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Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
Misamis Street, Bago-Bantay, Quezon City

UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS

(USLeM)

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Module 4
DEVELOPMENT TEAM:
Writer: Lorelee A. Arreza SDO EPS (Math): Mirasol I. Rongavilla
SDS: Margarito B. Materum SDO LR: Daisy L. Mataac

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 UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
Senior High School Mathematics
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LESSON 1: Random Sampling
EXPECTATION
After exploring this supplementary learning material, you should be able to
illustrate random sampling.

PRETEST
Directions: Read each question carefully, then write the letter of the correct answer.
1. It is a sampling technique wherein every element of the population has the same
probability of being chosen to be included in the sample.
A. Simple Random Sampling C. Stratified Sampling
B. Systematic Sampling D. Cluster Sampling
2. It is a measure that describes the population.
A. Parameter B. Sample C. Sampling D. Statistic
3.
A. Data B. Parameter C. Sample D. Statistic
4. 𝑥̅ , s², and s are examples of _____________.
A. Data B. Parameter C. Sample D. Statistic
5. A researcher wants to select 25 people from a population of 75 using systematic
sampling. What is the sampling interval?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 43 D. 5

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
A population consists of all members of the group with common characteristics
that is the focus of a research and where the sample is drawn. A sample is a portion,
part, or subset of the entire population. Sampling is a procedure in selecting a sample
from the population. This is usually done when the population is too large for
gathering data.
Effectively selecting a sample is essential when a researcher wishes to achieve
unbiased results in his/her study; one of the best ways to fulfill this is by using
random sampling.

Population

Sample

Types of Random Sampling

A. Simple random sampling
It is the most basic sampling technique. In this sampling technique, every
member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen to be a part of the
sample. One way to do simple random sampling is by using the Table of Random
Numbers or by using the lottery method.

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Example:
A researcher wants to study the number of hours spent by an adult in doing
household chores over the weekend in a certain community. In selecting members of
his sample, he wanted to use the simple random sampling technique. If there are 800
adults in the community, how many adults should there be in his sample?
Solution:
Step 1. Use the Slovin’ s Formula in determining the number of adults that should be
𝑁
included in the sample. 𝑛 =
1+𝑁𝑒 2
where n = number of adults N = population in a community
e = margin of error, use 5% or 0.05
𝑁 800 800
𝑛 = 𝑁𝑒 2 = 1+(800)(0.05)2
= 3
= 266.67 𝑜𝑟 267 are included in the study

Step 2. Assign a number to each 800 adults in the community (1 to 800).

1- Adult 1
2- Adult 2
3- Adult 3

800- Adult 800

Step 3. Write the numbers (1 to 800) on piece of paper.

1 2 3 ... 800

Step 4. Put all these pieces of paper with numbers on them in a bowl or empty box.
(See figure A.)

A B

Step 5. Randomly pick out 267 folded paper from the bowl or box without looking. (See
figure B.)
Step 6. Identify the adults that correspond to the 267 numbers randomly picked.

B. Systematic Sampling
A random sampling technique in which every kth element of the population is
selected until the desired number of elements in the sample is obtained. The value
of k is the sampling interval.
𝑁 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑘= =
𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
where k = sample interval N = population size n = sample size

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Example: There are 400 families in a barangay in which fifty families are needed as
sample for an experiment.
Solution:
Step 1. Prepare a sampling frame by randomly arranging the 400 families.
Step 2. Assign each family a number from 1 to 400.
Family Number
Santos 1
Garcia 2

Ramos 400
Step 3. Find the sampling interval k. Divide the population size 400 by the sample size
50.
𝑁 400
𝑘= = = 8 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
𝑛 50
Step 4. Select a number from the whole numbers between 0 and k+1 by simple
random technique. The numbers that are between 0 and k+1 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7 and 8. The chosen value is called as the random start.
Step 5. Assume that the randomly selected number is 3. Use 3 as the starting
number.
Step 6. Select every 8th families from the sampling frame starting from the 3rd families.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,..

1st 2nd 3rd

∴ The numbers of the sample will then be 3, 11, 19, 27, …

C. Stratified Sampling
In stratified sampling, the population is partitioned into
several subgroups called strata which are based on some
characteristics like year level, gender, age, ethnicity, etc.
Example: A clothing company wants to determine
whether 1000 customers prefer any specific color over
other colors in shirts. How are you going to choose your
sample of 200 customers by using stratified sampling if there are 144, 162, 73, 146,
270, 205 customers per stratum?

