DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Subject Code: EC306
LAB FILE

Name: SAHIL SHAMIM

Roll no.: 2K22/EC/196
 Index
S. Page
Title Dated Sign.
No. No
 Experiment 1
Aim: Introduction to MPLAB, and Proteus.
Tools used: MPLAB x IDE v6.20 and Proteus 8 Professional.

Theory
MPLAB X IDE v6.20 is a powerful integrated development environment (IDE) designed for
Microchip microcontrollers and digital signal controllers (DSCs), available for Windows, macOS,
and Linux. It includes a comprehensive set of tools, such as an advanced code editor with syntax
highlighting and code completion, making coding more efficient. The IDE’s project management
features enable seamless organization of codebases, enhancing developer productivity.
Additionally, its robust debugging capabilities, including breakpoints and variable tracking, assist
in identifying and resolving issues effectively.

With broad device support, MPLAB X IDE v6.20 provides access to device-specific libraries and
configuration tools, simplifying development for Microchip hardware. The IDE’s plugin system
allows users to extend its functionality, tailoring it to specific project needs. Furthermore,
integration with version control systems like Git ensures streamlined collaboration, version
tracking, and project synchronization. As an essential tool for embedded development, MPLAB X
IDE v6.20 empowers developers to create, debug, and deploy projects with confidence and
efficiency.

MPLAB X supports the following compilers:

• MPLAB XC8 – C compiler for 8-bit PIC devices

• MPLAB XC16 – C compiler for 16-bit PIC devices
• MPLAB XC32 – C/C++ compiler for 32-bit PIC devices
• HI-TECH C – C compiler for 8-bit PIC devices
• SDCC – Open-source C compiler

Key features of MPLAB X IDE include:

• Built-in editor for creating and modifying source code

• Tools for assembling, compiling, and linking code
• Debugging support through the built-in simulator or real-time debugging with in-circuit
emulators and debuggers
• Timing analysis using the simulator or emulator
• Variable monitoring via watch windows
• Firmware programming for Microchip devices using device programmers

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Getting started with MPLAB IDE:
Creating a new project in MPLAB X IDE v6.20

1) Open MPLAB X IDE v6.20

2) Choose File>New Project then choose Application Project & click next.

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3) Select the Device then click Next.

4) Choose compiler then click Next.

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5) Give Project name & specify project location.

6) At last, the final project has been built successfully. Now user can start adding files &
writing codes in the given project.

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Simulation Software: Proteus 8 Professional

Proteus Schematic Window

Results: We have successfully studied about PIC Microcontroller, and gained overview of
how to create Hex file in MPLAB and select components in Proteus in order to make
schematic.

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 Experiment 2
Aim: To blink LEDs in ON/OFF pattern using PIC.
Tools used: MPLAB x IDE v6.20 and Proteus 8 Professional.

Theory
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light when a voltage is
applied across their terminals. Operating as p-n junction diodes, they facilitate electron-hole
recombination within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. The emitted light's
colour, representing the photon's energy, is determined by the semiconductor material's
energy band gap.

The PIC microcontroller, introduced by Microchip Technologies in 1993, initially served as

part of PDP (Programmed Data Processor) Computers. Each peripheral device of the
computer was interfaced using these microcontrollers, hence earning the name Peripheral
Interface Controller (PIC). Over time, Microchip expanded its PIC series ICs, ranging from
simple lighting applications to advanced functionalities. These microcontrollers became
integral components for various electronic projects due to their versatility and reliability.

The PIC microcontroller's adoption in diverse applications stems from its robust
architecture, offering features such as GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins for
interfacing with external components like LEDs. By configuring GPIO pins as outputs and
controlling their states through software, developers can implement tasks like blinking LEDs
in specific patterns. This process involves writing code using development tools like MPLAB
X IDE, compiling it into machine code, and programming the microcontroller to execute the
desired functionality.

PIC Microcontroller: PIC16F84A

Pin Diagram of PIC16F84A

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Code:

Simulation Results:

All LEDs turned OFF.

All LEDs turned ON.

Result: The LEDs successfully blinked in an ON/OFF pattern using the PIC microcontroller. The
experiment demonstrated GPIO pin control through MPLAB X IDE and Proteus simulation.

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 Experiment 3
Aim: To blink LEDs in alternate fashion using PIC.
Tools used: MPLAB x IDE v6.20 and Proteus 8 Professional.

Theory
In this experiment, the PIC16F84A microcontroller was implemented using Proteus software to
control multiple LEDs. The LEDs were connected to the output ports of the microcontroller and
properly grounded, ensuring correct circuit operation. The program for LED blinking was written
in MPLAB X IDE v6.20, where the microcontroller’s GPIO pins were configured as outputs. The
code was compiled to generate a HEX file, which was then loaded into the microcontroller using
Proteus. Once programmed, the microcontroller executed the instructions, causing the LEDs to
blink in an alternate ON/OFF pattern, demonstrating basic microcontroller-based LED control.

Code:

Simulation Results:

All LEDs turned OFF.

