ASTM D70/D70M-21

DÉCEMBRE 2020

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AFNOR (Code siret : 55202531402333) ASTM D70/D70M-212020-12
COLAS This
SA -international
DUBOSCQ standard
Christophe ([email protected]) Pour : COLAS SA
was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D70/D70M − 21

Standard Test Method for

Specific Gravity and Density of Semi-Solid Asphalt Binder
(Pycnometer Method)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D70/D70M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope* 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the specific
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
gravity (relative density) and density of semi-solid asphalt
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
binder by use of a pycnometer.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—An alternate method for determining the specific gravity or 1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
density of asphalt binder is Test Method D3289. An alternate method for dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
determining density of asphalt binder is Test Method D8188. For materials ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
which are too fluid for use of this test method, use Test Method
D3142/D3142M. Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
NOTE 2—This test method may also be used for the determination of the mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
specific gravity (relative density) and density of soft tar pitches. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units 2. Referenced Documents
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance for Test Methods for Construction Materials
with the standard. D140/D140M Practice for Sampling Asphalt Materials
D3142/D3142M Test Method for Specific Gravity, API
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by the United Gravity, or Density of Cutback Asphalts by Hydrometer
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and many state Method
agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous D3289 Test Method for Density of Semi-Solid and Solid
system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may Asphalt Materials (Nickel Crucible Method)
be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution D3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agen-
should be taken when handling mercury and mercury- cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving Materials
containing products. See the applicable product Material D4311/D4311M Practice for Determining Asphalt Volume
Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) or Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for Correction to a Base Temperature
details and the EPA’s website (www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) D8188 Test Method for Determination of Density and Rela-
for additional information. Users should be aware that selling tive Density of Asphalt, Semi-Solid Bituminous Materials,
mercury, mercury-containing products, or both, in your state and Soft-Tar Pitch by Use of a Digital Density Meter
may be prohibited by state law. (U-Tube)
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered mometers
as requirements of the standard. E563 Practice for Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bath
as a Reference Temperature
E644 Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Ther-
mometers
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.47 on
2
Miscellaneous Asphalt Tests. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2021. Published February 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1920. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D70 – 18a. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D0070_D0070M-21. the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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COLAS SA - DUBOSCQ Christophe ([email protected]) Pour : COLAS SA

D70/D70M − 21
E879 Specification for Thermistor Sensors for General Pur- 6. Apparatus
pose and Laboratory Temperature Measurements
6.1 Pycnometer, glass, consisting of a cylindrical or conical
E1137/E1137M Specification for Industrial Platinum Resis-
vessel carefully ground to receive an accurately fitting glass
tance Thermometers
stopper 22 to 26 mm [0.9 to 1.0 in.] in diameter. The stopper
2.2 Other: shall be provided with a hole 1.0 to 2.0 mm [0.04 to 0.08 in.]
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics in diameter, centrally located in reference to the vertical axis.
The top surface of the stopper shall be substantially plane and
3. Terminology have no chips, and the lower surface shall be concave to allow
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: all air to escape through the bore. The height of the concave
3.1.1 density, n—the mass per unit volume of a material. section shall be 4.0 to 18.0 mm [0.16 to 0.71 in.] at the center.
3.1.2 specific gravity, n—the ratio of the mass of a given The stoppered pycnometer shall have a capacity of 24 to 30 mL
volume of a material to the mass of the same volume of water [0.8 to 1.0 fl oz] and shall weigh not more than 40 g [1.4 oz].
at the same temperature (see Note 3). Suitable pycnometers are illustrated in Fig. 1.

NOTE 3—Specific gravity is also described as relative density. 6.2 Water Bath, constant-temperature, capable of maintain-
ing the temperature within 0.1 °C [0.2 °F] of the test tempera-
4. Summary of Test Method ture. The water bath shall be equipped with a thermometer as
described in 6.3.
4.1 The sample is placed in a standardized pycnometer. The
pycnometer and sample are weighed, then the remaining 6.3 Thermometer—The thermometer shall be one of the
volume is filled with water. The filled pycnometer is brought to following:
the test temperature and weighed. The specific gravity or 6.3.1 A liquid-in-glass partial immersion thermometer of
density of the sample is calculated from its mass and the mass suitable range with subdivisions and maximum scale error of
of water displaced by the sample in the filled pycnometer. 0.1 °C [0.2 °F] which conforms to the requirements of Speci-
fication E1. Calibrate the thermometer in accordance with one
5. Significance and Use of the methods in Test Method E77 or verify its original
5.1 Values of density are used for converting volumes to calibration at the ice point (Notes 4 and 5). A thermometer
units of mass, and for correcting measured volumes from the commonly used is an ASTM 63C.
temperature of measurement to a standard temperature using NOTE 4—Practice E563 provides instructions on the preparation and use
Practice D4311/D4311M. of an ice-point bath as a reference temperature.
5.2 The quality of the results produced by this standard are NOTE 5—If the thermometer does not read 0.0 6 0.1 °C [32.0 6 0.2 °F]
at the ice point, then the thermometer should be recalibrated.
dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the
procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of 6.3.2 A platinum resistance thermometer (PRT) with sensor
the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Speci- which conforms to the requirements of Specification E1137/
fication D3666 are generally considered capable of competent E1137M. The thermometer shall be calibrated annually as a
and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this single unit and have a three- or four-wire connection configu-
standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification ration. The sensing element shall be immersed to the depth
D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. specified by the manufacturer. Calibrate the PRT system
Reliable results depend on many factors; following the sug- (sensor and readout) in accordance with Test Methods E644 or
gestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable verify its original calibration at the ice point (Notes 4 and 5).
guideline provides a means of evaluation and controlling some Corrections shall be applied to ensure accurate measurements
of these factors. within 0.1 °C [0.2 °F].

