Electrical Engineering Department

EEEN 3421
Electronics I Laboratory Manual

Ver-I June 2016

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Laboratory Syllabus......................................................................................1
List of Experimens:
Experiment 1: Semiconductor diodes..........................................................4
Experiment 2: Diode applications (Part I)....................................................28
Experiment 3: Diode applications (Part II)...................................................45
Experiment 4: Diode applications (Part III).................................................59
Experiment 5: Bipolar junction transistors (BJT)........................................86
Experiment 6: BJT Biasing..........................................................................97
Experiment 7: Design of BJT Bias circuits..............................................112
Experiment 8: Transistor Analog Applications (BJT Amplifiers)............133
Experiment 9: Design of Common-Emitter Amplifiers..........................144
Experiment 10: JFET Characteristics and BIAS Circuits...........................153
Experiment 11: Digital BJT Applications...................................................179

Appendices:
Appendix A: General Laboratory Safety Rules ....................................184
Appendix B: Electrical Laboratory Guidelines....................................186
Appendix C: Electrical Emergency Response.......................................188
Appendix D: Lab Rules and Policies....................................................190
Appendix E: Lab Report Format.........................................................192

Note: Multisim is used as software tool instead of PSpice

 COURSE SYLLABUS

1. Department, Number , Course Title, and Design

Department Course Number Course Title Design

Electrical Required
EEEN 3421 Electronics I Lab 3(0, 3)
Engineering course

2. Catalog Description
The Electronics Lab exposes students to electronics devices and their applications. In
Electronics I Lab students learn how to characterize diodes and transistors (BJT, MOSFET)
by measuring their I-V characteristic curves and computing their model parameters.
Applications such as diode rectifiers, Zener regulators, transistor digital logic circuits and
amplifiers are investigated using experimental measurement and computer simulation.

3. Prerequisite

GEEN 2314: Circuits I, EEEN 2111: Circuits I Lab

4. Textbook(s) and/or other Required Material

Laboratory Manual: Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, R. L. Boylestad, L.

Nashelsky and F. J. Monssen, 11th Ed., Pearson Education Inc. 2013.

5. Course Coordinator

Dr. Samir El Nakla

6. Course Learning Outcomes

After successfully completing the course, students will be able to:

LO1. Use lab instruments to measure the characteristic I-V and investigate the properties
of different semiconductor diodes (rectifier, zener, LED).
LO2. Measure the Characteristic I-V of transistors (BJT, FET) and study biasing circuits.
LO3. Measure and investigate diode and transistor application circuits
LO4. Design, build and analyze diode and transistor application circuits
LO5. Use Software tools to simulate electronic circuits, analyze experimental data and
prepare Laboratory reports.

1 1
7. Topics Covered

Exp. Contact
List of Experiments Week
No. hours

0 Introductory Lab: Lab Equipment and MULTISIM 1 3

Semiconductor diodes: Diode Characteristic Curves: 2 3

1
Semiconductor diode, LED and Zener (Meas. + Sim.)
Diode applications (Part I): Diode Rectifiers and 3 3
2
regulated power supply (Meas. + Sim.)
Diode applications (Part II): Zener Diode Regulation 4 3
3
and Design (Meas. + Sim.)
Diode applications (Part III): Diode Clipping and 5 3
4
Clamping Circuits (Meas. + Sim.)
Bipolar junction transistors (BJT): BJT Characteristic 6 3
5
Curves (Meas. + Sim.)

Mid Term Exam 7

BJT Biasing: Fixed-Bias, Voltage Divider Bias, operating 8 3

6
point stability (Meas. + Sim.)
Design of BJT Bias circuits: Design of emitter-bias, and
7 voltage divider bias of BJT transistor network (Meas. + 9 3
Sim.)
Transistor Analog Applications (BJT Amplifiers): 10 3
8
Common-emitter transistor Amplifiers (Meas. + Sim.)
Design of Common-Emitter Amplifiers: Design of 11 3
9
common-emitter transistor amplifier (Meas. + Sim.)

