Experiment 3

CHARACTERISTICS OF BJT IN COMMON EMITTER CONFIGURATION

AIM:
To study the input and output characteristics of BJT in common Emitter configuration

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

LT SPICE software

THEORY:

The characteristics of a BJT in Common Emitter (CE) configuration can be analyzed through its
current-voltage and input-output characteristics. Here are the key aspects:

1. Input Characteristics:
Input Impedance: The input impedance is relatively low, typically in the range of kΩ, making it suitable
for amplifying signals without significantly loading the source.
Base Current (Ib): The input current is primarily the base current. The relationship between the
base-emitter voltage (Vbe) and the base current can be plotted, showing how small changes in Vbe
significantly affect Ib.

2. Output Characteristics:
Output Impedance: The output impedance is moderate to high, which helps in voltage amplification.
Collector Current (Ic): The collector current is dependent on the base current and can be represented as Ic
= β * Ib, where β is the current gain (hFE) of the BJT.
Output Voltage (Vc): The voltage across the collector-emitter junction (Vce) can be varied to analyze the
behaviors of the transistor in different operating regions (cut-off, active, and saturation).

Procedure:
●​ Open LTspice:
●​ Create a New Schematic:
●​ Place Components:
●​ Connect the components as per the CE configuration
●​ Set Values for Components
●​ Set Simulation Command and run the simulation
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Circuit Diagram
​

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RESULT:

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 Experiment 4a
HALF WAVE AND RECTIFICATION
AIM:
To study and perform Half Wave Rectifier.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
VLAB online simulator

THEORY:
Rectification

Figure 1

A rectifier is a device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process
known as rectification. Rectifiers are essentially of two types – a half wave rectifier and a full
wave rectifier.

Half Wave Rectification

Figure 2: Half wave Rectifier

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On the positive cycle the diode is forward biased and on the negative cycle the diode is reverse
biased. By using a diode, we have converted an AC source into a pulsating DC source. In
summary we have ‘rectified’ the AC signal.

Figure 3: Half wave Rectifier circuit diagram

The simplest kind of rectifier circuit is the half-wave rectifier. The half-wave rectifier is a circuit
that allows only part of an input signal to pass. The circuit is simply the combination of a single
diode in series with a resistor, where the resistor is acting as a load.

Half Wave Rectifiers – Waveforms

Figure 4: Input of Half wave Rectifier

Figure 5: Output of Half wave Rectifier

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PROCEDURE:

1.​ Set the resistor RL.

2.​ Click on 'ON' button to start the experiment.
3.​ Click on 'Sine Wave' button to generate input waveform
4.​ Click on 'Oscilloscope' button to get the rectified output.
5.​ Vary the Amplitude, Frequency, volt/div using the controllers.
6.​ Click on "Dual" button to observe both the waveforms.
7.​ Channel 1 shows the input sine waveform, Channel 2 shows the output rectified
waveform.
8.​ Calculate the Ripple Factor.

Theoretical Ripple Factor= 1.21.

INPUT WAVEFORM:

OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

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TABULATION:

INPUT/OUTPUT AMPLITUDE (V) TIME (ms)

INPUT
OUTPUT

RESULT:

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 `​ ​
​ Experiment 4b
FULL WAVE RECTIFICATION

AIM:
To study and perform Full Wave Rectifier.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
VLAB online simulator

THEORY:
Rectification

Figure 1: Full Wave Rectifier

A rectifier is a device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process
known as rectification. Rectifiers are essentially of two types – a half wave rectifier and a full
wave rectifier.

Full Wave Rectifier

A full-wave rectifier is exactly the same as the half-wave, but allows unidirectional current
through the load during the entire sinusoidal cycle (as opposed to only half the cycle in the
half-wave). A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant
polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Let us see our half wave rectifier example and deduce
the circuit.

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 Figure 2: Full Wave Rectifier

Full Wave Rectifier - Circuit

So, we have seen that this rectifier circuit consists of two sources which have a phase difference
along with two diodes. When V1 is positive, V2 is negative. Hence the top diode(D1) will be
short and the bottom diode(D2) will be open. On the other hand, when V1 is negative, V2 is
positive. Hence the bottom diode(D2) will be on and the top diode(D1) will be an open circuit.

Figure 3: Full Wave Rectifier circuit diagram

Full Wave Rectifier – Waveforms

Figure 4: Full Wave Rectifier input waveform

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 Figure 5: Full Wave Rectifier output waveform

The resulting waveform of the schematic is shown above. This configuration is rarely used
because sometimes it may be impractical to obtain two voltage sources and it is difficult to
SYNC the sources. Let us see how a single source can be used.

Bridge Rectifier

Bridge rectifier uses 4 rectifying diodes connected in a "bridged" configuration to produce the
desired output but does not require a special centre tapped transformer, thereby reducing its size
and cost. The single secondary winding is connected to one side of the diode bridge network and
the load to the other side as shown below.

Figure 6: Full wave bridge rectifier circuit diagram

PROCEDURE:

1.​ Set the resistor RL.

2.​ Click on 'ON' button to start the experiment.
3.​ Click on 'Sine Wave' button to generate input waveform
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 4.​ Click on 'Oscilloscope' button to get the rectified output.
5.​
6.​ Vary the Amplitude, Frequency, volt/div using the controllers.
7.​ Click on "Dual" button to observe both the waveform.
8.​ Channel 1 shows the input sine waveform, Channel 2 shows the output rectified
waveform.
9.​ Calculate the Ripple Factor. Theoretical Ripple Factor= 0.483.

INPUT WAVEFORM:

OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

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TABULATION:

INPUT/OUTPUT AMPLITUDE (V) TIME (ms)

INPUT
OUTPUT

RESULT:

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