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 All LEDs glow in the alternate positions.
Results: Using PIC16F84A Microcontroller and MPLAB Software, the LEDs blink in
alternating pattern successfully.

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 Experiment 4
Aim: To blink LEDs in a one-by-one pattern and Sandglass pattern using PIC.
Tools used: MPLAB x IDE v6.20 and Proteus 8 Professional.

Theory

In this experiment, the PIC16F84A microcontroller was simulated using Proteus software,
where multiple LEDs were connected to its output ports and properly grounded to ensure
correct operation. The program for generating one-by-one and sandglass LED blinking
patterns was written using MPLAB X IDE v6.20. The microcontroller’s GPIO pins were
configured as outputs, and the code was compiled to generate a HEX file. This HEX file was
then loaded into the microcontroller within Proteus. Upon execution, the microcontroller
controlled the LEDs to blink in a sequential one-by-one pattern and a sandglass pattern,
demonstrating advanced LED control using embedded programming.

Code: 1.) One by One Pattern

Simulation Results:

All LEDs turned OFF.

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 LEDs glowing one by one.
Code: 2.) Sandglass Pattern

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 LEDs glowing in sandglass pattern.
Results: Using PIC16F84A Microcontroller and MPLAB Software, we have successfully
simulated both one-by-one and sandglass pattern blinking of LED.

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 Experiment 5

Aim: To display numbers 0-9 on seven seven-segment display.

Tools used: MPLAB x IDE v6.15 and Proteus 8 Professional.
Theory:
The 7-segment display, also written as “seven-segment display”, consists of seven LEDs
(hence its name) arranged in a rectangular fashion as shown. Each of the seven LEDs is
called a segment because when illuminated the segment forms part of a numerical digit (both
Decimal and Hex) to be displayed.
An additional 8th LED is sometimes used within the same package thus allowing the
indication of a decimal point, (DP) when two or more 7-segment displays are connected
together to display numbers greater than ten.

Digital segments of all numbers.

The 7-segment display comes in two configurations which are common cathode & common
anode configuration.
1. The Common Cathode (CC) – In the common cathode display, all the cathode
connections of the LED segments are joined together to logic “0” or ground. The
individual segments are illuminated by application of a “HIGH”, or logic “1” signal via
a current limiting resistor to forward bias the individual Anode terminals (a-g).
2. The Common Anode (CA) – In the common anode display, all the anode connections
of the LED segments are joined together to logic “1”. The individual segments are
illuminated by applying a ground, logic “0” or “LOW” signal via a suitable current
limiting resistor to the Cathode of the particular segment (a-g).

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1.) Common Cathode

Binary
Digit Hexcode
0gfedcba
0 00111111 0x3F
1 00000110 0x06
2 01011011 0x5B
3 01001111 0x4F
4 01100110 0x66
5 01101101 0x6D
6 01111101 0x7D
7 00000111 0x07
8 01111111 0x7F
9 01101111 0x6B

Code:

#include <xc.h>

void main(void) {
int i;
TRISB = 0; // Set PORTB as output
while (1) {
PORTB = 0x3F; // Display 0
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0x06; // Display 1
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0x5B; // Display 2
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0x4F; // Display 3
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0x66; // Display 4
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0x6D; // Display 5
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0x7D; // Display 6
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0x07; // Display 7
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0x7F; // Display 8
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0x6F; // Display 9
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
}
return;
}

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Simulation Results:

Common Cathode simulation results

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2.) Common Anode

Binary
Digit Hexcode
1gfedcba
0 11000000 0xC0
1 11111001 0xF9
2 10100100 0xA4
3 10110000 0xB0
4 10011001 0x99
5 10010010 0x92
6 10000010 0x80
7 11111000 0xF8
8 10000000 0x80
9 10010000 0x90

Code:

#include <xc.h>

void main(void) {
int i;
TRISB = 0; // Set PORTB as output

while (1) {
PORTB = 0xC0; // Display 0
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0xF9; // Display 1
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0xA4; // Display 2
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0xB0; // Display 3
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0x99; // Display 4
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0x92; // Display 5
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0x82; // Display 6
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0xF8; // Display 7
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0x80; // Display 8
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0x90; // Display 9
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
}
return;
}

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Simulation Results:

Common Anode simulation results

Results: We have Successfully simulated and displayed the numbers from 0 to 9 on both
Common Cathode and Common Anode 7-segment Digital LED Display.

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 Experiment 6

Aim: To display Roll No. on a seven-segment display.

Tools used: MPLAB x IDE v6.15 and Proteus 8 Professional.
Theory: The corresponding hex codes for my roll number 23-SPD-07, using common
cathode configuration are as follows:

Binary
Digit Hex code
0gfedcba
2 01011011 0x5B
3 01001111 0x4F
- 01000000 0x40
S 01101101 0x6D
P 01110011 0x73
d 01011110 0x5E
- 01000000 0x40
0 00111111 0x3F
7 00000111 0x07

Code:
#include <xc.h>

void main(void) {
int i;
TRISB = 0; // Set PORTB as output
while (1) {
PORTB = 0x5B; // Display 2
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0x4F; // Display 3
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0x40; // Display -
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0x6D; // Display S
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0x73; // Display P
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0x5E; // Display D
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0x40; // Display -
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0x3F; // Display 0
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
PORTB = 0x07; // Display 7
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++); // Delay
}
return;

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Simulation Results:

Results: Using PIC16F84A Microcontroller and MPLAB Software, Roll no. has been
displayed successfully.