Solution:

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Subdivide the population with their preferred shirt colors into several strata,
then make a table.
Population (N = 1,000) Number of Customers per Stratum
White 144
Blue 162
Black 73
Red 146
Yellow 270
Green 205
Total 1,000
To obtain the sample size per color, divide the total number of customers per
stratum by the total number of customers, and then multiply the result by 200. Select
the members of each sample by using simple random sampling.
Computation of sample size:
144
𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑒: 1,000
𝑥 200 = 29 customers should be selected as for white shirt.

Population Number of Customers Computation Sample

N = 1,000 per Stratum n = 200

White 144 144 29

× 200
1 000
Blue 162 162 32
× 200
1 000
Black 73 73 15
× 200
1 000
Red 146 146 29
× 200
1 000
Yellow 270 270 54
× 200
1 000
Green 205 205 41
× 200
1 000
Total 1,000 200

D. Cluster or Area Sampling

The population is divided into clusters. From these clusters, random sample
clusters will be drawn. All the elements from the sampled clusters will make up the
sample.
Example:
Suppose some medical researchers want
to study the patients in Metro Manila. How are
they going to do this using the cluster sampling
technique?

Solution:

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 UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
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1. Divide the population into clusters. Use few hospitals as clusters.
2. Not all the hospitals in Metro Manila will be included in the sample. This could be
selected at simple random sampling.
3. Not all the patients in the chosen hospital will be included in the study. Select
the final patients to be included in the sample by using a simple random
sampling.

ACTIVITY 1.1
Directions: Identify the following examples as population or sample.
__________ 1. A grade 11 students selected to study the effects of social media.
__________ 2. The ages of government employee in Taguig City.
__________ 3. The number of Anne Curtis’s followers.
__________ 4. The total number of loaves of bread baked each day in a bakery.
__________ 5. Blood types of group of individuals in a certain barangay.

ACTIVITY 1.2
Directions: Classify each sample as simple random sampling, stratified random
sampling, systematic random sampling, or cluster random sampling.
__________ 1. Every 5th student entering a school campus is asked to select his/ her
favorite color.
__________ 2. A researcher interviewed 12 farmers in each of the 18 randomly selected
Barangay in Bulacan Province.
__________ 3. Teachers are selected using random numbers in order to determine their
annual salaries.
__________ 4. A professor asked the students to pass the class card to him; he then
shuffles the cards and then draws 7 names for recitation.
__________ 5. A teacher researcher divided the subjects into four groups according to
track/strands and then selected sample from each group.

ACTIVITY 1.3
Directions: Compute the sample size of the following using Slovin’ s Formula.
1. N = 2500, e = 0.05 2. N = 486, e = 0.01

REMEMBER
There are four types of random sampling, namely, simple random sampling,
systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling.

CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Directions: Choose which sampling method is appropriate in the following situations.
Write only the letter of your choice.
1. The teacher randomly selects 20 boys and 15 girls from a batch of learners to be the
members of a group that will go on a field trip.
A. Simple Random Sampling C. Systematic Random Sampling
B. Cluster Sampling D. Stratified Random Sampling

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 UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
Senior High School Mathematics
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. A sample of 10 mice are selected at random from a set of 40 mice to test the effect of
a certain medicine.
A. Simple Random Sampling C. Systematic Random Sampling
B. Cluster Sampling D. Stratified Random Sampling
3. Two out of five people in a certain seminar are asked what they think of the
president.
A. Simple Random Sampling C. Systematic Random Sampling
B. Cluster Sampling D. Stratified Random Sampling
4. A barangay health worker asks every 4th house in the village for the ages of the
children living in those households.
A. Simple Random Sampling C. Systematic Random Sampling
B. Cluster Sampling D. Stratified Random Sampling
5. Bea, a Statistics student, wants to determine who cares more about their physical
appearances – the male or the female students. She wants to limit her study to
Grade 11 students; however, there are more females than males which are 279 and
250, respectively. If Bea wants her sample to consist only of 50 students, which
sampling method will she use?
A. Simple Random Sampling C. Systematic Random Sampling
B. Cluster Sampling D. Stratified Random Sampling

LESSON 2: Parameters and Statistic

EXPECTATIONS
After exploring this supplementary learning material, you should be able to:
1. distinguish between parameter and statistic; and
2. identify sampling distributions of statistics (sample means).

