SCIENCE 8

FIRST QUARTER: FORCE, MOTION,

AND ENERGY

Module 1.1: Forces: The Secrets Unfold!

Module 1.2: Work, Power, and Energy

Module 1.3: Light, Sound …. Action!

Module 1.4: Beat the Heat

Module 1.5: At Home with Electricity!

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Science 8 |Module 1.1|A.Y. 2021-2022|2
 Have you experienced riding a fast-moving vehicle? How did you feel?
How did the buildings, houses, posts, trees, and other things appear as the vehicle
you were riding passed by? Did they appear like they were the ones moving
rather than the vehicle you were riding? What is the relationship between these
situations and laws of motion?

In this module you will learn many things about Physics particularly about
forces that are the primary cause of changes in motion. It includes sample
problems that involve the application of the Newton’s Laws of Motion, as well as
activities that will help you understand how these laws are demonstrated in real
life situations.

Read, enjoy, and discover the secrets of Physics!

LEARNING OUTCOME:

At the end of this module, you will be able to:

• Infer that when a body exerts a force on another, an equal amount of
force is exerted back on it;
• Investigate the relationship between the amount of force
applied and the mass of the object to the amount of change in
the object’s motion

You are given 5 minutes to answer the 10 –item test about the forces
and motion.
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 Forces: The Secrets Unfold!
Lesson 1: The relationship of Force and Motion

MODULE 1.1
LEARNING TARGETS:

At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to;

a. define and describe the relationship of force and motion; and
b. construct free-body diagrams.

MIND LAUNCHER

1.1: Common Misconceptions

Directions: Before you read, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these
statements. As you read this module, see if you change your mind
about any of the statements.
Before After
you Statements you
read read
1. You pull on objects around you with the force of gravity.

2. Friction can act between two unmoving, touching surface.

3. Force acting on an object cannot be added.

4. A moving object will stop if no forces act on it.
5. When an object’s speed increases, the object accelerates.

6. If an object’s mass increases, its acceleration also increases if

the net force acting on the object stays the same.

7. Force do not cause motion.

8. A continuous force is needed for continuous motion.
9. An object is hard to push because it is heavy
10. Heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones.

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 BRAIN FUEL

In Grade 7, you have discussed the

different types of forces. Now, let’s take
a close look on what force is.

Perhaps the first thing that comes to

your mind in a general course in physics
is that force is a push or pull exerted
upon a body. But a more scientific
concept of force is obtained when we
Figure 1.1: Force
consider the effect of that push or pull.
Thus, force is a push or pull that results from an interaction between objects.

A force is a vector quantity. A vector quantity is a quantity with magnitude and

direction. The SI units of force is Newton (N) and dyne (dyn). One newton is the
force needed to accelerate an object with a mass of 1 kilogram (kg) at 1 meter
per second squared (m/s2). Thus, 1 N is also equivalent to 1 kg*m/s2.

Forces can be classified as contact forces and non-contact forces.

• Contact forces are forces that result when two (2) bodies in
direct contact (touching each other) interact with one another.
Such as

Pushing a chair Pulling a paper Lifting a box

tissue out of the box
Figure 1.2: Examples of Contact Forces

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 In all these cases, contact forces occur. To be able to push a chair your
hand should be placed in contact with the chair. To be able to pull a tissue paper
out of the box you must use your hand, and your hand must be touching the tissue
paper. To lift a box, you must hold the box.

FIELD • Non-contact forces, on the other hand, are

• Space surrounding forces that occur when the fields around
objects with mass or
objects which are objects interact with another field located
electrically charged or around another body.
have magnetic
It is a non-contact force since the bodies
properties.
themselves are not directly touching each
other rather only their fields interact with one
another. Example of these forces are:

Magnetic Forces: Electric Force:

Gravitational forces:
Magnets and their Electric field of charged
Earth- Sun System
magnetic field particles

Figure 1.3: Examples of Non-contact Forces

1.2: Contact and Non-Contact Forces

Let us check your understanding about contact and non-contact

forces. Answer Self-Check 1.1: Contact and Non-contact Forces and follow
the directions carefully.

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 It is important to know the forces applied on a body for it predicts its
reaction. There are different types of external forces may act on a body. These
common external forces are normal force, weight, tension, and friction force.

A normal force FN is a force on an object perpendicular to the surface on

which the objects rest. This means that if there is a contact between the two
surfaces, a normal force is applied on the object by the surface.

