Unit 5: Three Phase Transformers

Introduction:

Almost all the major power generation and distribution systems in the world
today are three-phase ac systems. Since three-phase systems play such an
important role in modern life, it is necessary to understand how transformers are
used in them.
Transformers for three-phase circuits can be constructed in two ways. One
approach is simply to take three single-phase transformers and connect them in a
three-phase bank. An alternative approach is to make a three-phase transformer
consisting of three sets of windings wrapped on a common core.
These two possible types of transformer construction are shown in the figures
below.
The construction of a single three-phase transformer is the preferred practice
today, since it is lighter, smaller, cheaper, and slightly more efficient. The older
construction approach was to use three separate transformers. That approach
had the advantage that each unit in the bank could be replaced individually in the
event of trouble, but that does not outweigh the advantages of a combined three

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phase unit for most applications. However, there are still a great many
installations consisting of three single-phase units in service.

Fig: A three-phase transformer bank composed of independent transformers.

Fig: A three-phase transformer wound on a single three-legged core.

Three-Phase Transformer Connections:

A three-phase transformer consists of three transformers, either separate or
combined on one core. The primaries and secondaries of any three-phase
transformer can be independently connected in either a Wye (Y) or a Delta (∆ ).
This gives a total of four possible connections for a three-phase transformer bank:
I. Wye(star)-Wye(star) (Y-Y)
2. Delta-Delta (∆-∆)
3. (star)Wye-Delta (Y -∆)

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4. Delta-Wye(star) (∆-Y)

The key to analyzing any three-phase transformer bank is to look at a single

transformer in the bank. Any single transformer in the bank behaves exactly like
the single-phase transformers already studied. The impedance, voltage regulation,
efficiency, and similar calculations for three-phase transformers are done on a
per-phase basis, using exactly the same techniques already developed for single-
phase transformers.
The advantages and disadvantages of each type of three-phase transformer
connection are explained below along with the relevant connection diagrams.

WYE-WYE CONNECTION:
The Y-Y connection details of three-phase transformers are shown in the figure
below.

Figure (a): Star-Star(Y-Y) connection representation

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 Figure (b): Star-Star(Y-Y) connection Phasor diagram

Figure (c): Star-Star(Y-Y) connection wiring diagram

In a Y-Y connection, the primary voltage on each phase of the transformer is given
by VØP = VLP / √3. The primary-phase voltage is related to the secondary-phase
voltage by the turns ratio of the transformer. The phase voltage on the secondary
is then related to the line voltage on the secondary by VLS = √3VØS . Therefore,
overall the voltage ratio ‘a’ of the transformer is then given by:

Advantage/Application: This is useful and economical for low power high voltage
transformers because the phase voltage is 1/√3 times the line voltage. Hence the
number of turns per phase and the strength of insulation required would be less.

Disadvantages:
1. If loads on the transformer circuit are unbalanced, then the voltages on the
phases of the transformer can become severely unbalanced.
2. Third-harmonic voltages can be large.

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When a three-phase set of voltages is applied to a Y - Y transformer, the voltages
in any phase will be 1200 apart from the voltages in any other phase. However,
the third-harmonic components of each of the three phases will be in phase with
each other, since there are three cycles in the third harmonic for each cycle of the
fundamental frequency. There will always be some third-harmonic components in
a transformer because of the nonlinearity of the core, and these components add
up.
The result is a very large third-harmonic component of voltage on top of the 50 or
6O-Hz fundamental voltage. This third-harmonic voltage can be larger than the
fundamental voltage itself.
Both the unbalance problem and the third-harmonic problem can be solved using
one of the two following techniques:
1.Solidly ground the neutrals of the transformers, especially the primary winding’s
neutral. This connection permits the additive third-harmonic components to
cause a current flow in the neutral instead of building up large voltages. The
neutral also provides a return path for any current imbalances in the load.
2. Add a third (tertiary) winding connected in ∆ to the transformer bank. If a third
∆ connected winding is added to the transformer, then the third-harmonic
components of voltage in the ∆ will add up, causing a circulating current flow
within the winding. This suppresses the third-harmonic components of voltage in
the same manner as grounding the transformer neutrals.
The ∆ connected tertiary windings need not even be brought out of the
transformer case, but they often are used to supply lights and auxiliary power
within the substation where it is located. The tertiary windings must be large
enough to handle the circulating currents, so they are usually made about one-
third the power rating of the two main windings.

