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MS Viruses

The document provides an overview of viruses, including their structural components, replication cycles (lytic and lysogenic), and the role of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses. It discusses the differences between enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, theories of viral origin, and the significance of viruses in horizontal gene transfer and evolutionary adaptation. Additionally, it includes multiple choice questions, short answer questions, and case studies related to viral biology.

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4 views

MS Viruses

The document provides an overview of viruses, including their structural components, replication cycles (lytic and lysogenic), and the role of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses. It discusses the differences between enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, theories of viral origin, and the significance of viruses in horizontal gene transfer and evolutionary adaptation. Additionally, it includes multiple choice questions, short answer questions, and case studies related to viral biology.

Uploaded by

siddhita.mohanty.tis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1.​ b) Protein coat (capsid) surrounding nucleic acid

2.​ b) Proteins

3.​ c) Either DNA or RNA

4.​ b) Immediate replication and cell lysis

5.​ c) Attachment to the host cell

Section B: Short Answer Questions

1.​ Structural Components of a Virus:

○​ Capsid: A protein coat that protects the viral genetic material and helps in

host recognition.

○​ Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA): Contains genetic information necessary for

replication.

○​ Envelope (in some viruses): A lipid bilayer derived from the host cell

membrane, aids in viral entry.

○​ Spike Proteins: Facilitate attachment to host cells.

2.​ Difference between the Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles:

○​ Lytic Cycle: The virus immediately takes over the host machinery, replicates,

and lyses the host cell to release new virions.

○​ Lysogenic Cycle: The viral DNA integrates into the host genome (forming a

prophage) and replicates along with it until triggered to enter the lytic cycle.
3.​ Role of Reverse Transcriptase in Retroviruses:​

Reverse transcriptase converts viral RNA into DNA, which integrates into the host

genome, allowing the virus to use host machinery for replication.

4.​ How a Bacteriophage Infects a Bacterial Cell:

○​ The bacteriophage attaches to the bacterial cell using tail fibers.

○​ It injects its DNA into the host cell.

○​ The viral DNA hijacks the bacterial machinery to synthesize viral

components.

○​ New phages assemble and the host cell lyses to release them.

5.​ Stages of Influenza Virus Replication:

○​ Attachment: The virus binds to sialic acid receptors on the host cell.

○​ Entry: The virus enters via endocytosis and uncoats to release RNA.

○​ Replication & Transcription: The viral RNA is copied and translated by the

host machinery.

○​ Assembly: New viral particles are formed.

○​ Release: The virus buds off from the host cell, aided by neuraminidase.

Section C: Case Study

1.​ Type of Virus & Justification:

○​ The virus is a retrovirus because it has single-stranded RNA and can reverse

transcribe its genome into DNA.

2.​ Replication Process:

○​ The virus enters the host cell and releases RNA.

○​ Reverse transcriptase converts RNA into DNA.


○​ The DNA integrates into the host genome.

○​ The host cell transcribes and translates viral proteins.

○​ New viral particles assemble and are released.

3.​ Evolutionary Origin & Adaptation:

○​ Retroviruses may have originated from ancient transposable elements or

escaped genetic fragments.

○​ They adapt to hosts through mutation and recombination, enabling them to

evade immune responses and persist in new environments.

Section D: Diagram-Based Questions

1.​ Labeling a Bacteriophage Diagram:

○​ Capsid → The protein shell containing viral DNA

○​ DNA → The genetic material of the virus

○​ Tail Fibers → Used for host recognition and attachment

○​ Base Plate → Facilitates the injection of DNA into the host cell

Flowchart of the Lytic Cycle:​

vbnet​

CopyEdit​

Virus attaches to host cell → Injects DNA/RNA → Host cell machinery hijacked → Virus

replicates → New viruses assemble → Host cell bursts (lysis) → New viruses released

2.​
Section E: Extended Response Questions

1.​ Comparison of Enveloped and Non-Enveloped Viruses:

○​ Enveloped Viruses:

■​ Have a lipid membrane derived from the host cell.

■​ Entry occurs via membrane fusion or endocytosis.

■​ Examples: Influenza virus, HIV.

○​ Non-Enveloped Viruses:

■​ Lack a lipid membrane, consisting of only a capsid.

■​ Enter cells through direct penetration.

■​ Examples: Adenovirus, Poliovirus.

2.​ Origin and Evolution of Viruses:

○​ Theories of Viral Origin:

■​ Regressive Hypothesis: Viruses evolved from parasitic cells that lost

independent function.

■​ Progressive Hypothesis: Viruses originated from mobile genetic

elements.

■​ Virus-First Hypothesis: Viruses predate cellular life.

○​ Viral Evolution and Host Diversity:

■​ Viruses adapt by acquiring host genes, recombining, and mutating to

infect new species.

3.​ Viruses and Horizontal Gene Transfer:

○​ Mechanisms:

■​ Transduction by bacteriophages.

■​ Retroviral integration into host genomes.

○​ Evolutionary Significance:
■​ Enhances genetic diversity.

■​ May contribute to the evolution of new traits and species adaptation.

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