10 JFET Characteristics and BIAS Circuits (Meas. + Sim.) 12 3

Digital BJT Applications: Construction of basic logic 13 3

11
gates (AND, OR, NOT)
Final Exam 14

8. Class/Laboratory Schedule: 3 labs hours per week.

2 2
9. Grading Policy

Schedule of Assessment Tasks

Assessment Assessment task Week due Weight
1 Attendance Weekly 5%

2 Pre-Lab Work Weekly 10%

3 Lab Reports Weekly 30%

3 Lab Work Weekly 20%

5 Midterm Exam 7 15%

6 Final Exam 14 20%

3 3
 Experiment - 1
Semiconductor diodes: Diode
Characteristic Curves: Semiconductor
diode, LED and Zener
(Meas. + Sim.)

4 4
EXPERIMENT

5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 10
11 11
12 12
13 13
14 14
15 15
16 16
17 17
18 18
19 19
20 20
21 21
22 22
23 23
24 24
25 25
26 26
27 27
 Experiment - 2
Diode applications (Part I): Diode
Rectifiers and regulated power supply
(Meas. + Sim.)

28 28
29 29
30 30
31 31
32 32
33 33
34 34
35 35
36 36
37 37
38 38
39 39
40 40
41 41
42 42
43 43
44 44
 Experiment - 3
Diode applications (Part II): Zener
Diode Regulation and Design (
Meas. + Sim.)

45 45
46 46
47 47
48 48
49 49
50 50
51 51
52 52
53 53
54 54
55 55
56 56
57 57
58 58
 Experiment - 4
Diode applications (Part III): Diode
Clipping and Clamping Circuits
(Meas. + Sim.)

59 59
60 60
61 61
62 62
63 63
64 64
65 65
66 66
67 67
68 68
69 69
70 70
71 71
72 72
73 73
74 74
75 75
76 76
77 77
78 78
79 79
80 80
81 81
82 82
83 83
84 84
85 85
 Experiment - 5
Bipolar junction transistors (BJT): BJT
Characteristic Curves
(Meas. + Sim.)

86 86
87 87
88 88
89 89
90 90
91 91
92 92
93 93
94 94
95 95
96 96
 Experiment - 6
BJT Biasing: Fixed-Bias, Voltage
Divider Bias, operating point stability
(Meas. + Sim.)

97 97
98 98
99 99
100 100
101 101
102 102
103 103
104 104
105 105
106 106
107 107
108 108
109 109
110 110
111 111
 Experiment # 7
Design of BJT Bias circuits: Design of
emitter-bias, and voltage divider bias of
BJT transistor network
(Meas. + Sim.)

112 112
113 113
114 114
115 115
116 116
117 117
118 118
119 119
120 120
121 121
122 122
123 123
124 124
125 125
126 126
127 127
128 128
129 129
130 130
131 131
132 132
 Experiment - 8
Transistor Analog Applications (BJT
Amplifiers): Common-emitter transistor
Amplifiers
(Meas. + Sim.)

133 133
134 134
135 135
136 136
137 137
138 138
139 139
140 140
141 141
142 142
143 143
 Experiment - 9
Design of Common-Emitter
Amplifiers: Design of common-emitter
transistor amplifier (Meas. + Sim.)

144 144
145 145
146 146
147 147
148 148
149 149
150 150
151 151
152 152
 Experiment - 10
JFET Characteristics and BIAS
Circuits
(Meas. + Sim.)