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One or the other of these correction techniques must be used any time a Y-Y
transformer is installed. In practice, very few Y-Y transformers are used, since the
same jobs can be done by one of the other types of three-phase transformers.

DELTA-DELTA CONNECTION:
The ∆- ∆ connection details are shown in the figure below.

Figure (a): Delta-Delta (∆-∆) connection representation

Figure (b): Delta-Delta (∆-∆) connection Phasor diagram

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 Figure (c): Delta-Delta (∆-∆) connection wiring diagram

In a ∆- ∆ connection, VLP = VØP and VLS = VØS, so the relationship between primary
and secondary line voltages is given by:

Advantages/Application:
 Transformers with this configuration are economical for high power low
voltage application since the number of turns required for a given line
voltage are more (since line voltage is same as phase voltage)
 This transformer has no phase shift associated with it and no problems with
unbalanced loads or harmonics.
 For the secondary voltage to be perfect sinusoidal the magnetizing currents
must contain third harmonic components. The Delta configuration provides
a closed path for the circulation of third harmonic components of current.
Hence the flux remains sinusoidal thus resulting in better sinusoidal
voltages.

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  The phase current is lesser than the Line current (by 1/√3). Hence the
conductor cross sectional area can be smaller thus resulting in saving of
conductor material.

Disadvantages:

 Due to the nonavailability of the Neutral point this configuration is not

suitable for three phase four wire systems
WYE-DELTA CONNECTION:
The Y - ∆ connection details of three-phase transformers is shown in the figures
below. In this connection, the primary line voltage is related to the primary phase
voltage by VLP = √3VØP while the secondary line voltage is equal to the secondary
phase voltage VLS = VØS . The voltage ratio of each phase is:

VØP / VØS = a
so the overall relationship between the line voltage on the primary side of the
bank and the line voltage on the secondary side of the bank is:

VLP / VLS = √3VØP / VØS = √3 a

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Figure (a): Wye-Delta (Y-∆) connection representation

Figure (b): Wye -Delta (Y-∆) connection Phasor diagram

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 Figure (c): Wye -Delta (Y-∆) connection wiring diagram

Advantages/Application:
 This connection is advantageous/economical for high power high voltage
step down power transformers. Primary in star configuration can be used
for higher voltage since line voltage is √3 times the phase voltage and thus
the number of turns required per phase will be lesser for a higher line
voltage. The delta side with lower line voltage (line voltage being equal to
phase voltage) can be used as secondary.
 The neutral available in primary can be earthed to avoid distortion
 Hence transformers with this type of connection are used in the main
receiving end of a transmission line where a step down transformer is
required.
 The Y - ∆ connection has no problem with third-harmonic components in its
voltages, since they are consumed in a circulating current on the ∆ side.
 This connection is also more stable with respect to unbalanced loads, since
the ∆ partially redistributes any imbalance that occurs. i.e. Load side
(secondary) large unbalanced loads can be handled satisfactorily.
Disadvantages:
 This arrangement has one problem. Because of this type of connection,
the secondary voltage is shifted 300 relative to the primary voltage of the
transformer which can be further positive shift or negative shift. The fact
that a phase shift has occurred can cause problems in paralleling the
secondaries of two transformer banks together. The phase angles of
transformer secondaries must be equal if they are to be paralleled, which
means that attention must be paid to the direction of the 300 phase shift
occurring in each transformer bank to be paralleled together.

Star/Delta (Y/D) Connection (Alternate explanation for Phase grouping):

Star connection is formed on primary side by connecting together 1 suffixed
terminals with 2 suffixed terminals connected to appropriate lines. The delta is

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formed by connecting c1a2, a1b2 and b1c2 with the lines connected to these
junctions being labeled as a, b and c respectively as shown in Fig. (a). The phasor
diagram is drawn in Fig. (b). It is seen from the phasor diagram on the delta side
that the sum of voltages around delta is zero. This is a must as otherwise closed
delta would mean a short circuit. It is also observed from the phasor diagram that
phase a to neutral voltage (equivalent star basis) on the delta side lags by – 30° to
the phase-to-neutral voltage on the star side. This is also the phase relationship
between the respective line to- line voltages. This connection, therefore, is known
as – 30°-connection. Or YD1 representing 1O clock position. With this notation
secondary Delta lags the primary star by 300.