FIG. 1 Suitable Pycnometers and Stopper

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D70/D70M − 21
6.3.3 A thermistor thermometer with sensor which con- water, placing the stopper gently in the pycnometer. Place the
forms to the requirements of Specification E879, calibrated pycnometer in the beaker and press the stopper in place. Do not
annually as a single unit. The sensing element of the thermistor allow any air bubbles to remain in the pycnometer. Return the
shall be completely immersed. Calibrate the thermistor ther- beaker to the water bath if previously removed.
mometer system (sensor and readout) in accordance with Test 10.1.3 Allow the pycnometer to remain in the water for a
Methods E644 or verify its original calibration at the ice point period of not less than 30 min at the test temperature. The test
(Notes 4 and 5). Corrections shall be applied to ensure accurate temperature shall be determined by the thermometer described
measurements within 0.1 °C [0.2 °F]. in 6.3 during this time period. Remove the pycnometer and
6.4 Balance, capable of making the required measurements immediately dry the top of the stopper with one stroke of a dry
to an accuracy of at least 0.001 g [0.00001 oz]. towel (Note 8), then quickly dry the remaining outside area of
the pycnometer and weigh to the nearest 0.001 g [0.00001 oz].
6.5 Beaker, 600 mL [20 fluid oz] or larger Griffin low-form Designate the mass of the pycnometer plus water as B.
beaker.
6.6 Tongs or Clean Nitrile (or Similar) Gloves, for placing NOTE 8—Do not re-dry the top of the stopper even if a small droplet of
water forms as a result of expansion. If the top is dried at the instant of
and removing the pycnometer from the beaker. removing the pycnometer from the water, the proper mass of the contents
at the test temperature will be recorded. If moisture condenses on the
7. Materials pycnometer during weighing, quickly re-dry the outside of the pycnometer
(excluding the top) before recording the mass.
7.1 Water—Boiled and cooled distilled or deionized water,
free of visual contaminants. Water greater than three days post
11. Procedure
boiling and cooling shall not be used (Note 7).
11.1 Perform each of the following steps, handling the
NOTE 6—Water should be discarded or re-boiled if bubbles are seen in
the pycnometer during testing. pycnometer only with tongs or gloves as described in 6.6:
NOTE 7—As an alternative to using heat, a vacuum source to pull a 11.1.1 Preparation of Sample—Heat the sample with care,
negative pressure until the water boils without heat may be used. In this stirring to prevent local overheating, until the sample has
case, the water does not have to be cooled before use. become sufficiently fluid to pour. In no case should the
temperature be raised to more than 55 °C [131 °F] above the
8. Sampling
expected softening point for tar, or to more than 110 °C
8.1 Take samples in accordance with Practice D140/ [230 °F] above the expected softening point for asphalt. Do not
D140M. The sample shall be free of foreign substances. heat for more than 60 min over a flame or hot plate or more
8.2 Thoroughly mix the sample before removing a repre- than 120 min in an oven, and avoid incorporating air bubbles
sentative portion for testing. into the sample.
11.1.2 Pour enough sample into the clean, dry, warmed
9. Preparation of Apparatus pycnometer to fill it about three fourths of its capacity. Take
9.1 Partially fill a 600-mL [20 fluid oz] or larger Griffin precautions to keep the material from touching the sides of the
low-form beaker with freshly boiled and cooled distilled or pycnometer above the final level and prevent the inclusion of
deionized water to a level that will allow the top of the air bubbles (Note 9). Allow the pycnometer and its contents to
pycnometer to be immersed to a depth of not less than 40 mm cool to ambient temperature for a period of not less than 40 min
[1.6 in.]. and weigh with the stopper to the nearest 0.001 g [0.00001 oz].
Designate the mass of the pycnometer plus sample as C. The
9.2 Partially immerse the beaker in the water bath to a depth pycnometer shall be handled with only tongs or gloves during
sufficient to allow the bottom of the beaker to be immersed to this entire process.
a depth of not less than 100 mm [3.9 in.] while the top of the
beaker is above the water level of the bath. Utilize some NOTE 9—If any air bubbles are inadvertently entrained, remove by
method to ensure that the beaker does not tip over, while brushing the surface of the asphalt in the pycnometer with a high “soft”
flame of a bunsen burner or torch. To avoid overheating, do not allow the
making sure that circulation of the water in the conditioning flame to remain in contact with the asphalt more than a few seconds at any
bath around the beaker is not restricted. one time.
9.3 Maintain the temperature of the water bath within 0.1 °C 11.1.3 Remove the beaker from the water bath, if necessary.
[0.2 °F] of the test temperature as determined by the thermom- Fill the pycnometer with freshly boiled distilled or deionized
eter described in 6.3. water, placing the stopper gently in the pycnometer. Place the
pycnometer in the beaker and press the stopper in place. Do not
10. Standardization of Pycnometer allow any air bubbles to remain in the pycnometer. Return the
10.1 Perform each of the following steps for each test beaker to the water bath if previously removed.
temperature at which the pycnometer will be used, handling the 11.1.4 Allow the pycnometer to remain in the water for a
pycnometer only with tongs or gloves as described in 6.6: period of not less than 30 min at the test temperature. The test
10.1.1 Thoroughly clean, dry, and weigh the pycnometer to temperature shall be determined by the thermometer described
the nearest 0.001 g [0.00001 oz]. Designate this mass as A. in 6.3 during this time period. Remove the pycnometer and
10.1.2 Remove the beaker from the water bath, if necessary. immediately dry the top of the stopper with one stroke of a dry
Fill the pycnometer with freshly boiled distilled or deionized towel (Note 8), then quickly dry the remaining outside area of

