1. Which of the following is NOT a measure of Central Tendency?

1. a) Mean
2. b) Median
3. c) Mode
4. d) Range

Answer: d) Range

2. Which measure of central tendency is most affected by extreme values?

11. a) Median
12. b) Mode
13. c) Mean
14. d) Quartile

Answer: c) Mean

3. Which measure of dispersion is the simplest to calculate?

21. a) Standard Deviation

22. b) Range
23. c) Quartile Deviation
24. d) Mean Deviation

Answer: b) Range

4. What does the coefficient of determination (r²) represent?

31. a) The strength of the correlation between two variables

32. b) The proportion of variance in one variable explained by another
33. c) The absolute difference between two variables
34. d) The slope of the regression line

Answer: b) The proportion of variance in one variable explained by another

5. When the correlation coefficient (r) is -1, it indicates:

1. a) No correlation
2. b) Perfect positive correlation
3. c) Perfect negative correlation
4. d) A weak positive correlation

Answer: c) Perfect negative correlation

6. Which of the following is NOT an assumption of Karl Pearson's Coefficient of Correlation?

11. a) The variables are related by a linear relationship.

12. b) The two variables are independent.
13. c) The two variables are affected by a large number of independent causes.
14. d) There is a cause-and-effect relationship between the forces affecting the distribution
of the items in the two series.

Answer: b) The two variables are independent.

7. What is the purpose of regression analysis?

21. a) To measure the central tendency of a single variable

22. b) To determine the degree of correlation between two variables
23. c) To predict the value of one variable based on the value of another
24. d) To measure the dispersion of a set of data

Answer: c) To predict the value of one variable based on the value of another

8. In a regression analysis, the variable whose value is to be predicted is called:

31. a) Independent variable

32. b) Dependent variable
33. c) Regressor
34. d) Explanatory variable

Answer: b) Dependent variable

9. The Lorenz Curve is used to graphically represent:

1. a) The distribution of wealth or income in a society

2. b) The relationship between two variables
3. c) The frequency distribution of a single variable
4. d) The trend of a time series

Answer: a) The distribution of wealth or income in a society

10. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good measure of dispersion?

11. a) It should be easy to understand and calculate.

12. b) It should be based on all the observations.
13. c) It should be highly influenced by extreme observations.
14. d) It should be capable of further algebraic/mathematical treatment.
Answer: c) It should be highly influenced by extreme observations.

1. Which of the following is NOT a typical section of a research report?

21. a) Introduction
22. b) Literature Review
23. c) Methodology
24. d) Executive Summary

Answer: d) Executive Summary (While common in business reports, it's not a standard
academic section)

2. The primary purpose of the literature review in a research report is to:

31. a) Summarize all existing research on the topic.

32. b) Demonstrate the researcher's knowledge.
33. c) Justify the need for the current research.
34. d) Present the researcher's own findings.

Answer: c) Justify the need for the current research.

3. Which section of the research report describes how the data was collected and analyzed?

1. a) Introduction
2. b) Literature Review
3. c) Methodology
4. d) Results

Answer: c) Methodology

4. What is the main purpose of the discussion section in a research report?

• a) To present raw data.

• b) To interpret the research findings.
• c) To state the research question.
• d) To provide a list of references.

Answer: b) To interpret the research findings.

5. Which of the following is NOT a key principle of effective report writing?

• a) Use complex vocabulary to impress the reader.

• b) Use clear and concise language.
• c) Organize the report logically.
 • d) Maintain a consistent style.

Answer: a) Use complex vocabulary to impress the reader.

6. Footnotes are primarily used in a research report to:

• a) Provide additional information.

• b) Cite sources.
• c) Emphasize key points.
• d) Add humor or anecdotes.

Answer: b) Cite sources.

7. What is the purpose of a bibliography in a research report?

• a) To list all sources consulted, regardless of whether they were cited.

• b) To provide a list of all sources cited in the report.
• c) To list all sources available on the research topic.
• d) To provide a personal commentary on the sources used.

Answer: b) To provide a list of all sources cited in the report.