153 153
154 154
155 155
156 156
157 157
158 158
159 159
160 160
161 161
162 162
163 163
164 164
165 165
166 166
167 167
168 168
169 169
170 170
171 171
172 172
173 173
174 174
175 175
176 176
177 177
178 178
 Experiment # 11
Digital BJT Applications: Construction of
basic logic gates (AND, OR, NOT)

179 179
 Experiment 11 – Construction of Basic Gates using BJT

Objectives
At the end of the experiment, the students should:
 understand the construction of basic gates (NOT, NOR, NAND, OR, AND) using BJT
 be able to implement the gates in MULTISIM

Equipment and Components required

 Prototype Board
 DMM
 Resistors (1kΩ and 10 kΩ)
 BJT 2N3904
 5V DC Supply
 Oscilloscope
 Function Generator

Part 1 – Inverter (NOT Gate)

1. Figure 1 shows the implementation of an inverter using BJT. Calculate the output
voltage Vo for the values of Vi shown in Table 1.

Figure 1 – Inverter using BJT

Table 1 – Calculations and measurements for Inverter in Figure 1

Vi Vo (calc.) Vo (meas.)
V V V
0
5

Prepared by Khaqan Majeed, (PMU) 2015

180 180
 2. Implement the circuit shown in Figure 1 on prototype board and measure the output
voltage according to the input values shown in Table 1. Put the measured values in
Table 1. Compare the calculated values with the measurement results.
3. Apply Vi (square wave of 5 Vp-p and frequency 1 kHz). Make sure the DC offset is at
2.5V. Observe both the input and output waveforms on the oscilloscope. Show the
waveforms in your report.
4. Implement the above circuit in MULTISIM and perform transient analysis for 4 cycles
of both the input and output waveforms.

Part 2 – 2-input NOR Gate

1. Figure 2 shows the construction of 2-input NOR gate using BJTs. Calculate the output
voltage Vo for the values of VA and VB shown in Table 2.

Figure 2 – 2-input NOR gate using BJT

Table 2 - Calculations and measurements for NOR gate in Figure 2

VA VB Vo (calc.) Vo (meas.)
V V V V
0 0
0 5
5 0
5 5

2. Implement the circuit in Figure 2 on prototype board and measure the output voltage
Vo for the values of VA and VB shown in Table 2. Put the measured values in Table 2.
Compare the calculated values with the measurement results.
3. Verify the truth table by connecting the output to a LED.
4. Implement the circuit in MULTISIM and perform DC analysis for all the input
combinations.

Prepared by Khaqan Majeed, (PMU) 2015

181 181
Part 3 – 2-input NAND Gate
1. Figure 3 shows the 2-input NAND gate using BJTs. Calculate the output voltage Vo
for the values of VA and VB shown in Table 3.

Figure 3 - 2-input NAND gate using BJT

Table 3 - Calculations and measurements for NOR gate in Figure 3

VA VB Vo (calc.) Vo (meas.)
V V V V
0 0
0 5
5 0
5 5

2. Implement the circuit in Figure 3 on prototype board and measure the output voltage
Vo for the values of VA and VB shown in Table 3. Put the measured values in Table 3.
Compare the calculated values with the measurement results.
3. Verify the truth table by connecting the output to a LED.
4. Implement the circuit in MULTISIM and perform DC analysis for all the input
combinations.

Part 4 – Exercise (AND and OR gates)

1. Using the implementations in Parts 1 to 3, how can you modify/combine the circuits to
obtain AND and OR gates.
2. Draw the circuit diagram with complete wiring.
3. Implement both the circuits on prototype board and verify the truth tables by connecting
the output to the LED.

Prepared by Khaqan Majeed, (PMU) 2015

182 182
 4. Implement both the circuits in MULTISIM and perform DC analysis for all the
combinations of the input voltage.