𝑭N

Figure 1.4: Normal force applied by Figure 1.5: Normal force applied by
the horizontal plane on the box. an inclined plane on the box.

Weight, Fw or F𝒈 is the downward force by the pull of gravity on an object.

It is also the force of gravity that attracts a body toward the center of the Earth.
Weight can be expressed as: 𝒘 = 𝒎𝒈; where 𝒎 is mass, and 𝒈 for acceleration
due to gravity.

𝑭N

𝑭w 𝑭w
Figure 1.6: Downward force (weight) is Figure 1.7: Downward force (weight) is
applied by the horizontal plane on the applied by an inclined plane on the
box. box.

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 Tension, FT the force exerted by strings, ropes, cables, wires, and cords. For
figures 1.4 to 1.7, there are no tension force since there are no strings attached to
the objects.
𝑭T

𝑭w
Figure 1.8: Tension force is applied on
the box hanging on a ceiling.

Friction, Ff is the force parallel to the plane or perpendicular to the normal

force that opposes the motion of an object. In Figures 1.4 and 1.6, there is no
friction force because the object is at rest or has no tendency to move. While on
figures 1.5 and 1.7, friction force is present because the object tends to move
along the incline.

Fapplied
or Fa

Figure 1.9: A box at rest needs to be Figure 1.10: Putting lubricants on

pushed harder than an already gears and oil on engines minimizes
moving box. friction

Basically, friction is less when the weight of the object is less. Friction is
affected by the smoothness or roughness of the surfaces in contact. Friction force
is great when the contact is rough and less when it is smooth.

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 A free-body diagram or FBD is used to illustrate the forces acting on an
object. In Figures 1.4 to 1.8, forces are represented using free-body diagrams or
FBD. To summarize, here are some of the common external forces in free-body
diagrams:

Force Symbol / Description

Formula
Normal perpendicular to the surface on which the
FN
Force objects rest
Weight Fw or Fg Always directed downward
Tension force exerted by strings, ropes, cables, wires,
FT
Force and cords.
force parallel to the plane or perpendicular
Frictional
Ff to the normal force that opposes the motion
Force
of an object

Thus, to construct free-body diagrams, it is extremely important to know

the types of forces.

1.3: Free-body Diagram

To help you further understand how to construct free-body diagrams,

answer Mastery Check 1.2: Free-body Diagram. Read and follow the directions
carefully.

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 Multiple forces may act on an object at once. This is why forces can be
added. The sum of all the forces acting on an object is called the Net force.

An example is during tug-o-war game, when you pull it toward one

direction while your classmate pulls it back to the opposite direction. Two forces
F1 and F2, where F1= 25 N to the east, and F2 = 10 N to the west.

The net force is the sum of the two forces, that is, Fnet = F1 + F2 . Direction of
the forces is considered when calculating the net force. Since the two forces are
acting in opposite directions, one is marked negative.

Sample Problem No. 1:

Given:
F1= 25 N ; F2 = 10 N
Required:
Fnet = ?
Equation:
Fnet = F1 + F2
Solution:
Fnet = 25 N + (-10 N) Figure 1.11
Tug-o-war game
Fnet = 25 N – 10 N
Fnet = 15 N
Answer:

The net force of the two forces is 15 N. Thus, the rope will move to
the east.

Note: Always box the final answer.

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 Given that you exerted more force than your classmate, it may produce
motion. Motion is the continuous change in the position of an object with respect
to a reference point. This motion or acceleration (change in motion) of an object
is what we called unbalance forces. In this case, the net force is not equal to zero
or is greater than zero.
Forces can also act on an object at the same time without causing motion.
This occur when the net force is equal to zero. Forces with the same magnitude
(numerical value and unit) but with opposite directions are called balanced
forces. Balanced forces allow objects at rest to remain at rest.

Figure 1.12 Figure 1.13

Balanced Force Unbalanced Force

1.4: Net Force

Let us see if you can determine the net force acting upon the object and
if you state whether it is a balanced force or an unbalanced force. Answer
Mastery Check 1.3: Net Force! Read and follow the directions carefully.

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 BRAIN BOOSTER

1.1: Forces and Motion

Did you enjoy the first part of our lesson? How was it? If you think there
are information that needed to be clarified, you may go back to the
previous pages. Otherwise, you may proceed and answer Activity 1.1:
Forces and Motion and follow the directions carefully. Make sure to save
and submit your work.