8. Which of the following is NOT a step involved in drafting a research report?

• a) Organizing thoughts and ideas.

• b) Conducting primary research.
• c) Preparing a rough draft.
• d) Revising and editing the draft.

Answer: b) Conducting primary research (Primary research is typically conducted before the
drafting stage)

9. What is the primary purpose of documentation in a research report?

• a) To make the report look more professional.

• b) To avoid plagiarism.
• c) To impress the reader.
• d) To make the report longer.

Answer: b) To avoid plagiarism.

10. Which of the following is NOT a type of document that might be used in research?

• a) Personal letters
 • b) Company annual reports
• c) Fiction novels
• d) Government publications

Answer: c) Fiction novels (While literature can provide insights, fiction novels are generally not
considered primary sources for most research)

1. Which of the following is NOT a key stage in data processing?

a) Editing

b) Coding

c) Sampling

d) Classification

Answer: c) Sampling (Sampling is a method of selecting a subset of a population for study and is
part of data collection, not data processing itself.)

2. What is the primary goal of data editing?

a) To assign numerical values to data.

b) To organize data into categories.

c) To identify and correct errors in the collected data.

d) To summarize data in tables.

Answer: c) To identify and correct errors in the collected data.

3. Which of the following best describes "coding" in the context of data processing?

a) Assigning numerical or alphabetical labels to data.

b) Grouping data into categories based on shared characteristics.

c) Checking data for accuracy and completeness.

d) Presenting data in a tabular format.

Answer: a) Assigning numerical or alphabetical labels to data.

4. What is the main purpose of classifying data?

a) To assign numerical values to data.

b) To organize data into meaningful groups.

c) To identify errors in the collected data.

d) To present data in a graphical format.

Answer: b) To organize data into meaningful groups.

5. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a well-constructed table?

a) Clear and concise title

b) Use of excessive abbreviations

c) Clear and concise row and column headings

d) Source of data indicated

Answer: b) Use of excessive abbreviations

6. What is the primary purpose of data analysis?

a) To collect raw data.

b) To organize data into tables.

c) To summarize, interpret, and draw conclusions from data.

d) To design research questionnaires.

Answer: c) To summarize, interpret, and draw conclusions from data.

7. Which of the following is NOT a type of statistical analysis?

a) Descriptive analysis

b) Causal analysis

c) Inferential analysis

d) Qualitative analysis
Answer: d) Qualitative analysis (While qualitative data is analyzed, it is not considered a type of
statistical analysis)

8. What is the main goal of inferential analysis?

a) To describe the characteristics of a sample.

b) To draw conclusions about a population based on sample data.

c) To identify the relationship between two variables.

d) To organize data into categories.

Answer: b) To draw conclusions about a population based on sample data.

9. Which type of analysis focuses on studying the relationship between two or more
variables?

a) Descriptive analysis

b) Causal analysis

c) Correlative analysis

d) All of the above

Answer: c) Correlative analysis

10. What is the primary purpose of data interpretation?

a) To collect raw data.

b) To organize data into tables.

c) To draw meaningful conclusions from the analyzed data.

d) To design research questionnaires.

Answer: c) To draw meaningful conclusions from the analyzed data.

1. What is the key difference between data and information?

• a) Data is raw and unorganized, while information is processed and meaningful.

• b) Data is more valuable than information.
 • c) Data is always collected through experiments, while information is collected through
surveys.
• d) There is no significant difference between data and information.

Answer: a) Data is raw and unorganized, while information is processed and meaningful.

2. Which of the following is an example of primary data?

a) A research article published in a scientific journal.

b) Data collected from a survey conducted by the researcher.

c) Information found in a government report.

d) A textbook on a specific subject.

Answer: b) Data collected from a survey conducted by the researcher.

