Application of1St Order and Degree 1 st

Differential Equations
Prepared By:
G.M Zahidul Islam
Lecturer
University Of Global Village (UGV),Barishal
 Newton’s Law of Cooling:
The rate at which the temperature of a body changes is proportional to
the difference between the temperature of the body and the temperature
of the medium. If T(t) denotes the temperature of a body at the time t
andT𝑚 denotes the temperature of the medium , then

dT
∝ T − Tm
dt

dT
⇒ = K T − Tm
dt

Where k is the negative constant

Question:
When cake is removed from an oven it’s temperature is measured at 300℉
There minutes later to temperature is 200℉. How long will it takes for the
cake to cool off to a temperature 100℉. Where the room temperature 70℉.

Solution:
We know that, if T(t) denotes the temperature of the cake at time t, and Tm
denotes the temp of the room. Then
dT
∝ T − Tm
dt
 dT
⇒ = K T − Tm
dt

dT
⇒ = K(T − 70)
dt

dT
⇒∫ = K∫ dt
T−70

⇒ ln T − 70 = Kt + c1
⇒ T − 70 + eK+c1
⇒ T − 70 = cekt … … … i
when t = 0 then T = 300
From (𝑖) we get 230 = c
∴ (T − 70) = 230ekt
⇒ T = 70 + 230ekt … … … (ii)
when t = 3, then T = 200. From (ii) we get

∴ 200 = 70 + 230eK3

⇒ 230e3K = 130
130
⇒ e3K=
230
130
⇒ 3K = ln
21
130
ln 230
∴K= = −0.19018
3
From The eqn (ii) we get,

T = 70 + 230 e−0.19018t
when T = 100, t = ?

⇒ 100 = 70 + 230e−0.19018t

3
⇒ e−0.19018t =
23

3
⇒ −0.19018t = ln
23

3
ln 23
⇒ t=− = 10.71 minutes
0.1908
Question:
At 9AM a thermometer reading 70°F is taken outdoors. where the air
temperature is 15°F. At 9.05AM the thermometer reading in 45°F. At 9.10 AM
the thermometer in taken back indoors where the temperature is fixed as 70°F.
Find the thermometer reading at 9.20AM?

Solution:
We know that if 𝑇(𝑡) denotes the temperature of the thermometer at
time 𝑡 and Tm is the temperature of medium.

dT
∝ (T − Tm )
dt
 dT
= k(T − Tm )
dt

dT
⇒ = Kdt
T−Tm

dT
⇒ ∫ T−T = k ∫ dt
m

⇒ ln T − Tm = kt + c1
⇒ T − Tm = ekt+𝑐1 = ekt . e𝑐1
⇒ T − Tm = cekt [ let, e𝑐1 =c]
⇒ T = Tm + c ⋅ ekt … … … (i)
First we consider, Tm = 15
∴ T = 15 + cekt … … … (ii)
when t = 0, Then T = 70

From (ii) we get , 70=15+ cek.0

⇒ c = 55

Putting the value of c in (ii). we get,

T = 15 + 55ekt … … … (iii)

At 9.05 am , i.e. t = 5, T = 45. Then we have,

⇒ 45 = 15 + 55ek.5

30
⇒ ek.5 =
55
 6
⇒ 5𝑘 = ln
11
6
ln
11
⇒𝑘= = −0.12123
5

Putting the value of K in (iii), we get,

∴ T = 15 + 55e−0.12123t … … … (iv)

At, 9:10, i.e. 𝑡 = 10, T = 15 + 55e−0.12123×10

⇒ 𝑇 =31.36

At 9:10 AM, the thermometer is brought indoors, where the temperature is 70°F.

Now, we consider, Tm = 70 and 𝑡 = 0

From (i) we get,
31.36 = 70 + cek×0
⇒ c = 31.36 − 70 = −38.64
Putting the value of c in (i), we get,
T = 70 − 38.64e−0.12123t … … … (v)
At, 9:20, i.e. 𝑡 = 20, then from (v) we get,

T = 70 − 38.64e−0.12123×10

⇒ 𝑇 = 58.50 °F
 Electric Circuit Problems
Electromotive force (for example, a battery or generator) produces a flow of current in a
closed circuit and that this current produces a so called voltage drop across each
resistor, inductor and capacitor. See the following table for symbols and unis.