LOOKING BACK
Answer the following questions.
1. How will you differentiate a population from a sample?
2. How will you determine if you will use a population or a sample in a study?

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
A parameter is a measure that describes a population. Parameters are usually
denoted by Greek letters like 𝜇, 𝜎. On the other hand, statistic is a measure that
describes a sample. Statistic is usually denoted by Roman letters x, s. A parameter is
a numerical measurement describing some characteristics of a population. A statistic
is a numerical measurement describing some characteristics of a sample.

Population

Sample

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Parameter
Example of parameters: 1. Population mean (𝜇)
2. Population Variance (𝜎 2 )
3. Population standard Deviation (𝜎)
The population mean is the mean of the entire population. It is computed using the
∑𝑥
formula: 𝜇= 𝑁 where, 𝜇 = population mean
x = given data
N = population size / number of cases
Example 1: The numbers of teachers in 6 departments of a certain high school are 18,
16, 14, 15, 19, and 20. Find the population mean.
Solution:
1. Add all the data: 18 +16 +14 +15 + 19 + 20 = 102
102
2. Divide the sum by the number of departments (N): 6 = 17
Therefore, the population mean is 17.

Population Variance and Population Standard Deviation

Population variance and standard deviation are widely used measures of
dispersion of data in research. The population variance 𝜎 2 is the sum of the squared
deviations of each datum from the population mean divided by the population size.
The population standard deviation is the square root of the population variance.
∑(𝑥−𝜇)2
Formula for Population Variance 𝝈𝟐 : 𝜎2 = where N = population size
𝑁
x = given data
Formula for Population Standard Deviation 𝝈 𝜇= population mean
∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2
𝜎= √
𝑁

Example 2: The ages of 9 English teachers in a certain public school are 30, 34, 32,
38, 28, 36, 40, 31, and 35. Compute the following:
a. Population variance b. Population standard deviation
Solution:
∑𝑥 306
Step 1. Compute the population mean. 𝜇 = 𝑁
= 9
= 34
Step 2. Subtract the population mean from each of the data.
(Refer to table’s 3rd column)
Step 3. Square all the deviations of the data from the population mean.
(Refer to table’s 4th column)
Step 4. Find the sum of all the squared deviations. (Refer to the last row of the table)
∑(𝑥−𝜇)2 214
Step 5. Solve for population variance. 𝜎 2 = 𝑁
= 9
= 23.7777 𝑜𝑟 23.78
Step 6. Solve for population standard deviation.
∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 214
𝜎=√ = √ = 4.88
𝑁 9

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Teacher Age 𝑥−𝜇 (𝑥 − 𝜇)2
1 30 30-34=-4 −42 = 16
2 34 34-34=0 02 = 0
3 32 32-34=-2 −22 = 4
4 38 38-34=4 42 = 16
5 26 26-34=-8 −82 = 64
6 36 36-34=2 22 = 4
7 44 44-34=10 102 = 100
8 31 31-34=-3 −32 = 9
9 35 35-34=1 12 = 1
∑ 𝑥 = 306 ∑(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 = 214

Statistic
A statistic is a measure that describes a sample. The examples of statistic are
the following:
1. Sample mean (𝑥̅ ) 2. Sample variance (𝑠 2 ) 3. Sample standard deviation (s)

The sample mean (𝑥̅ ) is the average of all the values randomly selected from the
∑𝑥
population. That is, 𝑥̅ = 𝑛 where x = values n = sample size
Example 3: The ages of 9 English teachers in a certain public school are 30, 34, 32,
38, 28, 36, 40, 31, and 35. Assume that the researcher randomly selected only 5 out
of 9 English teachers. Compute the sample mean.
Teacher Population Age Sample Age
1 30
2 34 34
3 32
4 38 38
5 26
6 36 36
7 44
8 31 31
9 35 35
∑ 𝑋 = 306 ∑ 𝑥 = 174
∑𝑥 174
Solve for sample mean: 𝑥̅ = 𝑛
= 5
= 34.8

Sample Variance and Sample Standard Deviation

The sample variance (𝑠 2 ) is the sum of the squared deviation of each data from
∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2
the sample mean 𝑥̅ divided by 𝑛 − 1: 𝑠 2 = 𝑛−1
The sample standard deviation is the square root of the sample variance.
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑠=√
𝑛−1

