SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING

CEE 3211 MECHANICS OF

MATERIALS

LECTURE 1
 LECTURER
Dr Charles Kahanji
Room 212 – Engineering Main Building
 COURSE Contents
Flexural members
Types of load. Classification of beams. Review of statics. Relation between the
intensity of loading, shearing force, and bending moment in a straight beam.
Pure bending of beams. Shearing stresses in Beams. Distribution of shear stresses in a
thin-walled section. Shear centre. Analysis of stresses and strains at a point. Elastic
strain energy of bending Beams of composite materials.

Torsion
Deformations and stresses in circular shafts. Solid non-circular members. Deflection
and stresses in closely coiled helical springs. Strain energy of elastic torsion.

Compound Stresses
Superposition of stresses and its limitations. Unsymmetrical bending. Combined
bending and direct stresses. Thin-walled pressure vessels. Combined bending and
torsion.
 COURSE Contents cont’d
Structural connections
Eccentrically bolted and welded connections.
Theories of failure
Maximum Principal stress theory (Rankine), Maximum shear stress (Tresca and
Haigh), Strain Energy Theory (Haigh), Shear Strain Energy Theory (Von Mises and
Hencky), and Maximum Principle Strain Theory (St. Venant).

Deflection of beams
Differential equations for deflection of elastic beams. Solution of beam deflection
problems by direct integration, Virtual work/unit load method, Moment-Area Method,
Conjugate-beam method. Simple statically indeterminate beams. Impact loads.
Deflection of trusses.
 COURSE Contents cont’d

Elastic buckling of columns

Stability of equilibrium. Analysis of buckling behaviour. Flexural Buckling of a pin-ended
strut. Generalised Euler formula and limitations. Strut with eccentric load. Secant formula.
Perry-Robertson formula. Strut with lateral load.

Plastic theory of bending

Assumptions in the plastic theory, Plastic hinge, Moment of resistance at a plastic hinge.
Collapse load and Load Factor. Regions of plasticity. Combined bending and direct stress.
Limit analysis of beams.
Component of assessment number Contribution overall
grading (%)
Continuous assessment 40
Assignments 5
Laboratory sessions 15
Field work sessions
Tests 20
Other components (specify)
Sub-total of continuous 40
assessment
Final examination 60
 Prescribed Books
1. Gere JM and Goodno BJ, 2009, Mechanics of Materials, 7th
Edition, Cengage Learning, ISBN 13:978-0-495-43807-6, ISBN
10: 0-495-43807-3
2. Hibbeler – Mechanics of Materials, 11th Edition
Recommended Books
1. Case J. and Chilver, A.H. Strength of materials and structures,
2nd edition, Edward Arnold, 1988.
2. Popov, E.P., Mechanics of materials, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall
International Editions, 1978
3. Ryder G.H., Strength of Materials 3rd Edition, Macmillan
(ELBS), 1983, London.
4. Todd J D., Structural Theory and Analysis 2nd Edition,
Macmillan, 1981
MECHANICS is the physical science that
deals with the conditions of rest or motion
of bodies acted on by forces or by thermal
disturbances

MECHANICS of MATERIALS is a branch of

mechanics that studies the internal effects
and strain in a solid body that is subjected
to an external loading
MECHANICS of MATERIALS is a topic that
is also known by several other names,
including:

• STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

• MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

• MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

 AREAS OF MECHANICS
Mechanics

Deformable-
Rigid-body Fluid
body

Statics (CEE Dynamics Mechanics of Fluid

2219) - Materials Mechanics
Equilibrium (Accelerated (CE 3311)
(CEE 3211)
body motion body)

The mechanics of deformable solids is more concerned with the internal forces and
associated changes in the geometry of the components involved.

A deformable body is a solid that changes size and/or shape as a result of loads that
are applied to it or as a result of temperature changes.
 Concept of Stress
• The main objective of the study of mechanics of materials is to provide the future
engineer with the means of analyzing and designing various load bearing
structures.

• Both the analysis and design of a given structure involve the determination of
stresses and deformations.

• The two most important concepts in Mechanics of Materials are the concepts of
stress and strain.

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 Concept of Stress

Three fundamental types of equations that are used in solving strength and
stiffness problems of deformable-body mechanics will be stressed repeatedly.
They are:

1. The equilibrium conditions must be satisfied.

2. The geometry of deformation must be described.

3. The material behaviour (i.e., the force-temperature-deformation relationships

of the materials) must be characterized.
 TYPES OF LOADS
External Loads. The external loads acting on a deformable body are known as
force and moments. They may be classified in four categories, or types. These types,
together with their appropriate dimensions, are:
• Concentrated loads, including point forces (F) and couples (F L) (If area is
small in comparison to total surface area of body)
• Line loads (F/L) – (if the load is applied along a narrow strip of area)
• Surface loads (F/L2) – (due to direct contact of one body with surface of another)
• Body forces (F/L3) – (exertion of force on a body by another without direct
physical contact)
 CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS
• Beams are usually straight horizontal members used primarily to
carry vertical loads.