Fig: -300 connection Fig: +300

connection

The + 30°-connection follows from the phasor diagram of Fig. (a) above with the
corresponding connection diagram shown in Fig. (b).

Delta/Star (D/Y) Connection (Alternate explanation for Phase grouping):

This connection is simply the interchange of primary and secondary roles in the
star/delta connection. One just interchanges capital and small letter suffixing in

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the above figures .But what was the – 30°-connection will now be the + 30°-
connection and vice versa.
DELTA-WYE CONNECTION:
∆-Y connection details of three-phase transformers are shown in the figures
below. In a ∆-Y connection, the primary line voltage is equal to the primary-phase
voltage VLP = VØP , while the secondary voltages are related by VLS = √3VØS .
Therefore, the line-to-line voltage ratio of this transformer connection is given by
:

Figure (a): Delta - Wye (∆-Y) connection representation

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 Figure (b): Delta - Wye (∆-Y) connection Phasor diagram

Figure (c): Delta - Wye (∆-Y) connection wiring diagram

Advantages/Application:
 This connection is advantageous/economical for high power high voltage
step up power transformers. Primary in Delta configuration can be used for
lower voltage (line voltage being equal to phase voltage) And secondary in
Wye (star) configuration can be used for higher voltage since line voltage is
√3 times the phase voltage and thus the number of turns required per
phase will be lesser for a higher line voltage.
 Hence transformers with this type of connection are used at the starting
(Generating station) end of a transmission line where a step up transformer
is required.
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Disadvantages:
This connection has the same disadvantages and the same phase shift as the Y - ∆
transformer. The connection shown in the figure above makes the secondary
voltage differ the primary voltage by 30° as in Y -∆.

The Open ∆ (or V-V) Connection:

In some situations a full transformer bank may not be used to accomplish three
phase transformation. For example, suppose that a ∆ - ∆ transformer bank
consisting of three separate transformers has a damaged phase which has to be
removed for repair.

The resulting configuration is known as open ∆ (or V-V) Connection and is shown
in the figure below.

Figure: Third transformer (VBR) removed from the Three transformer Bank and
the corresponding Phasor diagram

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If the open Delta primary is now excited from a balanced three phase supply, then
the voltage across the gap where the third transformer used to be would exactly
be the same voltage that would be present if the third transformer were still
there .
Thus, the open-delta connection lets a transformer bank work as a three phase
transformer with only two transformers, allowing some reduced power flow to
continue even with a damaged phase removed.
Power Delivered in Open Delta configuration:
How much apparent power can the bank supply with one of its three
transformers removed? At first, it seems that it could supply two-thirds of its
rated apparent power, since two-thirds of the transformers are still present.
Things are not that simple. To understand what happens when a transformer is
removed, let us see the figures (a) and (b) below. Figure (a) shows ∆ - ∆
connection and figure (b) shows V-V connection.

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 Fig(a) : ∆ - ∆ connection Fig(a) : V- V
connection

We know that the power output from a three phase system is √3 VLIL Cos φ
where Cos φ is the power factor. Hence in figure (a) ∆ - ∆ capacity = √3 VLIL Cos
φ = √3 VL √3IPh Cos φ (since IL = √3IPh)

= 3VL IPh Cos φ

But in figure (b) V-V capacity = √3 VLIL Cos φ = √𝟑 VL IPh Cos φ (since IL = IPh)

Therefore V-V capacity / ∆ - ∆ capacity = √𝟑 VL IPh Cos φ / 𝟑 VL IPh Cos φ = 1/√𝟑

= 0.577=57.7%

Summary conclusion:

The total load carried by an open ∆ (V- V) connection is 57.7 % of the total
capacity of the ∆- ∆ and not 2/3rd (66.6 % ) of the total capacity of the ∆- ∆ as
might be expected. Thus for example, in a ∆- ∆ bank of three transformers each of
100kVA if one transformer is removed, then the total capacity of the resulting V-V
bank becomes 57.7 % of 300kVA i.e. 173.2kVA and not 200kVA.
In other words in V-V configuration the resultant capacity becomes 86.6% of the
rated capacity of the two transformers put together. i.e. 0.866 x 200kVA = 173.2
kVA .

