Scribd
Upload
3 views

Module06-TheStadiaTheoryandStadiaIntervalFactor

The document discusses the Stadia Theory and Stadia Interval Factor, which are methods for obtaining horizontal distances and elevation differences using instruments like transits and theodolites. It outlines the principles of similar triangles, the use of stadia rods, and provides calculations for determining distances and elevations based on observed readings. The document also includes practical examples and formulas for calculating various measurements in surveying.

Uploaded by

tiglaonash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views

Module06-TheStadiaTheoryandStadiaIntervalFactor

The document discusses the Stadia Theory and Stadia Interval Factor, which are methods for obtaining horizontal distances and elevation differences using instruments like transits and theodolites. It outlines the principles of similar triangles, the use of stadia rods, and provides calculations for determining distances and elevations based on observed readings. The document also includes practical examples and formulas for calculating various measurements in surveying.

Uploaded by

tiglaonash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Fundamental of Surveying

CE0015
Module 6:
The Stadia Theory and Stadia
Interval Factor
• This is defined as a procedure of obtaining horizontal distances
and differences in elevation based on the optical geometry of
the instrument employed.
• This uses subtended intervals and angles observed with an
instrument such as transit or theodolite on a graduated rod or
scale.
• A relative accuracy of 1/300 to 1/500 can be obtained for most
horizontal measurements and differences in elevation to ± 3
cm
A stadia = 600 Greek units
= 184.93 m
= 606’9”
The term “stadia” is now applied to the cross hairs and rod used
in making measurements, as well as the method itself.

This method is well adapted to mapping requirements and is


widely used for locating details and contour points of
topographic surveys.
• Stadia rods are usually graduated in decimals of a foot but may
be graduated in decimals of a meter or a yard.
• They vary in width from about 6 to 12 cm and lengths 3 to 3.5
meters are typical.
• The method is based on the principle that in similar triangles
corresponding sides are proportional.
• Stadia hairs are shown as points “a” and “b”, the distance
between the hairs is “i“ and the stadia interval is “s”

f:i = d:s
d = fs/i
Also
D = d + (f+c)
D = fs/i + C
D = Ks + C
Stadia Constants “C”
- distance from the center of the instrument to the center
of the objective lens.
Stadia Interval Factor (K)
- this value remains constant and depends only on the
spacing between the stadia hairs.
- most K value is 100
In determining the stadia interval factor (K) of a transit, a stadia rod was held
vertically at several points along measured distances from the instrument and
the corresponding stadia hair readings were observed. The distances and the
observed readings were recorded as follows:

Point Dist from Stadia Hair Readings


Transit to Rod Upper (m) Lower (m)
(m)
A 30 0.96 0.66
B 45 1.10 0.64
C 60 1.21 0.60
D 75 1.35 0.58
E 90 1.47 0.56
F 105 1.57 0.53
G 120 1.72 0.50
Point Dist from Stadia Hair Readings
Transit to
Upper (m) Lower (m)
Rod (m)

A 30 0.96 0.66
B 45 1.10 0.64
C 60 1.21 0.60
D 75 1.35 0.58
E 90 1.47 0.56
F 105 1.57 0.53
G 120 1.72 0.50

𝑠 = 𝑈𝑅 − 𝐿𝑅
𝑠𝐴 = 0.96 − 0.66 = 0.30 𝑚 𝐾𝐴 = 30/0.30 = 100 𝐺𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑠𝐵 = 1.10 − 0.64 = 0.46 𝑚 𝐾𝐵 = 45/0.46 = 97.83 σ𝐾
ഥ
𝐾=
𝑠𝐶 = 1.21 − 0.60 = 0.61 𝑚 𝐾𝐶 = 60/0.61 = 98.36 7

𝑠𝐷 = 1.35 − 0.58 = 0.77 𝑚 𝐾𝐷 = 75/0.77 = 97.40 ഥ = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟖𝟑


𝑲
𝑠𝐸 = 1.47 − 0.56 = 0.91 𝑚 𝐾𝐸 = 90/0.91 = 98.90
𝑠𝐹 = 1.57 − 0.53 = 1.04 𝑚 𝐾𝐹 = 105/1.04 = 100.96
𝑠𝐺 = 1.72 − 0.50 = 1.22 𝑚 𝐾𝐺 = 120/1.22 = 98. 36
An engineer’s level with a stadia constant of 0.30 m was set up
on the line of sight between two points, A and B, and the
following hair readings were observed. If the stadia interval
factor of the level is 99.5, determine the length of line AB.

Rod Position Hair Readings


Upper (a) Middle (c) Lower (b)
Rod held at A 1.330 1.175 1.020
Rod Held at B 1.972 1.854 1.736
Rod Position Hair Readings 𝐷𝐴 = 99.5 0.31 + 0.30 = 31.145 𝑚
Upper (a) Middle (c) Lower (b) 𝐷𝐵 = 99.5 0.236 + 0.30 = 23.782 𝑚
Rod held at A 1.330 1.175 1.020
𝐻 = 𝐷𝐴 + 𝐷𝐵
Rod Held at B 1.972 1.854 1.736

𝐻 = 31.145 + 23.782
𝑯 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟗𝟐𝟕 𝒎

Given: 𝐾 = 99.5
𝐶 = 0.30 𝑚

𝑆𝐴 = 1.330 − 1.020 = 0.31 𝑚


𝑆𝐵 = 1.972 − 1.736 = 0.236 𝑚

𝐷 = 𝐾𝑠 + 𝐶
In actual field practice, most stadia measurements are inclined
because of varying topography but the interval is still read on a
vertically held rod.

ID = Kscos ∝ + C
HD = Ks cos2 ∝ + C cos ∝
VD = Ks cos ∝ sin ∝+ Csin ∝
DE = HI + VD – RR
The following data were obtained by stadia measurement: vertical
angle = +18o23’ and observed stadia intercept = 2.2 m. The stadia
interval factor of the instrument used is 95.5 and C = 0.30 m. If the
height of the instrument is 1.62 m and the rod reading is taken at
1.95 m, determine the following:
a. Horizontal stadia distance from the instrument setup at A to the
rod held at point B.
b. vertical stadia distance from the center of the instrument to the
point on the rod bisected by the horizontal cross hair.
c. Inclined distance from the instrument center to the point on the
rod bisected by the horizontal cross hair.
d. Difference in elevation between the point over which the
instrument is setup and the point on which the rod was held.
Given:
s = 2.2 m
K = 95.5
C = 0.30 m
H.I. = 1.62 m
R.R. = 1.95 m

a.) HD = Ks cos 2 ∝ + C cos ∝


= (95.5)(2.2)cos (18°23’)2+0.30cos(18°23’)
= 189.488 m
b.) VD = VD = Ks cos ∝ sin ∝+ Csin ∝
= (95.5)(2.2)cos (18°23’)sin(18°23’) +0.30sin(18°23’)
= 62.97 m
c.) ID = Kscos ∝ + C
= 199.678 m
d.) DE = HI + VD – RR
= 62.64 m

You might also like