- End of Lesson 1 –

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 Forces: The Secrets Unfold!
Lesson 2: Newton’s Law of Motion

MODULE 1.2
LEARNING TARGETS:
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to;

a. state and explain the Newton’s laws of motion;

b. solve problems using Newton’s laws; and
c. apply the Newton’s laws of motion to real life situation.

BRAIN FUEL

Remember Isaac Newton? He

was the one that postulated that the
force that causes the apple to fall from
a tree to the ground is the same force
that pulls the moon toward the center of
the Earth.
The standard International (SI) unit
of force is newton (N) to pay tribute to

Figure 2.1: Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton who was able to
conceptualize the effect of forces on
motion. In the English system, however, the standard unit of force is called pound
(lb).

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 Moreover, Newton also had important contributions in the field of
mechanics, optics, mathematics, and also formulated the empirical law of
cooling and studied the speed of sound.

Among Newton’s notable works is his discovery of the three laws of motion,
namely, the law of inertia (Newton’s first law of motion), law of acceleration
(Newton’s second law of motion), and the law of interaction (Newton’s third law
of motion). His work on the laws of motion is considered to be of great
significance as these laws became the principles on which other theories on
motion were based.

Law of Inertia

Take a look at a ball resting on a surface

(figure 2.2). Let’s say you kick the ball toward
one direction and start moving (figure 2.3), then
eventually slows down to stop. How would you
interpret the observation? How would other
scientists, like Aristotle and Galileo explain the Figure 2.2: Ball at rest

observation? What about the interpretation of Isaac Newton?

Well, other scientists, like Aristotle, would

likely say that the ball comes to a stop because
it seeks its proper state – rest. Galileo would
probably say that once the ball is in motion, what
prevents its continued motion is another force,
called friction, between the surface and the ball. Figure 2.3: Ball in motion
While you, of course! Only you can answer that.

However, Newton will say that an object at rest will stay at rest, and an
object in motion will stay in motion at constant velocity, unless acted upon by an

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external force. This means that things will tend to keep on doing what they are
already doing.

All objects have mass; thus, all objects possess inertia. This means that
inertia is the resistance an object has to any changes in its state of motion. But
how would we know how big inertia is?

Have you ever tried kicking an empty box? Compare it when you kick a
box full of books. Which box doesn’t move as much? Definitely, the box full of
books. This means that the one with larger mass has the great tendency to remain
at rest than the one with lesser mass. In the same manner, between two moving
objects of different masses, the one with larger mass has greater resistance to any
change in motion.

Therefore, the greater the mass the object has, the more inert the object is
and thus, the greater is its inertia.

To understand further, let’s try to do this activity!

2.1: Law of Inertia

Before you begin with this activity make sure that you already have the
following materials:
ü cup or glass
ü playing card
ü coin/ penny

Then, open your Genyo account and answer Mastery Check 2.1: Law of
Inertia. Read and follow the directions carefully.

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 2.2: Essential Question

What is Newton’s first law of motion?

Now, try to place a ball on the floor. Push the ball lightly. While the ball is still
moving along the floor, ask someone to push it again. In this situation, unbalanced
force is applied to it, thus, its velocity is affected.

Depending on the magnitude and direction of the force applied, the

speed and/or direction of the movement may change. In this case, it will
accelerate. This is the second law of motion according to Newton, the law of
acceleration.

Law of Acceleration
Going back to our situation, what happened to the ball’s motion or speed
right after the second push is that the ball moved faster. Thus, the speed of the
ball has changed. In other words, the ball has accelerated. In symbols;

∆𝒗
𝒂= ∆𝒕
where:
𝒂 = acceleration
∆𝒗 = change in velocity
Δ𝒕 = time travelled

Forces are what produce acceleration. When your hands are no longer in
contact with the ball, the ball experiences no force, thus, it moves with a constant
velocity. This is the second law of motion according to Newton.

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 Newton’s law of acceleration states that “the net force on an object is
equal to the product of its mass and acceleration”. Usually, the force applied is
not a single force. Other forces may act as well. The combination of all the forces
that act on an object is called the net force. The presence of an unbalanced
force, usually called the net force, creates an acceleration of an object. In other
words,

𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕
𝒂= 𝒎
or 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝒎𝒂
where:
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = sum of all forces acting on an object
𝒂 = acceleration
𝒎 = mass of the object
Based from the equation, the acceleration is directly proportional to the
force. Furthermore, the acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of the
body. In symbols,

𝟏
𝒂 ∝ 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 ; 𝒂∝𝒎

When we apply greater force to an object,

the greater its change in motion or acceleration if
the mass of the object is unchanged (figure 2.5).