3. Which of the following is NOT a common source of primary data?

a) Experiments

b) Surveys

c) Interviews

d) Literature reviews

Answer: d) Literature reviews (Literature reviews are sources of secondary data)

4. What is the main advantage of using a mail survey?

a) High response rates

b) Low cost

c) Ability to collect detailed information

d) Direct interaction with respondents

Answer: b) Low cost

5. Which type of interview involves a group of people discussing a specific topic?

a) Depth interview
b) Focus group interview

c) Personal interview

d) Telephone interview

Answer: b) Focus group interview

6. What is the primary purpose of observation as a data collection method?

a) To collect data through questionnaires.

b) To study behavior and events directly.

c) To conduct experiments in a controlled environment.

d) To analyze existing data.

Answer: b) To study behavior and events directly.

7. In which type of observation does the researcher directly observe the phenomenon under
study?

a) Indirect observation

b) Direct observation

c) Subjective observation

d) Inferential observation

Answer: b) Direct observation

8. What is the main purpose of data analysis?

a) To collect raw data.

b) To organize data into tables.

c) To summarize, interpret, and draw conclusions from data.

d) To design research questionnaires.

Answer: c) To summarize, interpret, and draw conclusions from data.

9. Which type of statistical analysis focuses on studying the relationship between two or
more variables?

a) Descriptive analysis

b) Causal analysis

c) Correlative analysis

d) All of the above

Answer: c) Correlative analysis

10. What is the primary purpose of data interpretation?

a) To collect raw data.

b) To organize data into tables.

c) To draw meaningful conclusions from the analyzed data.

d) To design research questionnaires.

Answer: c) To draw meaningful conclusions from the analyzed data.

1. Which of the following best describes research design?

• a) The process of collecting data.

• b) The analysis of research findings.
• c) The overall plan and structure for conducting research.
• d) The presentation of research results.

Answer: c) The overall plan and structure for conducting research.

2. According to Russell Ackoff, research design is:

• a) A list of research questions.

• b) The process of making decisions before a situation arises.
• c) The analysis of research data.
• d) The presentation of research findings.

Answer: b) The process of making decisions before a situation arises.

3. Which of the following is NOT an essential characteristic of a good research design?

 • a) Reliability
• b) Flexibility
• c) Bias
• d) Validity

Answer: c) Bias (Bias is something to be minimized, not a desirable characteristic)

4. What does "reliability" mean in the context of research design?

• a) The ability to measure what it is intended to measure.

• b) The consistency and repeatability of results.
• c) The generalizability of the findings.
• d) The ethical considerations of the research.

Answer: b) The consistency and repeatability of results.

5. What does "validity" mean in the context of research design?

• a) The consistency and repeatability of results.

• b) The ability to measure what it is intended to measure.
• c) The generalizability of the findings.
• d) The ethical considerations of the research.

Answer: b) The ability to measure what it is intended to measure.

6. Which of the following is NOT a step involved in research design?

• a) Defining the research problem.

• b) Collecting data.
• c) Identifying data sources.
• d) Setting research objectives.

Answer: b) Collecting data (Data collection comes after the research design is finalized)

7. What is the purpose of evaluating a research design?

• a) To ensure that the research is ethical.

• b) To determine if the design is appropriate and will answer the research question.
• c) To collect data more efficiently.
• d) To present the research findings more effectively.

Answer: b) To determine if the design is appropriate and will answer the research question.

8. Which of the following is NOT a key consideration when evaluating a research design?
 • a) The relevance of the objectives.
• b) The clarity of the research question.
• c) The budget for the research project.
• d) The scientific validity of the data collection methods.

Answer: c) The budget for the research project (While important, it's not a direct factor in
evaluating the scientific merit of the design itself)

9. What is the relationship between reliability and validity in research?

• a) A reliable measure must also be valid.

• b) A valid measure must also be reliable.
• c) Reliability and validity are unrelated concepts.
• d) Reliability is more important than validity.

Answer: b) A valid measure must also be reliable.

10. Which of the following best describes the purpose of research design?

• a) To simply collect data.

• b) To ensure that the research is conducted efficiently and effectively.
• c) To write a clear and concise research report.
• d) To analyze research findings.

Answer: b) To ensure that the research is conducted efficiently and effectively.