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Example 4: Calculate the sample variance and sample standard deviation of the 5
randomly selected data in Example 3.
Teacher Population Age Sample Age (x) 𝑥−𝑥 (𝑥 − 𝑥)2
1 30
2 34 34 34-34.8=-0.8 −0.82 = 0.64
3 32
4 38 38 38-34.8=3.2 3.22 = 10.24
5 26
6 36 36 36-34.8=1.2 1.22 = 1.44
7 44
8 31 31 31-34.8=-3.8 −3.82 = 14.44
9 35 35 35-34.8=0.2 0.22 = 0.04
∑ 𝑋 = 306 ∑ 𝑥 = 174 ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 = 26.8
∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 26.8 26.8
Solve for sample variance 𝑠2 = 𝑛−1
= 5−1 = 4
= 6.7

Solve for sample standard deviation

∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2 26.8 26.8
𝑠=√ = √5−1 = √ = √6.77 =2.5884 𝑜𝑟 2.59
𝑛−1 4
ACTIVITY 2.1
Directions: Ask each of your family members their ages and record them on a piece of
paper. Compute for the average age of your family, then randomly select the members
of the family to be studied using fishbowl method. From the selected family members,
compute for the average age.
Example:
Family Member Age
Father 42
Mother 40
1st Sibling 18
2nd Sibling 15
nth Sibling …

Questions:
1. What is the average age of your whole family?
2. From the randomly selected members of your family, what is the average
age?
3. Compare the two averages. What can you conclude about the result?

REMEMBER
The population mean is the mean of the entire population. It is represented by
∑𝑋
Greek letter mu (𝜇) and is computed using the formula: 𝜇 = 𝑁
∑(𝑋−𝜇)2
Formula for Population Variance 𝜎 2 : 𝜎2 = 𝑁
The population standard deviation 𝜎 is the square root of the population
∑(𝑋−𝜇)2
variance 𝜎 2 . That is, 𝜎 = √ 𝑁

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 UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
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The sample mean (𝑥̅ ) is the average of all the values randomly selected from the
∑𝑥
population. 𝑥̅ = 𝑛

CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Directions: Compute for the mean, variance, and standard deviation.
1. The final examination scores of 5 randomly selected Grade 11 students in
Statistics were 80, 85, 90, 93, and 85.
2. There are 10 sections in Grade 11. The following numbers are the enrolled
students in each section: 36, 31, 33, 40, 47, 49, 44, 35, 45, and 42.

POST TEST
Directions: Read each question carefully, then write the letter of the correct answer.
1. It involves selecting a simple random sample from each of a given number of
subpopulations or strata.
A. Simple Random Sampling C. Cluster Sampling
B. Stratified Random Sampling D. Quota Sampling
2. It is a simple random sample of clusters from the available clusters in the
population.
A. Stratified Random Sampling C. Cluster Sampling
B. Simple Random Sampling D. Purposive Sampling
3. It involves the random selection of one of the first k elements in an ordered
population.
A. Stratified Random Sampling C. Cluster Sampling
B. Systematic Random Sampling D. Simple Random Sampling
4. The Senior High School Department consists of 10 male teachers, 15 female
teachers, and one department head. This statement is an example of a________.
A. Statistic B. Parameter C. Random sampling D. Sample
5. Luzon has 38 provinces. This is an example of a _______________.
A. Statistic C. Random sampling
B. Parameter D. Sampling technique

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 UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
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ANSWER KEY

5. D
4. C
3. B
2. A
1. D
5. A Standard deviation=5.88
4.B Understanding
Variance=34.56
3.B Checking Your
2. mean=40.2
2.C 2. 464
1.B 1. 345 Standard deviation=4.50
Post-Test Variance=20.24
Activity 1.3
1. Mean=86.6
5. B 5. Stratified sampling
4. D 4. Simple random sampling Checking Your Understanding
3. B 3. Simple random sampling
2. D 2. Cluster sampling
1. A 1. Systematic sampling 1. Answers may vary
Pre-Test Activity 1.2
Activity 2.1
5. Sample Lesson 2
4. Population
3. Population
2. Population
1. Sample
Activity 1.1
Lesson 1

References
Statistics and Probability: Next Century Mathematics, Jesus P. Mercado and Fernando
B. Orines
Statistics and Probability: MSA, Merle S. Alferez and Ma. Cecilia A. Duro
Ched-Deped SHS Statistics and Probability TG Acebedo
Introduction to Probability and Statistics, 10th Edition, William Mendenhall, Robert J.
Beaver and Barbara M. Beaver
Worktext in statistics, Florinte O. Vizcarra and Eduardo G. Lubina

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