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1.2. Basics_EMW

The document covers fundamental concepts in electromagnetic theory, including vectors, coordinate systems (cylindrical and spherical), and the del operator. It explains key operations such as gradient, divergence, curl, and Laplacian, along with their physical interpretations and applications. Additionally, it introduces important theorems like the Divergence Theorem and Stokes's Theorem related to vector fields.

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u23ec101
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3 views

1.2. Basics_EMW

The document covers fundamental concepts in electromagnetic theory, including vectors, coordinate systems (cylindrical and spherical), and the del operator. It explains key operations such as gradient, divergence, curl, and Laplacian, along with their physical interpretations and applications. Additionally, it introduces important theorems like the Divergence Theorem and Stokes's Theorem related to vector fields.

Uploaded by

u23ec101
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BASICS FOR EMW

Vectors
Coordinate System
Del Operator
Gradient, Divergence, Curl, Laplacian
Vectors and Coordinate System
Scaler Product (Dot Product)
Vector Product (Cross Product)
Cylindrical Coordinates
• Coordinates that follow the cylindrical symmetry are called
cylindrical coordinate system.
• The three orthogonal coordinates are widely represented
as ρ, Ø, z.
Spherical Coordinate System
Del Operator, Gradient,
Divergence, Curl and Laplacian
Line, Surface and Volume Integral in
Electromagnetic Theory
 Line – Surface - Volume
Line, Surface and Volume Integral in
Electromagnetic Theory
Del Operator
• Del (or nabla) operator is a vector differential
equation when it is applied with any field or
particles which indicates a spatial (in free space)
change in field or particles to three dimensional space
i.e
Gradient

• When the del operator acts on a scalar function


f (x,y,z) we get a vector function called the gradient.

• Gradient is the multidimensional (x,y,z) rate of


change of a given function or field.

• "Gradient vector is a representative of such vectors


which give the values of differentiation of fields in
all the direction (x,y,z).
• If U(x,y,z) is a scalar field i.e a scalar function then its
gradient at any point is given by:

• Grad U has a property that indicates the highest rate


of change of U (scalar field) in a direction at point P in
space (x,y,z).

• Eg. Consider a room temperature T in space, now the


gradient of T will point to a direction P (x,y,z) where the
maximum rate of change in the temperature exist which
indicates the magnitude w.r.t to P(x,y,z) in that
direction.
Divergence
• Divergence (del dot of vector function) of vector
quantity indicates how much the vector quantity
spreads out (Come out or go in + or -) from the
certain point.( is a measure of how much a field comes
together or flies apart).

• Think of water coming from a tap.

• Imagine a fluid, with the vector field representing the


velocity of the fluid at each point in space.

• Divergence measures the net flow of fluid out of (i.e.,


diverging from) a given point. If fluid is instead
flowing into that point, the divergence will be negative.
• A point or region with positive divergence is often referred to as
a "source" (of fluid, or whatever the field is describing), while a
point or region with negative divergence is a "sink". When the
divergence is zero, then the amount that "flows" in must be
equal to the amount that flows out.
Divergence Theorem

 Divergence theorem states that the total outward flux


of a vector field through the closed surface S is the
same as the volume integral of the divergence of A.
Curl
• Curl (del cross of vector function) of vector quantity
(rotating quantity) indicates that how much the vector
quantity curls or twist around.

• Curl tells you how much vector quantity is spinning (curling)


around a point.

• Think of Rotating water in a bucket or washing machine has


curl. You can measure curl by putting a piece of dust in the
liquid and seeing if it spins around its own axis.

• Consider a piece of wooden stick is placed in a flowing water.

• Divide a region into three section where flow of water is


straight and uniform, flow of water is straight and non-uniform
and the flow of is rotational.
• Hence the wooden stick will experience a rotational effect in non-
uniform and rotational water flow which indicates the rotational
vector field i.e curl exist and in a uniform flow of water the curl
effect will be zero.
• Curl of a vector field f(x,y,z) is vector
Stokes’s Theorem

 Stokes’s theorem states that the circulation of a vector


field A around a closed path L is equal to the surface
integral of the curl of A over the open surface S bounded
by L, provided A and ∇ X A are continuous on S.
Laplacian of a Scalar

 The Laplacian of a scalar field V, written as ∇2 V, is


the divergence of the gradient of V.

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