If a force 𝑭𝟏 , is applied to a body at one

time and a force 𝑭𝟐 at another time, then
Figure 2.4
𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐
=
𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐

Thus, if you push on a cart with a certain force 𝑭𝟏 and at another time push
it twice as hard, it will have acceleration twice that as the first.

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Here’s an example:
Sample Problem No. 1

A force of 5.0-N accelerates an object by 2.0 m/s2. What force is needed

to give the same object an acceleration of 3.4 m/s2?

Given: Required: Equation:

𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝑭𝟏
𝑭𝟏 = 5.0 𝑁 𝑜𝑟 5.0 𝑘𝑔 · 𝑚/𝑠 & 𝑭𝟐 =? = or 𝑭𝟐 = 𝒂𝟏
𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐

𝒂𝟏 = 2.0 m/s²

𝒂𝟐 = 3.4 m/s²

Solution:

𝒂𝟐 𝑭𝟏 (3.4 𝑚/𝑠2 ) (5.0 𝑘𝑔·𝑚/𝑠2 ) 17 𝑘𝑔·𝑚2 /𝑠4

𝑭𝟐 = 𝒂𝟏
𝑭𝟐 = 2.0 𝑚/𝑠2
𝑭𝟐 = 2.0 𝑚/𝑠2

𝑭𝟐 = 8.5 𝑘𝑔 · 𝑚/𝑠 & or 8.5 N

Answer:

A force of 8.5-N is needed to give the same object an acceleration of

3.4 m/s2.

Now, the second part of the second law tells

us that if a given force acts on two different objects,
the acceleration of an object with a greater mass will
be less than the acceleration of another object with
a small mass. If the same force is applied to two
different objects with masses 𝒎𝟏 and 𝒎𝟐 , then

Figure 2.5: Vases with

𝒎 𝟏 𝒂𝟏 = 𝒎 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 different masses.

So, you can say that the acceleration is inversely proportional to its mass.
Here’s an example:

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Sample Problem No.2
A certain force accelerates a 3.2 kg mass by 2.4 m/s2. What would be the
acceleration of 1.6 kg mass when the same force acts on it?

Given: Required: Equation:

𝒎𝟏 𝒂𝟏
𝒎𝟏 = 3.2 𝑘𝑔 𝒂𝟐 =? 𝒎𝟏 𝒂𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 𝒂𝟐 or 𝒂𝟐 = 𝒎𝟐

𝒂𝟏 = 2.4 m/s²

𝒎𝟐 = 1.6 𝑘𝑔

Solution:

𝒎𝟏 𝒂𝟏 (;.< =>) (<.? @/A + ) 7.68 𝑘𝑔·𝑚/𝑠2

𝒂𝟐 = 𝒎𝟐
𝒂𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 = 1.6 𝑘𝑔
𝒂𝟐 = 4.8 𝑚/𝑠 &
B.C =>

Answer:

The acceleration of 1.6 kg mass is 4. 8 m/s2 when the same force acts
on it.

Therefore, if the net force applied on the object remains the same,
decreasing the mass of the object increases the acceleration.

To understand further the second law of motion, let’s take a look at the
sample problems below.

Sample Problem No. 3: (Science and technology, page 8)

A man pushes a 50-kg cabinet with a force of 250-N (figure 2.6). The friction
between the cabinet and the floor causes a resistive friction force of 40-N. What
is the acceleration of the cabinet?

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Given: Required:
𝒎 = 50 kg 𝒂=?
𝑭𝟏 = 250 𝑁
𝑭𝟏 = 250 𝑁 𝑜𝑟 250 kg · m/s²
𝑭𝟐 = 40 𝑁
𝑭𝟐 = 40 𝑁 𝑜𝑟 40 kg · m/s²
Equation:
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕
𝒂= ; 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑭𝟏 + 𝑭𝟐 Figure 2.6
𝒎

Solution:
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑭𝟏 + 𝑭𝟐 𝒂= 𝒎

210 kg · m/s2
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 250 kg · m/s² + (−40 kg · m/s²) 𝒂= 50 kg

𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 210 kg · m/s² 𝒂 = 4.2 m/s²

Answer:

Therefore, the acceleration of the cabinet is 4.2 m/s2. This means that
the cabinet’s speed is increase by 4.2 m/s every second.

