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CD_Nozzle

Chapter 10 discusses compressible flow through nozzles, diffusers, and wind tunnels, focusing on the behavior of flow in converging-diverging (C-D) nozzles. It explains the relationship between exit pressure and flow characteristics, detailing conditions for supersonic and subsonic flow, as well as the effects of normal shocks. The chapter also includes example problems illustrating calculations related to flow properties and shock formation in nozzles.

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Md Toufik Hasan
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33 views

CD_Nozzle

Chapter 10 discusses compressible flow through nozzles, diffusers, and wind tunnels, focusing on the behavior of flow in converging-diverging (C-D) nozzles. It explains the relationship between exit pressure and flow characteristics, detailing conditions for supersonic and subsonic flow, as well as the effects of normal shocks. The chapter also includes example problems illustrating calculations related to flow properties and shock formation in nozzles.

Uploaded by

Md Toufik Hasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ch.

10: Compressible Flow Through


Nozzles, Diffusers, and Wind Tunnels
Ch.10: Compressible Flow Through Nozzles, Diffusers, and Wind Tunnels
Ch.10: Compressible Flow Through Nozzles, Diffusers, and Wind Tunnels
Ch.10: Compressible Flow Through Nozzles, Diffusers, and Wind Tunnels
Ch.10: Compressible Flow Through Nozzles, Diffusers, and Wind Tunnels
Ch.10: Compressible Flow Through Nozzles, Diffusers, and Wind Tunnels
Ch.10: Compressible Flow Through Nozzles, Diffusers, and Wind Tunnels
Nozzle Flow
Nozzle Flow

Flow characteristics through a C-D nozzle is


strongly influenced by the exit pressure ( ) to
inlet pressure ( ) ratio, also more commonly
referred to as back pressure ( ) to inlet
pressure ratio, i.e., or .

Flow starts reaching the nozzle exit when is


slightly less than , i. e., , but supersonic
flow through a C-D nozzle can only be
obtained at its exit at an exit pressure less than
or equal to , i.e.,

For supersonic flow, 𝑒6 𝑒 𝑒5 .

For any other exit pressure, 𝑒5 𝑒 𝑒1 ,


the flow at the exit of a C-D nozzle remains
subsonic.

For subsonic flow, 𝑒5 𝑒 𝑒1


Nozzle Flow
For an exit pressure, 𝑒𝟑 𝑒 𝑒1 , the flow
velocity through the nozzle at the convergent part
gradually increases with the reduction of exit
pressure, reaches a maximum speed (below
sonic) at the throat and then decreases at the
divergent part making the exit subsonic.

When 𝟑 , the flow velocity through the


nozzle at the throat reaches sonic speed, and the
flow is said to be choked, i.e., reduction of exit
pressure has no effect on the convergent part of
the nozzle and the throat, the maximum mass
flow rate is set.

However, for 𝟓 𝟑 , the choked sonic


flow becomes supersonic at the divergent part of
the nozzle but it suffers a normal shock and the
eventual exit flow remains subsonic. Although the
reduction of exit pressure has no effect on the
convergent part, it does affect the strength and
position of the normal shock.
Nozzle Flow
As the exit pressure reduces, the normal shock
moves further downstream.

When 𝟓 , the normal shock stands at the


exit plane of the nozzle and the flow is still
subsonic.

As the exit pressure is reduced further, i.e,


, the normal shock moves out of
the exit plane further downstream, the flow
through the entire nozzle becomes isentropic
and supersonic flow exit from the nozzle.

Therefore, we summarize the C-D nozzle flow as follows:

For supersonic flow, the exit pressure is the flow remains isentropic
from the entry till the exit of the nozzle.

For subsonic flow, with exit pressure 𝟑 , the flow remains isentropic.

For subsonic flow, with exit pressure 𝟓 𝟑, the flow remains isentropic,
then normal shock and again isentropic.
Nozzle Flow
Nozzle Flow
Ch.10: Compressible Flow Through Nozzles, Diffusers, and Wind Tunnels
Example Problem-1:
Air flows from a pressurized tank through a C-D nozzle. The back pressure is low
enough that the flow is subsonic upstream of the throat, sonic at the throat, and
supersonic downstream of the throat. The throat area is . Calculate the
area at a location, where (i) , and (ii) .
Solution-1:
According to the description, the nozzle back pressure,
Irrespective of a normal shock,
Assuming isentropic flow from the entry up to the throat (sonic flow) location into
the C-D nozzle, we have from isentropic table, for
∗
∗

Assuming isentropic flow from the throat up to the supersonic location into the C-D
nozzle, we have from isentropic table, for, for
∗
∗

We have two Mach numbers for the same area ratio, one in the convergent part
at the subsonic flow and another in the divergent part for supersonic flow.
Ch.10: Compressible Flow Through Nozzles, Diffusers, and Wind Tunnels
Example Problem-2:
A large pressurized tank has upstream stagnation properties and
. Air flows through a well-insulated C-D nozzle whose back pressure is
adjusted such that a normal shock is formed at a location in the divergent section of
the nozzle where the cross-sectional area is twice the throat area.
Determine the Mach number, pressure and temperature before and after the shock.
Solution-2:
Note: (i) From entry up until the
flow becomes supersonic at the
divergent part and a normal shock
occurs, the flow is isentropic.
(ii) Across the normal shock, the
flow is non-isentropic.
(iii) After the shock, downstream of
the divergent part until the exit, the
flow is again isentropic.
Step-1: Given, ∗ , we determine the from isentropic table
(two values, one subsonic, one supersonic, subsonic is not applicable).
Step-2: for using isentropic table, we get pressure ( ) and temperature ( )
upstream of the shock.
Step-3: for , using normal shock table, we get Mach number ( ), pressure ( ),
temperature ( ) across the shock.
Ch.10: Compressible Flow Through Nozzles, Diffusers, and Wind Tunnels
Example Problem-3:
A C-D nozzle with an exit to throat area ratio of 5 exhausting air from a large
chamber to atmosphere.
(i) Find the range of back pressure to chamber pressure ratio for which there
is a shock in the nozzle
(ii) If a shock exists in the nozzle and the exit Mach number is measured as 0.35,
determine the Mach number upstream of the shock, the cross-sectional area where
it will form (relative to the throat area) and the back pressure to chamber pressure
ratio.
Solution-3:
(i) We have to determine, 𝟓 𝟑
For , we have from isentropic table, given,
∗ , for subsonic ,
, i.e.,

For (shock at the exit plane), the flow is


isentropic before the shock up to point 1 and it is
supersonic at point 1.
From isentropic table for ∗ , we get,
supersonic ,
After the shock, the final exit will be subsonic exit at point 2.
So, the exit (back) pressure, i.e., corresponds to the pressure after the shock.
Ch.10: Compressible Flow Through Nozzles, Diffusers, and Wind Tunnels
So from normal shock table, for , we get,

So,

(ii) Given, an exit Mach number, and ∗

Let us suppose the shock occurs at point 1.

∗
[Note: The areas and are the same, since shock is infinitely thin. But and
∗
are not same due to shock. ]

∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
We have,
Now from normal shock table, for , we get,

[Note: Flow from the nozzle entry up to the point 1 is isentropic]

∗ ∗
From isentropic table for
So,
Ch.10: Compressible Flow Through Nozzles, Diffusers, and Wind Tunnels
Practice Problem-1:

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