The factor 0.866 is called utility factor

= (operating capacity of the transformers in V-V) / (Available capacity of the
transformers in V-V)

V – V Configuration is intentionally employed in the following applications:

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  When the three phase load is too small to warrant the installation of full
three phase transformer bank.
 When one of the three transformers in a ∆ - ∆ bank is disabled service is at
a reduced capacity is adequate , till the faulty transformer is repaired and
restored.
 When it is expected that in the future , the total load will increase
necessitating the closing of the open ∆.
Illustrative examples:
Example1: The following test results were obtained for a 20 kVA,2400/240 V
distribution transformer : O.C test(l.v side)240 V,1.066 A,126.6 WS.C test (h.v
side) 57.5V, 8.34 A, 284 W Calculate a) Equivalent circuit parameters when
referred to h.v side and draw it. b) Efficiency of the transformer at half full-load
with 0.8 power factor lagging. C) Regulation at full load 0.8 power factor lagging.

( JNTU May-15)

Solution : From O.C test , V0 = 240 V, I0 = 1.066 A, W0 = 126.6 W,

Measurements are on LV, side i.e. secondary hence results will give parameters
referred to secondary.
W0 126.6
∴ cosØ0 =   0.4948,  0  60.34o
V0 I 0 240  1.066
I C  I 0 cos  0  1.066  0.4948  0.5275A
i)
I m  I 0 sin  0  1.066  0.8689  0.9263A
V0 240
R0 '    454.97
I 0 0.5275

V0
X 0 '  259.095
Im
V1 2400
K   10
V2 240
R0  R0 'K 2  45.497k

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 X 0  X 0 ' xK 2  25.91k ……..Referred to h.v side

From S.C. test, Vsc = 57.5 V, Isc = 8.34 A, Wsc = 284 W

The meters are on h.v. side hence we get parameters referred to h.v. side.

Wsc 284
R1e    4.083k
2
I le 8.342
V
∴ Z 1e  sc  6.8944
I sc
X 1e  Z 12e  R12e  5.555

The equivalent circuits referred to h.v. side is shown in the figure below.

ii) From O.C test,

Pi = iron loss = 126.6 W
From S.C test Pcu = 284 W for Isc = 8.34 A
VA 20  103
I 1 ( FL )    8.34 A
V1 2400

As I1(FL) = Isc, Wsc = Pcu(FL) = 284 W

nVA cos 
∴ % HL   100 …..n = 0.5 on Half load
nVA cos   Pi  N 2 Pcu ( FL )

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 0.5  20  103  0.8
  100
0.5  20  103  0.8  126.6  [0.5 2  284]

= 97.589 %

iii) I1(FL) = 8.34 A, V1 = 2400 V, cos Ø = 0.8

I 1 ( FL)[R1e cos   X 1e sin ]

∴ %R   100
V1

8.34[4.083 0.8  5.55  0.6]

  100
2400

= 2.293 %

Example 2 : Two similar 200 kVA, single phase transformers gave the following
results in Sumpner’s test : Mains wattmeter W1 = 4 kW, Series wattmeter W2 = 6
kW at full load current. Find out individual transformer efficiencies at i) Full load
at unity p.f.and ii) Half load at 0.8 p.f. lead. (JNTUK April-12)

Solution : The given values are: Rating = 200 kVA, W1 = 4 kW, W2 = 6 kW

W1 = iron loss of both the transformers = 4 kW
W1 4
∴ Pi = Iron loss for each transformer =  = 2 kW
2 2
W2 = Full load copper loss for both the transformers = 6 kW