1. What is the term used to describe the entire group of individuals or objects under study?

a) Sample

b) Population

c) Sampling frame

d) Sampling unit

Answer: b) Population

2. What is a sample?

a) The entire group of individuals or objects under study.

b) A subset of the population selected for the study.

c) The process of selecting a subset of the population.

d) The list of all elements in the population.

Answer: b) A subset of the population selected for the study.

3. Which of the following is NOT a key advantage of sampling?

a) Saves time

b) Reduces cost

c) Increases the risk of bias

d) Provides more detailed information

Answer: c) Increases the risk of bias (Sampling, when done correctly, can actually reduce bias
by selecting a representative subset)

4. In simple random sampling:

a) Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

b) The researcher selects units based on their judgment.

c) The population is divided into strata.

d) Every kth element is selected from the population.

Answer: a) Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

5. Which sampling method involves selecting every kth element from a list?

a) Simple random sampling

b) Systematic sampling

c) Stratified sampling

d) Convenience sampling

Answer: b) Systematic sampling

6. In stratified sampling:
a) The population is divided into homogeneous groups.

b) Units are selected based on their availability.

c) Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

d) The researcher selects units based on their judgment.

Answer: a) The population is divided into homogeneous groups.

7. Which of the following is a non-probability sampling method?

a) Simple random sampling

b) Stratified sampling

c) Convenience sampling

d) Systematic sampling

Answer: c) Convenience sampling

8. What is the purpose of a sampling frame?

a) To determine the sample size.

b) To select the sampling method.

c) To define the target population.

d) To list the elements from which the sample will be drawn.

Answer: d) To list the elements from which the sample will be drawn.

9. What is snowball sampling?

a) A method where the researcher selects units based on their judgment.

b) A method where the sample is selected based on convenience.

c) A method where the researcher selects units through referrals from other participants.

d) A method where the population is divided into strata.

Answer: c) A method where the researcher selects units through referrals from other
participants.

10. Which of the following is a crucial step in the sampling process?

a) Defining the target population.

b) Analyzing the data.

c) Writing the research report.

d) Conducting experiments.

Answer: a) Defining the target population.

1. How should a research problem ideally be formulated?

• a) As a declarative statement
• b) As a question
• c) As a hypothesis
• d) As a list of objectives

Answer: b) As a question

2. What is crucial for a researchable problem?

• a) It must be easy to answer.

• b) It must be impossible to answer definitively.
• c) It must be possible to answer through research.
• d) It must be based on personal opinions.

Answer: c) It must be possible to answer through research.

3. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good research problem?

• a) Attainability
• b) Open-endedness
• c) Ambiguity
• d) Unmistakability

Answer: c) Ambiguity

4. Which source of research problems relies on personal insights and observations?

 • a) Research problem from experts
• b) Research problem from folklore
• c) Research problem from insight
• d) Research problem from reading the literature

Answer: c) Research problem from insight

5. Research problems deduced from paradigms or theories primarily focus on:

• a) Validating common beliefs.

• b) Testing the implications of existing theories.
• c) Exploring personal interests.
• d) Addressing practical issues.

Answer: b) Testing the implications of existing theories.

6. Which of the following is NOT an internal factor affecting the selection of a research
problem?

• a) Researcher's interest
• b) Availability of resources
• c) Social relevance of the problem
• d) Researcher's competence

Answer: c) Social relevance of the problem (This is an external factor)

7. What is a crucial aspect of feasibility when considering a research problem?

• a) Ensuring the problem is easily solvable.

• b) Determining if the necessary data can be collected.
• c) Securing funding for the research.
• d) Finding a mentor to guide the research.

Answer: b) Determining if the necessary data can be collected.

8. What is a hypothesis?

• a) A proven fact.
• b) A statement of opinion.
• c) A testable proposition or prediction.
• d) A summary of research findings.

Answer: c) A testable proposition or prediction.

9. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

• a) Testability
• b) Simplicity
• c) Vagueness
• d) Consistency with existing knowledge

Answer: c) Vagueness

10. What is the primary role of a hypothesis in research?

• a) To guide the direction of the study.

• b) To ensure the study is ethical.
• c) To determine the sample size.
• d) To write the research report.

Answer: a) To guide the direction of the study.