Quantity and Unit

symbol
emf or voltage E Volt(V)
current Ampere
charge q Coulomb
resistance R Ohm (Ω)
inductance L Henry(H)
capacitance C farad
Recall the following three laws concerning the voltage drops across resistor, inductor and
capacitor:
Law I:
The voltage drop ER , across a resistor is given by ER = 𝑅𝑖, … … … . . … … 1
where R is a constant of proportionally called the resistance, and 𝑖 the current.
Law II:
𝑑𝑖
The voltage drop E𝐿 , across an inductor is given by EL = 𝐿( ) … … … (2)
𝑑𝑡
where L is a constant of proportionality called the inductance.
Law III:
The voltage drop E, across a capacitor is given Ec = q/C... …………... ...(3)
where C is a constant of proportionality called the capacitance and q is instantaneous
charge on the capacitor.
 Kirchhoff' Voltage Law
The sum of the voltage drops across resistor, inductors, and capacitors is equal to
the total electromotive force in a closed circuit.

Let us apply Kirchhoff's law to the circuit of figure. Let E denote the electromotive
force. Then, using the above mentioned laws 1, 2 and 3 for voltage drops,
we obtain,
𝑑𝑖 𝑞
𝐿 + 𝑅𝑖 + = 𝐸 … … … … … . . (i)
𝑑𝑡 𝐶
Containing two dependent variables i and q. But, we also have
𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑖 d2 q
𝑖= so that, ( ) = ... ... ...(ii)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 dt2
 d2 q 𝑑𝑖 𝑞
Using (5), (4) takes the form L( 2 )+𝑅 + = 𝐸 ... ... ...(iii)
dt 𝑑𝑡 𝐶
which is a second-order linear differential equation in the single dependent variable q.
So we can obtain q from (iii).
d2 q 𝑑𝑖 1 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝐸
Now, differentiating (4) w.r.t. 't', gives L( 2 ) +𝑅 + × =
dt 𝑑𝑡 𝐶 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

d2 q 𝑑𝑖 1 𝑑𝐸
or, L( 2 ) + 𝑅( ) + ( ) × 𝑖 = ... ...... ...(iv) [using (5) ]
dt 𝑑𝑡 𝐶 𝑑𝑡
which is a second order linear differential equation in the single dependent variable i.
So we can obtain i from (iv).
Particular cases:
Case I: If the circuit contains no capacitor (so that C = 0), then (4) reduces to
𝑑𝑖
𝐿 + 𝑅𝑖 = 𝐸
𝑑𝑡
Case II: If the circuit contains no inductor (so that L = 0), then (6) reduces to
𝑑𝑞 𝑞
𝑅 + =𝐸
𝑑𝑡 𝐶
Question:
1
A 12v battery is connected to a series circuit in which the inductance is H
2
and the resistance is 10Ω.(𝑖) Determine the current I(t) if the initial current is zero.
(𝑖𝑖) Determine the current after a long time.

Solution:
Given that
1
𝐿 = 𝐻 , 𝑅 = 10Ω and 𝐸 = 12𝑉
2

dI
We know that L + IR = E
dt

1 dI
⇒ + 10I = 12
2 dt
dI
⇒ + 20I = 24
dt
 dI
⇒ = 24 − 20I
dt
dI 6
⇒ = −20(I − )
dt 5
dI
⇒ = −20dt
I−6Τ5

5dI
⇒ ∫ = −20 ∫ dt
5I−6

⇒ ln 5I − 6 = −20t + c1
⇒ 5I − 6 = e−20t+c1 = e−20t . e𝑐1
⇒ 5I = 6 + ce−20t [ let, e𝑐1 =c]
6
⇒ I = + ce−20t
5
Initial condition, I = 0, when t = 0

6
0 = + c1 e−0.
5
6
⇒ c1 = −
5
6
∴ I t = 1 − e−20𝑡
5
After long time,
6
𝐼 = lim 1 − e−20𝑡
𝑛→∞ 5
6
= 1 − e−∞
5

6 6
= 1 − 0 = amp
5 5
 Exercise:
1) A circuit has in series an electromotive force given by 𝐸 = 100 sin 40𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡, a resistor of 10Ω and
an inductor of 0.5 H. If the initial current in 0, find the current at time 1>0.
2) When a switch is closed in circuit containing a battery E, a resistor R and inductance L, the
𝑑𝑖
current i builds up at a rate given by 𝐿 + 𝑅𝑖 = 𝐸. Find 𝑖 as a function of 𝑡.
𝑑𝑡

3) When a cake is removed from an oven, it’s temperature is measured at 400°F . Three minutes
later it’s temperature is 300°F. Where the room temperature is 80°F (a). Give a relation that gives
the temperature of the cake after t mins. (b). How long will it take for the cake to cool off to 90°F?
4) If a small metal bar, whose initial temperature is 20°C, is dropped into a container of boiling
water. How long will it take for the bar to reach 90°C, if it is known that temperature increases
2°C in 1second?