W2 6
∴ (Pcu)F.L. = Full load copper loss for each transformer =  = 3 kW
2 2

i) At full load,

VArating cos  2
%  100 with cos Ø2 = 1
VArating cos  2  Pi  ( pcu ) F .L

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 200  103  1
  100
200  103  1  2  103  3  103

= 97.56 %
1
ii) At half load, cos Ø2 = 0.8 and n = = 0.5
2

n  (VArating)  cos  2
∴ %  100
n  (VArating)  cos  2  Pi  n 2  ( Pcu ) F .L

(Pcu)H.L. = n2 ×(Pcu) F.L. where n = Fraction of full load

0.5  200  103  0.8

∴ %  100
0.5  200  103  0.8  2  103  (0.5) 2  3  103

= 96.67 %

Example 3: A 200 V, 60 Hz single phase transformer has hysteresis and eddy

current losses of 250 watts and 90 watts respectively. If the transformer is now
energised from 230 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate its core losses. Assume
Steinmentz’s constant equal to 1.6 . (JNTUK April-12)

Solution : Let Ph = Hysteresis loss and Pe = Eddy current loss

Then they are given by Ph = Kh f Bmx where x= Steinmentz’s constant =1.6
and Pe = Ke f2 Bm2
E = 4.44 f N BmA where Øm = BmA
E
∴ Bm α i.e. Ph = Kh f (E/f)1.6
f
and Pe = Kef2 (E/F)2
For E = 200 V, f = 60 Hz, Ph = 250 W and Pe = 90 W

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 1.6

250 = Kh ×60× 
200 
 i.e. Kh = 0.607
 60 
2

90 = Ke × 602  
200 
 i.e. Ke = 0.00225
 60 
Now E = 230 V, f = 50 Hz
1.6

Ph = 0.607 ×50× 
230 
∴  = 348.795 W
 50 
2

Pe = 0.00225 ×50 × 
2 230 
 = 119.025 W
 50 
∴ Core loss = Ph + Pe = 467.82 W at 230 V, 50 Hz

Example 4: In a test for determination of the losses of a 440V,50 Hz transformer,

the total iron losses were found to be 2500 W at normal voltage and frequency.
When the applied voltage and frequency were 220 V and 25 Hz, the iron losses
were found to be 850W. Calculate the eddy current loss at normal voltage and
frequency. (JNTU Feb-10 ,May-15)

Solution : We have the data: V1 = 440 V, f1= 50 Hz, V2 = 220 V, f2 = 25 Hz

V1 V
∴ = 8.8 and 2 = 8.8
f1 f2

Thus V/f is constant hence flux density Bm remains constant.

∴ Ph = A f and Pe = B f2

∴ Pi = Ph + Pe = A f + B f2

∴In test - 1: 2500 = A x 50 + B x 2500 ………(1)

And in test - 2 850 = A x 25 + B x 625 ……..(2)

Solving we get A = 18 and B = 0.64

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Thus eddy current loss a normal voltage and frequency is,

Pe = B f2 = 0.64 × (50)2 = 1600 W

Example 5:Two single phase transformer with equal turns have impendance of
(0.5 +j3) ohm and (0.6 +j10) ohm with respect to the secondary.If they operate in
parallel, determine how they will share a total load of 100 kW at p.f. 0.8 lagging ?

( JNTU April-04, Nov-04)

Solution : We have the data: Z1 = 0.5 + j3 Ω, Z2 = 0.6 +j10 Ω,

Total load = 100 kW

p.f. of load = 0.8 lag.
Cos Ø = 0.8, Ø = cos -1 0.8 = 36.860 lag
100
kVA of load = = 1245
0 .8
Hence Q = 125/-36.860 kVA
 Z2 
Load shared by transformer 1 = Q  
 Z1  Z 2 
 0.6  j10 
= [125 / -36.860]  
 (0.5  j 3)  (0.6  j10) 
(125 /_ - 36.860)(10.017 /_ 86.560 )
=
1.1  j13
1252.125 /_ 49.7 0
= = 95.97 /-35.460 kVA
13.046 /_ 85.160

p.f. = cos 35.460 = 0.8145 lag

 Z2 
Load shared by transformer 2 = Q  
 Z1  Z 2 

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  0.5  j 3 
= [125 /- 36.860]  
 (0.5  j 3)  (0.6  j10) 