Sample Problem No. 4:

What acceleration is imparted to a football, with a mass of 0.40 kg, when
the player kicked it with a force of 25-N?

Given: Required:
𝒎 = 0.40 𝑘𝑔 𝒂 =?
𝑭 = 25 𝑁 𝑜𝑟 25 𝑘𝑔 · 𝑚/𝑠 &

𝑭 = 25 𝑁 Equation:

𝑭
𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂 or 𝒂 = 𝒎
Figure 2.7

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Solution:

𝑭 &) +,·./0 $
𝒂=𝒎 𝒂= 1.31 +,
𝒂 = 62.5 𝑚/𝑠 &

Answer:

Therefore, 62. 5 m/s2 is the acceleration imparted to a football.

2.1: Problem Solving

Now, after reading and analyzing the different sample problems, open
your Genyo account and answer Mastery Check 2.2: Problem Solving . Read
and follow the directions carefully.

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 2.3: Essential Question

How are the mass, force, and acceleration of a body related?

The second law of motion also applies to objects that fall to the ground. If
we neglect the air resistance force, then all falling objects of different masses will
have the same acceleration as they reach the ground. This acceleration is due
to gravity and is equivalent to approximately 9.8 m/s2. Thus, the formula for
Newton’s second law becomes

𝑭𝒈
𝒈= 𝒎
or 𝑭𝒈 = 𝒎𝒈

where:
𝒈 = acceleration due to gravity
𝑭𝒈 = gravitational force
𝒎 = mass of the object

From the equation, we can say that the gravitational force is proportional
to the mass. This means that the greater the mass, the greater the force, and vice
versa. So, if we doubled the mass, the force will also double.

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 Did you know that you could not touch without being touched and that
we always get even?

Imagine yourself leaning against the wall. Did you topple over while you are
still in contact with the wall? Definitely not! This is because while you push or exert
a force on the wall, the wall pushes as hard back on you. That’s why you are
supported.

Newton realized that force is not isolated. But it is a part of the mutual
interaction between one object and another. Note that when you touch
something, you are also touched by it. This situation that involves action force and
reaction force is called interaction.

This is the third law of motion according to Newton, the law of interaction.

Law of Interaction

The third law of motion or known as the law of interaction states that “for
every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction”. One of the pair of forces
is called the “action” force. The other is called the “reaction” force. It is important
to note that for every interaction, force always occur in pairs.

The law of interaction also involves when objects fall to the ground. The
action force in a falling object is the pull of the earth on the object. The reaction
to this force is the pull of the object on the earth.

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 The following are examples of situations that involve the third law of motion.

Figure 2.8: Pair forces by Figure 2.9: Pair forces Figure 2.10: Action and
the wall and hands by the feet and the reaction forces in
ground rocket propulsion

Based on the examples, what does the third law of motion say? First, action
and reaction forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. Second,
action and reaction forces are acting on two different bodies and will never
cancel out. Lastly, forces always come in pairs.

How was the second part of our lesson? Did you enjoy it? If you think there
are information that needed to be clarified, you may go back to the previous
pages. Otherwise, you may proceed to the next activity. Let’s check if you have
learned something from our lesson by answering the activity no. 2.1. Good luck!

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 BRAIN BOOSTER

2.1: Newton’s Laws of Motion

Good Job! It seems that you learned a lot in our discussion. Answer Activity
2.1: Newton’s Law of Motion. Read carefully the directions and make sure to save
and submit your work.

Laboratory Activity No. 1: IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS

Before you begin with this activity make sure that you already have the
following materials:
ü 10 pcs. One-peso coin
ü Ruler
ü Stopwatch
ü Masking tape
ü Balloon
ü Meter Stick
ü Calculator

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 MIND ACCELERATOR

The Olymphysics 2021 aims to promote science, Olympism, and its values to
the younger generation. In preparation for the said Olympics, your group which
consists of Director, Head and Associate Head of Technical Program
Management, and Olympian Model is tasked to create a written plan that will be
implemented in the 2021 Olymphysics. Your written plan will be evaluated by the
Philippine Olympics Committee using the following standards:

a. Accuracy of science concept 30%

b. Appropriate use of diagrams 30%
c. Structured application of the sports 30%
d. Safety measures and protocol 10%.