• Beams are primarily designed to resist bending moment;

• They are classified according to the way they are supported as shown:
 CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS
• When the material used for a beam is a metal such as steel, the cross
section is most efficient when it is shaped as shown in Fig. below.
• Here the force developed in the top and bottom flanges of the beam
form the necessary couple used to resist the applied moment M,
whereas the web is effective in resisting the applied shear V. This
cross section is commonly referred to as a “wide flange,”
• If shorter lengths are needed, a cross section having tapered flanges is
sometimes selected.
• When the beam is required to have a very large span and the loads
applied are rather large, the cross section may take the form of a plate
girder.
 REVIEW OF STATIC EQUILIBRIUM; EQUILIBRIUM
OF DEFORMABLE BODIES
Consider deformable bodies at rest. In your previous study of CEE2219, you
learned the equations of equilibrium and you learned how to apply these
equations to particles and to rigid bodies through the use of free-body diagrams.

෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0, (Σ𝑀)0 = 0

That is, if a body is in equilibrium,

• the sum of the external forces acting on the body is zero, and
• the sum of the moments, about any arbitrary point O, of all the external
forces acting on the body is zero.

In order to apply equilibrium equations to a body, it is always wise to draw a

FBD
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0, (Σ𝑀𝑥)0 = 0

෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0, (Σ𝑀𝑦)0 = 0

෍ 𝐹𝑧 = 0, (Σ𝑀𝑧)0 = 0
 Review of Statics
• The structure is designed to
support a 30 kN load
• The structure consists of a
boom and rod joined by pins
(zero moment connections) at
the junctions and supports
BOOM • Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal force in
each structural member and the
reaction forces at the supports

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Structure Free-Body Diagram
• Structure is detached from supports and
the loads and reaction forces are indicated

• Conditions for static equilibrium:

 M C = 0 = Ax (0.6 m ) − (30 kN )(0.8 m )
Ax = 40 kN Eqn. (a)
 Fx = 0 =Ax + C x
C x = − Ax = −40 kN Eqn. (b)
 Fy = 0 = Ay + C y − 30 kN = 0
Ay + C y = 30 kN Eqn. (c)

• Ay and Cy can not be determined from

these equations
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Component Free-Body Diagram
• In addition to the complete structure, each
component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
• Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
 M B = 0 = − Ay (0.8 m )
Ay = 0
substitute into the structure equilibrium
equation i.e Eqn (c).
C y = 30 kN

• Results:
A = 40 kN → C x = 40 kN  C y = 30 kN 

Reaction forces are directed along boom

and rod

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Internal Forces (Method of Joints)
• The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,
the members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at member ends

• For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to

to an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions

• Joints must satisfy the conditions for static

equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force triangle:

 B =0
F
FAB FBC 30 kN
= =
4 5 3
FAB = 40 kN FBC = 50 kN

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 Stress Analysis
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN
load?
• From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)

• At any section through member BC, the

internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
or stress of
dBC = 20 mm P 50  103 N
 BC = = = 159 MPa
A 314  10-6 m 2

• From the material properties for steel, the

allowable stress is
 all = 165 MPa
• Conclusion: the strength of member BC is
adequate
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 Design
• Design of new structures requires selection of
appropriate materials and component dimensions
to meet performance requirements
• For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,
etc., the choice is made to construct the rod from
aluminum (all= 100 MPa). What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
P P 50  103 N
 all = A= = = 500  10 − 6 m 2
A  all 100  106 Pa
d2
A=
4

d=
4A
=
(
4 500  10 − 6 m 2 ) = 2.52 10−2 m = 25.2 mm
 

• An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is

adequate
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Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• The force intensity on that section is defined as

the normal stress.
F P
 = lim  ave =
A → 0 A A

• The normal stress at a particular point may not be

equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P =  ave A =  dF =   dA
A

• The detailed distribution of stress is statically

indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.
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 Factor of Safety
Structural members or machines Factor of safety considerations:
must be designed such that the • uncertainty in material properties
working stresses are less than • uncertainty of loadings
the ultimate strength of the
• uncertainty of analyses
material.
• number of loading cycles
• types of failure
FS = Factor of safety • maintenance requirements and
u ultimate stress deterioration effects
FS = = • importance of member to structures
 all allowable stress
integrity
Failure Load • risk to life and property
FS =
allowable Load • influence on machine function
FS  1

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 Stress & Strain: Axial Loading
• Suitability of a structure or machine may depend on the deformations in
the structure as well as the stresses induced under loading. Statics
analyses alone are not sufficient.

• Considering structures as deformable allows determination of member

forces and reactions which are statically indeterminate.

• Determination of the stress distribution within a member also requires

consideration of deformations in the member.

• Concerned with deformation of a structural member under axial loading.