(125 /_  36.860 )(3.041/_ 80.530 )

=
13.046  85.160

380.125 /_ 43.67 0
= 0
= 29.13 /- 41.490 kVA
13.046 /_ 85.16

Example 6: Two single phase transformer A and B of equal voltage ratio are
running in parrallel and supplying a load of 1000 A at 0.8 p.f. lag. The equivalent
impedance of the two transformers are (2+j3)and (2.5+j5) ohms respectively.
Calculate the current supplied by each transformer and the ratio of the kW output
of the two transformer.

Solution : For transformer A, ZA = 2+ j 3 Ω

For transformer B, ZB = 2.5+ j 5 Ω
Current supplied by transformer A,
I .Z B
IA =
ZA  ZB ……..(1)
Current supplied by transformer B,
I .Z A
IB =
ZA  ZB ....…..(2)
Taking ratio of equations (1) and (2) we have,
I A Z B 2.5  j 5 5.5901/_ 63.430
  
IB ZA 2  j3 3060555/_ 56.300
= 1.5504 /7.130
IA
∴ = 1.54+j 0.1924 IA = (1.54 + j 0.1924) IB
IB
Total current I = 1000 A and p.f. of total current = 0.8 lag

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∴ Cos Ø = 0.8, Ø = cos -1 0.8 = 36.860
∴ I = 1000 /- 36.860 A = (800-j 600) A
We have, I = IA + IB
∴ 800 - J 600 = [1.54 + j 0.1924] IB + IB
= [2.54 + j 0.1924] IB
800  j 600 1000/_  36.860
∴ IB = 
2.54  j 0.1924 2.5472/_  4.330
= 392.58 / - 41.190 A
∴ IB = 392.58 /- 41.190 A = 295.42 -j258.53 A
Now, IA = (1.54+ j 0.1924) IB
= [1.5519 <7.120][392.58<-41.190]
∴ IA = 609.24 /- 34.070 A = 504.66 - j 341.29 A
The ratio of kW outputs is nothing but the ratio of inphase components of the
two currents.
outputofTransformerA 504.66
 = 1.7
outputofTransformerB 295.42

Example 7: Two transformers A and B are connected in parallel to a load of (2+

j1.5) Ω Their impedance in secondary terms are ZA = (0.15+j0.5) Ω and ZB =
(0.1+j0.6) Ω.Their no load terminal voltages are EA = 207 /00 V, EB = 205 /00 volts.
Find the power output and power factor of each transformer.

Solution : We have the data : ZL = (2 + j1.5 )Ω , ZA = (0.15 + j0.5)Ω , ZB = (0.1 +

j0.6) Ω , EA = 207 /00 volts and EB = 205 /00 volts.
Using the formulae for IA and IB

E A Z B  Z L (E A  EB )
IA =
Z A Z B  Z L (Z A  Z B )
EB Z A  Z L (E A  EB )
And IB =
Z A Z B  Z L (Z A  Z B )

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 [207 /_ 0 0 ][ 0.1  j 0.6]  (2  j1.5)[207 /_ 0 0  205 /_ 0 0 ]
IA =
(0.15  j 0.5)(0.1  j 0.6)  (2  j1.5)[(0.15  j 0.5)  (0.1  j 0.6)]

Simplifying we get IA = (42.196 /-38.840) A =(32.866-j26.463) A

EB Z A  Z L (E A  EB )
and similarly we get IB =
Z A Z B  Z L (Z A  Z B )
[205 /_ 0 0 ][ 0.15  j 0.5]  (2  j1.5)[207 /_ 0 0  205 /_ 0 0 ]
=
(0.15  j 0.5)(0.1  j 0.6)  (2  j1.5)[(0.15  j 0.5)  (0.1  j 0.6)]
Solving, IB = (33.5534 /-42.890) A
= (24.5832 - j 22.8362) A
Now total current is given by,
IL = IA + IB
= (32.866 - j 26.463) + (24.5832 - j 22.8362)
= (57.4492 - j 49.2992) A
= 75.70 /-40.630 A
The load voltage, VL = IL ZL = (75.70 /- 40.630)(2+j 1.5)
= (75.70 /- 40.630) (2.5 /36.860)
= 189.25 /- 3.770 volts
The angle between VL and IA can be calculated as,
ØA = (-38.840) - (-3.770) = -35.070
∴ p.f. = cos ØA = cos (35.07)
= 0.8184 (lagging)
The angle between VL and IB can be Calculated as,
ØB = (-42.890) - (-3.770) = -39.120
p.f. = cos ØB = cos (39.12)
= 0.7758 (lagging