MINI TASK NO. 1: Planning and Relating of

Science concept to Sports

Access your Genyo account and accomplish Mini Task 1: Planning and
Relating of Science concept to Sports found at your Module 1.1: Forces: The Secret
Unfolds!. Read and follow the directions carefully and make sure to save and
submit your work.

Now that you already learn the Newton’s laws of motion and its application
in our daily life, you can now proceed to the next lesson where Newton’s laws of
motion are applied to the real-world circular motion.

- End of Lesson 2 -

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 Forces: The Secrets Unfold!
Lesson 3: Uniform Circular Motion

MODULE 1.3
LEARNING TARGETS:

At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to;

a. apply the laws of Newton to situations in circular motion; and

b. identify the centripetal force in real life situation.

MIND LAUNCHER

3.1: Law of Interaction

Directions: Use the work bank to respond to each statement. Each item is used
only once.
Constant Equal Net Opposite

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 BRAIN FUEL

Figure 3.1: Swing Figure 3.2: Ferris wheel

Carousel

Have you tried riding on a swing carousel? How about a Ferris wheel? Then
if you’ve had that experience, then you know that the simple act of spinning in a
circle can be intense. The motion of these amusement rides moving in a circular
path is known as the uniform circular motion (UCM).

Uniform circular motion or UCM is the motion of an object traveling along a

circular path at a constant speed, and as it does, it changes direction constantly.
In this case, there is a change in velocity, and that the object is accelerating due
to continuous change in direction.

Newton’s second law of motion explains that the presence of a net force
creates an acceleration of an object. The net force on the object moving in a
circular path is directed towards the center known as the centripetal force. The
centripetal acceleration 𝒂𝒄 of an object is given by a tangential speed square 𝒗𝟐
over the radius 𝑟 of the path. In symbols,

𝒗𝟐
𝒂𝒄 =
𝒓

Science 8 |Module 1.1|A.Y. 2021-2022|28

 This means that the centripetal acceleration 𝒂𝒄 will
increase, if the tangential speed 𝒗 will increase or if the
radius will decrease.

Since there is a centripetal acceleration in a circular motion, you may write

the expression for the centripetal force using Newton’s second law of motion as,

𝑭𝒄 = 𝒎 𝒂𝒄

We substitute the expression for centripetal acceleration. Thus,

𝒗𝟐
𝑭𝒄 = 𝒎
𝒓
where:
𝑭𝒄 = Centripetal force
𝒂𝒄 = Centripetal acceleration
𝒗 = tangential speed
𝒎= mass of the object
𝒓= path radius

Science 8 |Module 1.1|A.Y. 2021-2022|29

Here are some examples:

Sample Problem No. 1:

A car follows a curve of radius 350 m at a speed of 20.0 m/s. What is the
magnitude of the car’s centripetal acceleration?
Given: Required: Equation:
𝒗𝟐
𝒓 = 350 m 𝒂𝒄 = ? 𝒂𝒄 = 𝒓
𝒗 = 20.0 m/s
Solution:
𝒗𝟐 (𝟐𝟎.𝟎 𝒎/𝒔)𝟐 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝟐 /𝒔𝟐
𝒂𝒄 = 𝒓
𝒂𝒄 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒎
𝒂𝒄 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒎
𝒂𝒄 = 1.14 𝑚/𝑠 &
Figure 3.4
Answer: Car around corner

The magnitude of the car’s centripetal acceleration is 1.14 m/s2.

Sample Problem No. 2:

A Ferris wheel has a centripetal acceleration equal to 2.3 m/s2. What is the
centripetal force acting on a 48 kg boy riding in one of the cars when the car is
at the top of the Ferris wheel?
Given: Required: Equation:
𝒂𝒄 = 2.3 m/𝑠 & 𝑭𝒄 = ? 𝑭𝒄 = 𝒎𝒂𝒄
𝒎 = 48 kg
Solution:
𝑭𝒄 = 𝒎𝒂𝒄 𝑭𝒄 = (48 kg)(2.3 m/𝑠 & )
𝑭𝒄 = 110.4 kg · m/𝑠 &
Answer:
Figure 3.5
Ferris wheel 110.4 kg·m/s2 is the centripetal force acting on 48 kg
boy.