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D70/D70M − 21
TABLE 1 Precision of Specific Gravity Data for Semi-Solid Bituminous Materials
Single-Operator Multilaboratory
Temperature
°C [°F] Degrees of Degrees of
(1S) (D2S) (1S) (D2S)
Freedom Freedom
Asphalt 15.6 [60.1] 54 0.0011 0.0032 24 0.0018 0.0051
25.0 [77] 54 0.00080 0.0023 24 0.0024 0.0068

Soft tar pitch 15.6 [60.1] 72 0.0013 0.0038 27 0.0029 0.0083

25.0 [77] 72 0.00083 0.0023 27 0.0017 0.0048

Pooled values 15.6 [60.1] 114 0.0013 0.0037 51 0.0024 0.0068

25.0 [77] 114 0.00082 0.0023 51 0.0019 0.0053

the pycnometer and weigh to the nearest 0.001 g [0.00001 oz]. 14. Precision and Bias
Designate this mass of pycnometer plus sample plus water as 14.1 Single-Operator Precision—The single-operator
D. pooled standard deviation for the specific gravity (relative
12. Calculation density) of semi-solid bituminous materials has been found to
be 0.0013 at 15.6 °C and 0.00082 at 25.0 °C (see Table 1).
12.1 Calculate the specific gravity (relative density) to the Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests by the same
nearest 0.001 as follows: operator on the same material should not differ by more than
relative density 5 ~ C 2 A ! / @ ~ B 2 A ! 2 ~ D 2 C ! # (1) the following values (see Note 11):
Test Temperature, °C [°F] Density, kg/m3 (kg/L)
where: 15.6 [60.1] 3.7 (0.0037)
A = mass of pycnometer (plus stopper), 25.0 [77] 2.3 (0.0023)
B = mass of pycnometer filled with water, 14.2 Multilaboratory Precision—The multilaboratory
C = mass of pycnometer (plus stopper) partially filled with pooled standard deviation for the specific gravity (relative
asphalt, and density) of semi-solid bituminous materials has been found to
D = mass of pycnometer plus asphalt plus water. be 0.0024 at 15.6 °C and 0.0019 at 25.0 °C (see Table 1).
12.2 Calculate density to the nearest 0.001 as follows: Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests by two
Density 5 relative density 3 W T (2)
laboratories on samples of the same material should not differ
by more than the following values (see Note 11):
where: Test Temperature, °C [°F] Density, kg/m3 (kg/L)
WT = density of water at the test temperature (Note 10). 15.6 [60.1] 6.8 (0.0068)
25.0 [77] 5.4 (0.0054)
NOTE 10—Density of water from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics: NOTE 11—These number represent, respectively, the (1S) and (D2S)
Temperature Density of Water [Density of Water limits as described in Practice C670.
°C [°F] kg/m3 (kg/L) lb/ft3 (lb/gal)]
15.6 [60.1] 999.0 (0.9990) [62.37 (8.337)]
14.3 Bias—No information can be presented on the bias of
25.0 [77] 997.0 (0.9970) [62.24 (8.321)] the procedure in this test method for measuring specific gravity
or density because no material having an accepted reference
13. Report value is available.
13.1 Report specific gravity to the nearest 0.001 and density
to the nearest 1 kg/m3 (0.001 kg/L) [0.05 lb ⁄ft3 (0.001 lb ⁄gal)] 15. Keywords
and the test temperature. 15.1 density; pycnometer; relative density; specific gravity

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee D04 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (D70 – 18a)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Jan. 1, 2021.)

(1) Updated usage of “specific gravity” and “relative density” (2) Added Test Method D8188 to Referenced Documents.
throughout. (3) Revised Sections 10 and 11.

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D70/D70M − 21
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