if grudgingly, and logic certainly dictated the need for
youthful co-ordination and strength during those fateful moments
that could advance the scope of man's knowledge by a decade.
Ploving had conveyed his decision to his younger colleague only the
day before in his characteristic way.
"You're elected, young man, by a unanimous vote of two."

Steve Darville, gazing past Professor Ploving to the moonlit scene

beyond the window, wondered what changes ten years would have
wrought. There could be little alteration in the immediate vicinity of
the workshop, he knew, for the cautious professor had taken no
chances. His iron law had decreed that nothing be erected or
remodeled or torn away in the vicinity of the workshop; the
provision, as an added precaution, being incorporated as the first
item in his will.
The professor fumbled with his spectacles, managed at last to place
them upon his nose at an unaccustomed angle, and coughed
hesitatingly.
"Ready?" he asked.
"Ready," Darville told him, and turned to the tube.
It was a moment made for drama, but there was no time for drama.
He climbed into the narrow tube, strapped himself into the awkward
jump-seat and carefully checked the dial readings on the control
panel before him. He nodded without glancing out toward the
professor, jerked his hand in a quick salute and closed the tube's
door.
For a single moment he thought of the music and laughter out on
the lawn beyond, the laughter and music he was missing tonight as
he had been missing them for so many nights on end. But in the
moment that he eased the control stick toward him he knew that it
had been a small price for this moment. One hour more, less than
an hour, and there would be time again for music and laughter and
cool arms—or no longer need of them.
The thin needles vibrated to life, swayed crazily across the faces of
compact dials and as suddenly hesitated and stopped. To the man
within the tube it seemed impossible that anything could have
happened in those seconds. It was ludicrous; a moment more, he
knew, and he must step out to face the heartbreak in the eyes of the
kindly old man waiting just outside those thin metal walls.
To open that door required a kind of courage Darville had never
needed before and for seconds he hesitated, prolonging the
moment. What could he say to the broken man at the other side of
that door, what would there be to say? His white-knuckled fist
twisted the latch, threw the door open almost rudely.
The workshop was dark, save for soft moonlight that flooded across
a section of the floor from a gaping hole in the roof and farther wall.
Rubble lay in heaps over the shop; broken plaster and crumbled
bricks and twisted, jagged fingers of steel.
He had to pick his way among them as he sought the old familiar
path beyond that gaping splotch of moonlight.
The path, too, was strewn with rubble and beyond the path a black,
pitted hole yawned among the broken, uprooted trees that had been
the orchard—was it only a few minutes ago? Darville rubbed a hand
across his face, pulling roughly at his cheeks with thumb and fingers.
Instinctively he wheeled toward the booming reverberation of the
Channel, toward the costly Ploving Laboratories that were his goal.
He felt suddenly sick and tired and old.
They, too, were gone; a single tall chimney, like a blackened finger
against the moon-swept sky, was all that marked the site of the first
great sprawling wing that had been the crux of Ploving's dream.
Ploving, Jean, where were they?

Blindly, almost running, Darville stumbled up the path toward the

south lawn, then stood weak and trembling at the edge of the
twisted, fire-scorched orchard, gazing toward the bulk of Ploving
Manor across the lawn that had been, for him, only minutes ago
aglow with the soft light of swinging lanterns.
The manor was in ruins; a black, blind, toothless hag squatting in
sullen anger against the rolling meadow—windowless, fire-charred,
forlorn. As though his body moved to some other will than his own,
Darville walked slowly across that barren lawn toward the house.
He was almost within one of the gaping doorways, the doorway to
old Ploving's study, before his keen eyes caught the faint glimmer of
yellow light from a single crack at the foot of the cellar stairs. Light
meant human beings who could tell him the things he dreaded to
hear yet must know. Running down the steps he tried the door and,
finding it locked, beat upon it with his fists.
The crack of light suddenly expanded and through the partially
opened doorway Darville saw the ugly snout of an automatic trained
at his ribs. His eyes followed the uniformed arm upward to the
insignia on the shoulder and to the stiff, tired face of the young
officer who eyed him questioningly. The automatic waved him inside
and the door was shut quickly behind him.

Within the smoke-filled room several men, all in uniform, sat about a
table. Together they turned to stare at the newcomer. But it was the
face of the lanky major with the shrapnel scar jagged across a
cheek, that held Stephen Darville riveted. The major's lips were
opened, as if to speak, and his eyes dilated strangely.
Darville watched the man shake his head to clear away the sudden
paralysis; saw his eyes soften.
"Sorry," the major said, rising. "Terribly sorry. But fact is, you look
remarkably like a chap I soldiered with in Flanders. Died the last
night of Dunkirk. Blown to bits. Shame, too. A brilliant fellow.
Scientist of promise, I believe, before the war. You're a good ten
years or so younger of course, but the resemblance is uncanny."
The lanky major hesitated awkwardly.
"I say, you couldn't be—But no, I remember he was an only child."
The tension had broken. A stubby fellow in captain's uniform turned
to his superior officer.
"You don't mean Darville, do you? Steve Darville?"
The major nodded.
"Funny," the captain said. "I never met Darville, you know. But last
fortnight I bumped into his wife. Ploving her name was. Plucky. Air
warden in the Dover area. Caught hell there. Lost an arm eight
months ago, but do you know, she wouldn't quit. Not her. Back on
duty and one of the best they've got."
Steve Darville stumbled blindly to the door and up the steps. Out on
the path he did not turn to look back at the shell of the manor, black
and gaunt and desolate against the sky.
His hands shook as he reset the dial readings and pulled the control.
He saw the needles sway and dance. He was hardly aware of it
when they ceased swaying. Numbly he reached for the door latch.
Inside the workshop was the bright glow of bulbs. A stiff breeze
blew in at the open window. Instinctively, Darville glanced at his
wrist watch. He had been away, in that future that was not his
future, for less than three-quarters of an hour.
Professor Ploving's eyes met his, read the frustration there. The
older man said nothing, but put a hand out to the smooth surface of
the tube and buried his face in his arm.
Darville slipped quietly out of the workshop and up the familiar path,
moonlight-flooded between the orchard trees. At the orchard's edge
he halted; stood listening to the gay abandon of the music and the
voices, searching that blob of light and color for Jean. She was
standing at the edge of the lawn, a little apart from the others.
Stephen Darville went to her quickly, smothered her cry of pleased
surprise with a quick kiss and led her to the jerry-built dance floor.
Together they caught the tom-tom rhythm, moved into the circling
stream of the dancers.
"Steve," she said, her voice eager, "do you have to go back tonight?"
"Not tonight or ever," he said.
"Steve!"
"From now on, young one, I have time only for you."
"Steve," she cried. Her arm pressed him, her hand squeezed his.
"We'll be the happiest people in the world, Steve. The happiest,
gayest, most in love two people in the world. And we'll go on being
that, Steve—forever."
Two trumpets were taking a hot chorus, unmuted, their notes sharp
and high and quivering.
"Forever," he said.
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