Prepared by Khaqan Majeed, (PMU) 2015

183 183
 Appendix A

GENERAL
LABORATORY SAFETY
RULES

184 184
 GENERAL
LABORATORY SAFETY RULES
1. Do NOT litter, or smoke, or bring food and drinks in the lab.
2. Do NOT tamper with wires or network cables.
3. Do NOT use illegal software or install any software without permission.
4. Do NOT play computer games or use mobile phones during lab sessions.
5. COMPLETE experiments within the stipulated lab time.
6. Wear appropriate clothes and shoes in the lab.
7. Students shall always work in a team.
8. Be familiar with the electrical hazards associated with the workspace.
9. Be familiar with emergency procedures; know the location of, and how to use, the
nearest emergency equipment (fire extinguisher, first-aid box, emergency telephone).
10. Upon hearing a fire alarm, all persons must leave the building. Leave quickly, making
sure doors are closed. Don't use the elevator during a fire.
11. You may enter the laboratory only when authorized to do so and only during authorized
hours of operation.
12. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner and be as careful for the safety of others as
for yourself.
13. Keep work area free from obstructions and put personal belongings in a proper place.
14. Be alert to unsafe conditions and report any accident, unusual occurrence, or injury
immediately.
15. Observe cleanliness and proper laboratory housekeeping of the equipment and other
related accessories.
16. Wear proper clothes and safety gloves or goggles required in working areas that
involves fabrications of printed circuit boards, chemicals process control system,
antenna communication equipment, and laser facility.

THINK SAFETY, ACT SAFELY!

SAFETY IS EVERYONE’S RESPONSIBILITY

Lab Development Committee, EE Department, PMU [Contact: [email protected], x849-8894]

185 185
 Appendix B

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY GUIDELINES

186 186
 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY GUIDELINES
Equipment Handling Rules

1. Improper use of equipment can result in instantaneous damage; check with your Lab
Instructor if you are in doubt.
2. Equipment or tools should not be removed or transferred to any location without
permission from the laboratory staff.
3. Report any damages to equipment, hazards, and potential hazards to the laboratory
instructor. Do not return damaged or faulty equipment to the shelves.
4. Ensure all equipment is properly working before using them for laboratory exercises.
5. Check polarity markings and connections of instruments and components carefully
before connecting or turning on power.
6. Do not exceed the voltage and current ratings of instruments or other circuit elements.

Rules to follow while performing Experiments

1. Make sure your hands are dry while working in the lab.
2. Perform only defined experiments, and be sure you understand the procedures involved
before you begin.
3. When wiring a circuit, always connect to the source of power as the last step. When
disassembling a circuit, disconnect from the power source as the first step.
4. Complete the circuit connections as specified in the manual and you may then request
the supervisor’s assistance before switching on the power supply.
5. In case of a problem, recheck your circuit wiring. If you suspect a bad part, turn off the
power supply, and replace the part.
6. Keep a safe distance from the circuit breakers, electric circuits or any moving parts
during the experiment.
7. Avoid any part of your body from coming in contact with the energized circuit and
ground.
8. At the end of each lab session return all components, cables, and instruments that are
not normally located at your bench to their proper locations.
9. Switch off the equipment and disconnect the power supplies from the circuit before
leaving the laboratory.

Soldering Rules

1. Students are not permitted to use soldering or de-soldering equipment without consent of
the instructor.
2. Students are expected to wear safety glasses when soldering or de-soldering.
3. Soldering stations must be cleaned and soldering equipment returned to the proper
storage locations.

Lab Development Committee, EE Department, PMU [Contact: [email protected], x849-8894]

187 187
 Appendix C

ELECTRICAL EMERGENCY
RESPONSE

188 188
 ELECTRICAL
EMERGENCY RESPONSE

The following instructions provide guidelines for handling two types of electrical
emergencies:

Electric Shock Electrical Fire

When someone suffers serious electrical If an electrical fire occurs, try to disconnect
shock, he or she may be knocked the electrical power source, if possible. If the
unconscious. If the victim is still in contact fire is small and you are not in immediate
with the electrical current, immediately turn danger; and you have been properly trained
off the electrical power source. If you cannot in fighting fires, use the correct type of fire
disconnect the power source, depress the extinguisher to extinguish the fire. When in
Emergency Power Off switch. doubt, push in the Emergency Power Off
button.

IMPORTANT: DANGER:
Do not touch a victim that is still in NEVER use water to
contact with a live power source; you extinguish an electrical fire
could be electrocuted

Have someone call for emergency medical assistance immediately. Administer

first-aid, as appropriate.