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 Normal Strain

2P P P
P
 = = stress = = =
2A A A
A
  2 
= = normal strain
= = =
L 2L L
L 2 - 26
Stress-Strain Test

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Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials

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Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials

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Hooke’s Law: Modulus of Elasticity
• Below the yield stress
 = E
E = Youngs Modulus or
Modulus of Elasticity

All the 4 steel grades, possess the same

modulus of elasticity; in other words, their
“stiffness,” or ability to resist a deformation
within the linear range, is the same

Therefore, if a high-strength steel is

substituted for a lower-strength steel in a
given structure, and if all dimensions are kept
the same, the structure will have an increased
load-carrying capacity, but its stiffness will
remain unchanged
Strength is affected by alloying, heat treating, and manufacturing process
but stiffness (Modulus of Elasticity) is not. 2 - 30
Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior

• If the strain disappears when the

stress is removed, the material is
said to behave elastically.

• The largest stress for which this

occurs is called the elastic limit.

• When the strain does not return

to zero after the stress is
removed, the material is said to
behave plastically.

2 - 31
Deformations Under Axial Loading
• From Hooke’s Law:
 P
 = E = =
E AE
• From the definition of strain:

=
L
• Equating and solving for the deformation,
PL
 =
AE
• With variations in loading, cross-section or
material properties,
PL
 = i i
i Ai Ei

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 EXAMPLE 1

If the force P causes point A to be displaced

vertically by 2.2 mm, determine the normal
strain developed in each wire.
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EXAMPLE

2 - 34
EXAMPLE

2 - 35
 EXAMPLE 2

If the cross-section area of the wire is 50mm2,

𝐸 = 200GPa, calculate the load P that
causes point A to be displaced vertically by
2.2 mm 2 - 36
 Example 3

SOLUTION:
• Divide the rod into components at
the load application points.

• Apply a free-body analysis on each

E = 200GPA component to determine the
internal force
D = 1.07 m. d = 0.618 m.
• Evaluate the total of the component
Determine the deformation of deflections.
the steel rod shown under the
given loads.

2 - 37
Example 3

2 - 38
 SOLUTION: • Apply free-body analysis to each
component to determine internal forces,
• Divide the rod into three
components: P1 = 60  103 N
P2 = −15  103 N
P3 = 30  103 N

• Evaluate total deflection,

𝑃𝑖 𝐿𝑖 1 𝑃1 𝐿1 𝑃2 𝐿2 𝑃3 𝐿3
𝛿=෍ = + +
𝐴𝑖 𝐸𝑖 𝐸 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
𝑖
1 60 × 103 12 −15 × 103 12
= ቈ +
200 × 109 0.9 0.9
30 × 103 16
+ ቉
0.3
= 0.011mm.
L1 = L2 = 12 m. L3 = 16 m
A1 = A2 = 0.9 m 2 A3 = 0.3 m 2 𝛿 = 0.011 mm.

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 EXAMPLE 4
A composite rod has 3 segments shown in Fig Q1. The diameters for each
segment are given as; AB = 120mm, BC = 90mm and CD = 60mm. AB is made
of A-36 structural Steel (E = 200GPa), BC is made of Aluminium (E = 68.9GPa)
while CD is made of Brass-C83400 (E = 101GPa). The lengths of the
segments are as follows: AB = 30 cm, BC = 35 cm and CD = 45 cm. Determine
the following:
1. The reaction force at support A
2. The normal stress induced in each segment
3. The total elongation

2 - 40
 EXAMPLE 5
SOLUTION:
• Apply a free-body analysis to the bar
BDE to find the forces exerted by
links AB and DC.
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two
links AB and CD. • Evaluate the deformation of links AB
and DC or the displacements of B
Link AB is made of aluminum (E = 70 GPa) and D.
and has a cross-sectional area of 500
mm2. Link CD is made of steel (E = 200 • Work out the geometry to find the
GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of deflection at E given the deflections
(600 mm2). at B and D.

For the 30-kN force shown, determine the

deflection of
a) B,
b) D,
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c) E.
Example 5.0 Continued
SOLUTION: Displacement of B:
PL
Free body: Bar BDE B =
AE
(− 60  103 N )(0.3 m )
=
(500 10-6 m2 )(70 109 Pa )
= −514 10 − 6 m
𝛿𝐵 = 0.514 mm ↑
MB = 0 Displacement of D:
0 = −(30 kN  0.6 m ) + FCD  0.2 m
PL
D =
FCD = +90 kN tension AE
 MD = 0 (90  103 N )(0.4 m )
0 = −(30 kN  0.4 m ) − FAB  0.2 m
=
(600 10-6 m2 )(200 109 Pa )
FAB = −60 kN compression = 300  10 − 6 m

 D = 0.300 mm 
2 - 42
Example 5.0 Continued
Displacement of D:

BB BH
=
DD HD
0.514 mm (200 mm ) − x
=
0.300 mm x
x = 73.7 mm

EE  HE
=
DD HD
E
=
(400 + 73.7 )mm
0.300 mm 73.7 mm
 E = 1.928 mm

 E = 1.928 mm 

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