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Power output of transformer A = VL IA cos ØA
= 189.25×42.196×0.8184
= 6535.40 W = 6.5354 Kw

Power output of transformer B = VL IB cos ØB

= (189.25) (33.5534) (0.7758)
= 4926.31 W = 49263 kW

Illustrative Examples on three phase transformers:

Example 1: An ideal 3-Ø step down transformer connected in delta/star delivers

power to a balanced 3 - ∅ load of 120 Kva at 0.8 pf. The input line voltage is 11 Kv
and the turn’s ratio of transformer (Phase to Phase ) is 10. Determine the line
voltage, line currents, and phase voltages, phase currents on both primary and
secondary sides.
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Solution:
𝑁1 𝑉𝑝 ℎ 1
∴ K= = 10 = and Vph1 = 11 Kv
𝑁2 𝑉𝑝 ℎ 2

𝑉𝑝 ℎ 1 11 ×10 3
∴ Vph2 = = = 1100 V
10 10

∴ VL2 = √3 Vph2 = 1.9052 kV

Load VA = √3 VL2 IL2 and is given as 120kVA
120 ×10 3
i.e. IL2 =
√3 ×1.9052 ×10 3
∴ IL2 = 36.36 A
∴ Iph2 = IL2 = 36.36 A
𝐼𝑝 ℎ 2 36.36
K= = 10 i.e. Iph1 = = 3.636 A
𝐼𝑝 ℎ 1 10

∴ IL1 = √3 Iph1 = √3 × 3.636 = 6.298 A

Example 2: A bank of three single phase transformers has its h.v. terminals
connected to 3 wire, 3-phase, 11kV system. It’s l.v. terminals are connected to a 3
wire, 3-phase load rated at 1500 kVA , 2200 V. specify the voltage, current and
kVA ratings of each transformer for both h.v

and l.v windings for the following connections.

i) Y -Δ ii) Δ - Y iii) Y - Y

Solution:
The load is 1500 kVA hence the rating of each transformer is (1500/3) = 500 kVA
and is same for all configurations. Since input is 11kV and output is 2200V, in all
configurations the line voltages are also same on both primary side and secondary
side. . i.e. VL1=11kV and VL2 = 2,200 V. The voltage and current ratings are
specified on Phase basis only and hence lets us find out VPh and I Ph on both HV
side and LV side for the given four configurations.

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i) 11 kV Y and 2200 V Δ
11 103
Vph1 = = 6350.8529 V
3
Vph1 Iph1 = 500 × 103 i.e. Iph1 = 78.729 A
Vph2 = 2200 V
Vph2 Iph2 = 500 × 103 i.e. Iph2 = 227.2727 A
ii) 11 kV Δ and 2200 V Y
2200
Vph1 = 11 kV and Vph2 = 3 = 1270.1705 V
500  103
∴ Iph1 = 11 103 = 45.45 A
500  103
∴ Iph2 = 1270.1705 = 393.6479 A
iii) 11 kV Y and 2200 V Y
11 103 2200
Vph1 = 3 = 6350.8529 V, Vph2 = 3 = 1270.1705 V
500  103
∴ Iph1 = 6350.8529 = 78.729 A
1500 103
∴ Iph2 = 1270.1705 = 393.6479 A

Example 3 : A 3-Ø, 1200 kVA , 6.6/1.1kV transformer has Delta/Star connection.

The per phase resistance is 2 Ω and 0.03 Ω on primary and secondary respectively.
Calculate the efficiency on full load at 0.9 p.f. lagging, if iron losses are 20 kW.