Emergency Contact Numbers

Security (24 hours) 05
Security (landline) (013)-849-8566
Help Desk (013)-849-8888
Clinic (8 AM to 4 PM) (013)-849-9708

Lab Development Committee, EE Department, PMU [Contact: [email protected], x849-8894]

189 189
 Appendix D

LAB RULES AND POLICIES

190 190
Lab Rules and Policies

 You must attend and complete all experiments. Be on time.

 Read the lab manual carefully to understand the objectives of the experiment and the
procedure to perform the experiment beforehand.
 Complete any required pre-lab exercises before you come to the lab.

o Pre-lab work must be done individually.

o Prepare a pre-lab report, in a format of similar to lab report and bring hard copy in
lab as well.

 If you come prepared to the lab, it will also take you less time to complete an experiment.
 Always bring a hard copy of the lab manual with you.

 If you are absent for an experiment without an official excuse, you will not get any grade
for that experiment.
 There is no makeup for any experiment you miss unless you have an official excuse.

 After you complete an experiment, you must disconnect the circuit and put components,
measuring instruments, etc. back in their original places. Not doing so may result in grade
penalties.
 Lab report must be prepared according to the required format.
 Lab report must be submitted no later than one week after the experiment.
 Experiments are performed in a group of not more than 2 students.
 Each student will take turns in writing lab reports.
 Any groups involved in copying lab report and/or lab results will receive zero grade.
Those sharing their results or report with other groups will also receive zero grade.

191 191
 Appendix E

REPORT FORMAT

192 192
Report Format:

The lab reports are intended to serve two equally important objectives. They demonstrate not
only your technical comprehension of the topics addressed in the experiment, but also your
ability to present and discuss your results in a clear and concise manner. Your report will be
graded on these two aspects.

The required format for your lab report is given below.

1. Cover page: include a cover page (see next section)

2. Objectives: State clearly the objectives of the experiment. Do not copy the objectives
word-for-word from the lab manual.

3. Equipment and components: List all the equipment and components used in the
experiment.

4. Introduction: Provide the necessary background to the lab including the overall lab
objectives, design specifications and approach.

5. Theoretical Results/Simulations: For each subsection of the lab, you should obtain
the expected results theoretically or through simulations. This will guide you as you
perform the experiment and help you to avoid mistakes. During the experiment, you
can compare your theoretical/calculated values with the measured values. If these
values are very different then you might have done something wrong, not followed the
procedure correctly or there may be a problem with the hardware/circuit.

6. Procedure: For each subsection of the lab, explain the following:

(a) Step-by-step description of what you did. Include as many details as possible
(in your own words; do not copy from the lab manual).

(b) All necessary calculations as well as design/circuit diagrams. Please make sure
your figures are clear and well labeled.

7. Results and Analysis: For each subsection of the lab:

(a) State the principal results and discuss them. Compare all measured results with
what was theoretically expected/estimated from pre-lab exercise and explain
any differences.

(b) Tabulate your data and produce necessary plots. Analyze the data and/or plots
and make comments. Answer all questions given in the lab manual.

(c) Conclude each subsection by commenting on whether the objectives of that

section were met or not.

193 193
 8. Conclusions: Restate the main objectives and to what degree they were achieved.
What principles, laws and/or theory were validated by the experiment? Also discuss
things that went wrong (if any) and how they can be improved upon. Describe some
applications of your results.

Cover Page: Your lab report must have a cover page with the following information:

 Name of department and university

 Course name and title

 Experiment number and title

 Names and IDs of group members

 Lab section number, day and time

 Date of submission

 Instructor name

See next page for a sample cover page.

194 194
 Department of Electrical Engineering

Prince Mohammad University

EEEN---- -------------------Lab

LABORATORY REPORT

Experiment #1: -------------------

Written by: ---------------------------

Lab Partner: -------------------------

Date Experiment Performed: ------------- Date Report Submitted: --------------

Lab Section: ----------------------------

Instructor: --------------------------------

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