Science 8 |Module 1.1|A.Y. 2021-2022|30

 3.1: Centripetal Force

Access your Genyo account and answer Mastery Check 3.1: Centripetal
Force found at your Module 1.1: Forces: The Secret Unfolds!. Read and follow the
directions carefully and make sure to save and submit your work.

Did you enjoy the last lesson? How was it? If you think there are information
that needed to be clarified, you may go back to the previous pages. Otherwise,
you may proceed to the next activity.

BRAIN BOOSTER

3.2: Uniform Circular Motion

Let us check if you have learned something about the uniform circular
motion by answering the Mastery Check 3.1: Uniform Circular Motion. Read
and follow the directions carefully.

Science 8 |Module 1.1|A.Y. 2021-2022|31

 1.1: Common Misconceptions

Remember our first activity (Activity 1.1, page 4)? Try to check if you
change your mind about any of the statements mentioned.

Before After
you Statements you
read read
1. You pull on objects around you with the force of gravity.

2. Friction can act between two unmoving, touching surface.

3. Force acting on an object cannot be added.

4. A moving object will stop if no forces act on it.
5. When an object’s speed increases, the object accelerates.

6. If an object’s mass increases, its acceleration also increases if

the net force acting on the object stays the same.

7. Force do not cause motion.

8. A continuous force is needed for continuous motion.
9. An object is hard to push because it is heavy
10. Heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones.

Were you able to validate the common misconceptions in force and

motion? Do you find it easy to identify the Newton’s laws of motion? How about
its application in real life situation? Are you excited to solve more problem sets
and apply what you’ve learned in this module? If not, I think you need to review
more the previous pages.

Science 8 |Module 1.1|A.Y. 2021-2022|32

 MIND ACCELERATOR

DISCIPLINE: The students will learn to appreciate the

importance of following the safety measures and
procedure in a specific sport

Laboratory Activity No. 1: GO ROUND AND ROUND...

Before you begin with this activity make sure that you already have
the following materials:
ü 1 ball of any kind (medium size)
ü 1 m string or yarn
ü 1pc. rod/round stick
ü Manila paper or cartolina
ü Coloring Paint

Science 8 |Module 1.1|A.Y. 2021-2022|33

 To officially end your first module, access your Genyo account and
answer Post Test 1 found at Module 1.1: Forces: The Secret Unfolds! . You are
given 40 minutes to answer the 50-item test.

Now that you are already familiar with forces and motion, with Newton’s
laws of motion and its application in real life situation, you can proceed to the
next module where you are going to discuss how work is related to power and
energy.

- End of Lesson 3 –

Science 8 |Module 1.1|A.Y. 2021-2022|34

 MODULE RECAP

• Force is a push or pull that results from an interaction between objects.

• Force can be classified as contact or non-contact force.
• Contact force is the interaction between two bodies directly touching one
another.
• Non-contact force is the interaction of the fields that exist around the two
bodies.
• Weight, normal force, applied force, friction force, air resistance force, and
tension force are example of external forces.
• Net force is the summation of all forces acting on the body.
• The Newton’s first law of motion stated that an object at rest will stay at
rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion at constant velocity, unless
acted upon by an external force.
• Inertia is the property of a body to resist a change in its state of motion.
Mass in the measure of inertia. The first law of Newton is otherwise called
law of inertia.
• The second law is called the law of acceleration. It states that “the net
force on an object is equal to the product of its mass and acceleration”.
The acceleration is directly proportional to the force. Furthermore, the
acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of the body.
• The SI unit of force is newton. 1 N is equivalent to 1 kg·m/s2.
• The third law of motion is the law of interaction. It states that for every action
there is an equal but opposite reaction. Action and reaction forces are
acting on two different bodies and will never cancel out.
• Centripetal force is needed for an object to move in circular motion.

Science 8 |Module 1.1|A.Y. 2021-2022|35

Weight Net force Acceleration
∆𝒗
𝑾 = 𝒎𝒈 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑭𝟏 + 𝑭𝟐 𝒂= ∆𝒕

Force Force and Acceleration Acceleration and mass

𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝒎𝒂
𝒂𝟏
= 𝒂𝟐
𝒎 𝟏 𝒂𝟏 = 𝒎 𝟐 𝒂𝟐