Solution : VL1 = 6.6 kV, VL2 = 1.1 kV, Vph1 = VL1, Vph2 = VL2/√3

1200 103 1200 103

I1(FL) = 3VL1 = 3  6.6  103 = 104.9727 A (line value )

I 1 ( FL )
∴ I1 (Ph) = = 60.606 A
3

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 K = (VPh1/VPh2)= (6.6 x 103)/ (1.1 x 103/√3) =10.393

∴ R1e = R1 + R’2 = R1+K2R2 = 2 + (10.393)2(0.03) x = 5.24 Ω

∴ Pcu(FL) = 3× [I1(ph)]2 ×R1e = 3 × (60.606)2 × 5.24 = 57740.9313 W

VA cos 
∴ %ղFL = VA cos   P  P ( FL )  100
i cu

1200 103  0.9

= 1200 103  0.9  20  103  57740.9313  100 = 93.285%

Example 4: A 5000 kVA, 3 phase transformer 6.6 /33 kV, Δ/ Y has a no load loss of
15 kW and full load of 50 kW. The impedance drop at full load is 7%. Calculate the
primary voltage when a load of 3200 kW at 0.8 p.f. is delivered at 33 kV.

Solution: Secondary is star connected with VL2 = 33 kV.

VA 5000 103
∴ IL2 =  = 87.4773 A = Iph2
3VL 2 3  33  103

7 33  103
Impedance drop per phase = 7 % of VPh2 = × = 1333.6791 V
100 3

1333.6791 1333.6791
∴ Z2e =  = 15.2459 Ω/ph
I ph 2 87.4773

Pcu(FL) = Total loss - No load loss = 50 -15 = 35 kW

35  103
But, Pcu(FL) = 3 × I 22ph R2e i.e. R2e = = 1.524 Ω
3  (87.4773) 2

∴ X2e = Z 22e  R22e = 15.169 Ω/ph

When load is P2 = 3200 kW, cos Ø = 0.8, VL2 = 33 kV

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 P2 3200 103
IL2 =  = 69.98 A = I2ph
3VL 2 cos  3  33  103  0.8

I 2 ph [ R2e cos   X 2e sin ]

∴ %R= × 100
V2 ph

69.98[1.524  0.8  15.169  0.6]

= × 100 = 3.79 %
(33  103 / 3

Thus primary voltage must be increased by 3.79 % to maintain 33 kV at the

secondary.

∴ V1 = 6.6+3.79 % of 6.6 = 6.8501 kV

Example 5 : A 500 kVA, 3-phase, 50 Hz transformer has a voltage ratio (line

voltage) of 33/11 kV and is delta/star connected. The resistances per phase are :
high voltage 35 Ω, low voltage 0.876 Ω and the iron loss is 3050 W. Calculate the
value of efficiency at full load and one-half of full load with 0.8 lagging power
factor.

Solution : Since primary is Delta : VL1 = Vph1 = 33 kV

11
Since Secondary is Star: VL2 = 11 kV, Vph2 = = 6.35 kV
3

V ph1 33
∴ K=  = 5.1975
V ph 2 6.35

R1 = 35 Ω, R2 = 0.876 Ω

∴ R1e = R1 + R’2 = R1 + K 2 R2 = 58.6643 Ω (R’2 = R2 referred to

primary)

VA 500  103 I 1 ( FL )
I1(FL) =  = 8.7477 A Therefore : I1ph(FL)=
3VL1 3  33  10 3
3

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 I 1 ( FL )
∴ Pcu(FL) = 3× I 12ph (FL) × R1e and I1ph =
3

2
 8.7477 
= 3 ×   × 58.6643 = 4489.1245 W
 3 

VA cos 
∴ %ղFL = × 100
VA cos   Pi  Pcu ( FL )

500  103  0.8

= × 100
500  103  0.8  3050  4489.12

= 98.15 %
0.5  VAcos 
%ղHL = × 100
0.5  VA cos   Pi  [( 0.5) 2  Pcu ( FL )]

0.5  VAcos 
= × 100 = 97.956 %
0.5  VA cos   3050  [( 0.5) 2  4489.12]

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