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 Experiment 7

Aim: Write a C program in assembly to blink LED in a 4-way traffic light controller with
a timer counter on a 7-segment display.
Tools used: MPLAB x IDE v6.15 and Proteus 8 Professional.
Theory: An LED is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p-n junction diode, which
emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons can
recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.
The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the
energy band gap of the semiconductor.

4-Way Traffic Light Controller: Several decades back, when people used to travel on foot,
there were, of course, no proper roads, and as vehicles got invented, the roads also got
constructed. And, as technology increases, the construction of roads also gets more
innovative. Today, there is not just a one or two-way route at one place, but also a 4-way
road with 4-way traffic lights. As time passes, the population of the world is increasing, and
not just the population, but also the automotive industry is growing. Thus, we need proper
traffic management without that there would be chaos. Therefore, traffic signal lights are
very Important to regulate vehicles and traffic on roads.

For our experiment, we would use a counter and blink LED along a path for a certain period
of time.

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Code:
#include <xc.h> //Timer Counter Code
void main(void) {
int i;
TRISB = 0;
while (1) {
//0
PORTB = 0x3F;
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++);
//1
PORTB = 0x06;
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++);
//2
PORTB = 0x5B;
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++);
//3
PORTB = 0x4F;
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++);
//4
PORTB = 0x66;
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++);
//5
PORTB = 0x6D;
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++);
//6
PORTB = 0x7d;
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++);
//7
PORTB = 0x07;
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++);
//8
PORTB = 0x7f;
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++);
//9
PORTB = 0x6f;
for (i = 0; i < 3000; i++);
}
return;
}

#include <xc.h> //4 Way Traffic Light LED Code

void main(void) {
int i;
TRISB = 0;
while (1) {
PORTB = 0x56;
for (i = 0; i < 30000; i++);
PORTB = 0x59;
for (i = 0; i < 30000; i++);
PORTB = 0x65;
for (i = 0; i < 30000; i++);
PORTB = 0x95;
for (i = 0; i < 30000; i++);
}
return;
}

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Simulation Results:

Results: Using PIC16F84A Microcontroller and MPLAB Software, a 4-way traffic light
controller with LEDs & a timer counter on a 7 Segment display has been designed
successfully.

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 Experiment 8

Aim: To run stepper motor in a clockwise and anticlockwise direction.

Tools used: MPLAB x IDE v6.15 and Proteus 8 Professional.
Theory:
A stepper motor is an electromechanical device that converts electrical power into
mechanical power. Also, it is a brushless, synchronous electric motor that can divide a full
rotation into an expansive number of steps. The motor’s position can be controlled
accurately without any feedback mechanism, as long as the motor is carefully sized to the
application. Stepper motors are similar to switched reluctance motors. The stepper motor
uses the theory of operation for magnets to make the motor shaft turn at a precise distance
when a pulse of electricity is provided. The stator has eight poles, and the rotor has six
poles. The rotor will require 24 pulses of electricity to move the 24 steps to make one
complete revolution. Another way to say this is that the rotor will move precisely 15° for
each pulse of electricity that the motor receives.

The stepper motor working principle is Electro-Magnetism. It includes a rotor which is made
with a permanent magnet whereas a stator is with electromagnets. Once the supply is
provided to the winding of the stator then the magnetic field will be developed within the
stator. Now rotor in the motor will start to move with the rotating magnetic field of the
stator. So, this is the fundamental working principle of this motor.

In this motor, there is a soft iron that is enclosed through the electromagnetic stators. The
poles of the stator as well as the rotor don’t depend on the kind of stepper. Once the stators
of this motor are energized then the rotor will rotate to line up itself with the stator otherwise
turns to have the least gap through the stator. In this way, the stators are activated in a
series to revolve the stepper motor.

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Code:
#include <xc.h>

void main(void) {
int i;
TRISB = 0;
while (1) {
//Clockwise
PORTB = 0x99;
for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++);
PORTB = 0x0C;
for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++);
PORTB = 0x06;
for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++);
PORTB = 0x03;
for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++);
}
return;
}

#include <xc.h>

void main(void) {
int i;
TRISB=0;
while(1){
//Counter-Clockwise
PORTB=0x03;
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
PORTB=0x06;
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
PORTB=0x0C;
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
PORTB=0x99;
for(i=0;i<1000;i++);
}
return;
}

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Simulation Results:

Results: Using PIC16F84A Microcontroller and MPLAB Software, the stepper motor has
been run in both, clockwise and anticlockwise directions successfully.

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