Gravitational force Centripetal acceleration Centripetal force

𝒗𝟐
𝑭𝒈 = 𝒎𝒈 𝒂𝒄 = 𝑭𝒄 = 𝒎 𝒂𝒄
𝒓

Science 8 |Module 1.1|A.Y. 2021-2022|36

 APPENDIX A
List of Activities

Lesson 1:
ž Pre-Test: Forces and Motion
ž Self-Check 1.1: Common Misconceptions
ž Self-Check 1.2: Contact and Non-contact Forces
ž Self-Check 1.3: Free-body Diagram
ž Self-Check 1.4: Net-force
ž Mastery Check 1.1: Forces and Motion

Lesson 2
ž Self-Check 2.1: Law of Inertia
ž Self-Check 2.2: Essential Question
ž Mastery Check 2.1: Problem Solving
ž Self-Check 2.3: Essential Question
ž Activity 2.1: Newton’s Laws of Motion
ž Laboratory Activity 1: In Accordance with the Laws
ž Mini task No.1: Planning and Relating of Science concept to Sports

Lesson 3
ž Activity 3.1: Law of Interaction
ž Mastery Check 3.1: Centripetal Force
ž Mastery Check 3.2: Uniform Circular Motion
ž Self-Check 1.1: Common Misconceptions (Lesson 1)
ž 1st Summative Test: Forces (Module 1.1)
ž Laboratory Activity 2: Go Round and Round
ž Post-Test: Summative Test No.1

- End of Module 1.1 -

APPENDIX B

Science 8 |Module 1.1|A.Y. 2021-2022|37

 References:
Book
ž Young, Hugh. D. (1996). University physics (9th Edition). NY: Addison-Wesley
Pub. Co.
ž Morales, M.P. (2000). Worktext in Physical Sciences. Manila: PNU Press.
ž Glencoe/McGraw (2010). The Laws of Motion. The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.
ž Ramos, J. D. (2017). Exploring Life through Science. Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc.
ž Angeles, D. C. (2018). Science Vistas. Don Bosco Press, Inc.
ž Espino, M. M. (2020). Science and Technology. Abiva Publishing House, Inc.

Online
ž Frequently used equations. Accessed June 10, 2020.
https://physics.info/equations/
ž Futurism. Misconceptions of Physics. Accessed June 13, 2020.
o https://futurism.com/9-common-misconceptions-physics
ž Force and motion. Accessed June 14, 2020.
file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/physics%20module%20pdf/Module%2010%20
Force%20and%20Motion.pdf
ž The Physics classroom. Laws of motion. Accessed June 15, 2020.
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-Interactives/Newtons-Laws
ž The Physics classroom. Uniform Circular Motion. Accessed July 3, 2020.
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-Interactives/Circular-and-
Satellite-Motion/Uniform-Circular-Motion
ž Youtube. Uniform circular motion and centripetal force. Accessed July 10,
2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZj6DuB0vvo
ž Physics Prep. Uniform circular motion sample problems. Accessed July 11,
2020. https://www.physics-prep.com/index.php/practice-problem-uniform-
circular-motion/14-introductory-units/939-practice-problems-uniform-circular-
motion-c-solutions

APPENDIX C
Science 8 |Module 1.1|A.Y. 2021-2022|38
 Photo Credits

ž https://sengpaula.wixsite.com/resources-for-learn/the-man-who-loved-
astronomy
ž https://blog.pcsgrades.com/military-moving-car-pcs/
ž http://teachers.egfi-k12.org/build-a-big-wheel/
ž http://www.historyofcarousels.com/carousel-history/history-of-the-swing-
carousels/
ž https://amp.clickondetroit.com/news/weird-news/soccer-fan-exhumes-
grandads-skull-to-celebrate-historic-win
ž https://www.foresightsports.com/blog/how-increase-your-shot-power-
soccer
ž http://mason-physics.blogspot.com/2018/01/newtons-laws-of-motion.html
ž https://mammothmemory.net/physics/newtons-laws-of-motion/newtons-
second-law--examples/newtons-second-law-examples.html
ž https://medium.com/@alee250485/newtons-third-law-of-motion-is-it-
always-applicable-11a4ee0e6b7c
ž https://www.toppr.com/content/story/amp/law-of-inertia-72690/
ž https://cnx.org/contents/da6a1570-ea85-47f0-9ef1-
7e00195fc75c:77565a18-6bfc-49fb-bc23-2b6d7826c1c2
ž picture © 2020 PG McMahon Solicitors
ž picture © 123RF Limited 2005-2020
ž Picture © 2020 iStockphoto LP
ž Pictures @ Google images

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